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CPLMlCAL 8CnulnC ll: A1CMlC
C88l1ALS, MCLLCuLA8 C88l1ALS
Anu MCLLCuLA8 CLCML18?

8Cl. MAu?A u8. MCPAMMAu 8. kASSlM
1LL: +60489213980, LMAlL: mbkasslm[ukm.my
8oom: C0146 (CPLMlS18?)
LlecLronegauvlLy
LlecLron denslLy ln heLeronuclear dlaLomlc molecules x-? ls !"#$$%&'()!*
lf Ze of ? > x
Lhe bondlng-elecLron palr ls drawn closer Lo ?
+*%)&',-%.!/0(&# ls a Lerm lnLroduced by Llnus aullng (1930s)
Lhe power of an aLom Lo draw elecLrons Lo lLself"
commonly known as elecLron wlLhdrawlng power
!

ls a symbol used Lo descrlbed Lhe aullng elecLronegauvlLy values

lormula for elecLronegauvlLy
Pomonuclear, A
a
2(x,g) = x x 3(x-x)
1he dlssoclauon energy for heLeronuclear
3(x-?) = x x [3(x-x) + 3 (?-?)]
e.g calculaLe Lhe value of 3 (P-l), glven u(P-P)=436 & 3(l-l)=138 k! mol
-1
1here are 2 oLhers !, l.e. !
M
and

!
A8
buL Lhere less useful for lnorganlc
appllcauons
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!"#$%& ($(&)*
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ulCLL MCMLn1S
SymmeLrlcal elecLron dlsLrlbuuon ln Lhe bond of
homonuclear dlaLomlc resulLs ln -,-45,*!' bond
ln heLeronuclear, elecLron wlLhdrawlng power of
aLoms are dlerenL
8ondlng elecLrons are drawn Lowards Lhe more
elecLronegauve aLom
8esulLs ln polar bondlng
1here exlsLs an elecLrlc dlpole momenL,
= 6 % 7 where 6 = polnL charge, 7 = dlsLance ) = charge on
Lhe elecLron (1.602 x 10
-19
C)
Sl unlL for ls coulomb meLre (Cm), buL convenlenLly refer Lo as
debyes (u)
1 u = 3.336 x 10
-30
Cm
ulCLL MCMLn1S
1he parual charge separauon ln polar
dlaLomlc molecule ls represenLed by symbol

+
and
-
Lhe symbols are placed on Lhe approprlaLe cenLres
Sl convenuon
arrow polnLs from Lhe - end of Lhe bond Lo Lhe + end


noLe: Lone palrs eecL Lhe dlpole momenL, Lhus, calculauon
made based on charge separauon only should be LreaLed wlLh
cauuon
H F
!
"
!
+
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Molecular ulpole MomenLs
olarlLy ls a $,*%)8*!' 5',5%'&#
lor polyaLomlc molecules, Lhere ls a -%&
dlpole momenL
uependence on Lhe magnlLudes and dlrecuons of
all bond dlpole momenLs
lone palrs also conLrlbuLe Lo overall value of

(C) = 2.6 and

(l) = 4.0
neL = 0
F
C
F
F
F
C F
!
"
!
+
Molecular ulpole MomenLs
CLher example, P
2
C

(P) = 2.2 and

(C) = 3.4
Lone palrs on C aLom forces Lhe molecule Lo be
non-llnear
Lhus, Lhere ls a -%& 0%)&,' for dlpole momenL acung on
Lhe molecule as shown
for P
2
C ln gas phase = 1.83 u
Self-LesL
Lxplaln why nl
3
ls less polar Lhan nP
3
?

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($%&+,%-. $./"*-% *0&$.1
PeLeronuclear ulaLomlc Molecules
PeLeronuclear lnLeracuons
Allowed for orblLal wlLh Lhe rlghL geomeLry
ln heLeronuclear molecule
seL of aLomlc orblLals are dlerenL
or slmllar orblLals buL dlerenL energles
e.g. CC
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