First Step

in
CHEMISTRY
Nuh ZDN
Faiz STN
Ali Serhat Z
BASHKENT EDUCATION
CENTER PUBLICATION
Ashgabat
2006
2
PREFACE
Chemistry is an interesting and fundamental branch of
science because it gives us the chance to explain the secrets
of nature. What is water? What do we use in our cars as fuel?
What is aspirin? What are perfumes made of?
These kinds of questions and their answers are all part of
the chemistry. There is no industry that does not depend upon
chemical substances the petroleum, pharmaceuticals, gar-
ment, aircraft, steel and electronics industries, for example, as
well as agriculture, all utilize the science of chemistry.
The aim was to write this book to show that chemistry is
a funny science in life and to give the ordinary level chemistry
knowledge to students.
We would like to thank smet zdemir, Engin Halimolu,
Nuray Tunca, Meral Krbancolu, Gyaseddin Eli , Orhan
Apilliolu, Guvan Paytakow, Muharrem Akman, Numan
Durmu , Celal nar, Hseyin Aslan, Yunus Allaberdiyew,
Ahmet Yel, Be im Agayew, Esma Tanrven, Nuri
Nurgeldiyew, Meryem Krba , H.Ahmet etinay and Murat
Niyazmatow for their thoughtful criticisms and helpful sugges-
tions to the manuscript which have been of such great value
in developing the book.
The authors would like also to thank Seyit Embel and
Mustafa Gedikolu for their support and encouragement
throughout.
We are particularly grateful to Agacan Amangeldiyew who
designed the book with a great care and patience.
The Authors
3
CONTENTS
Chapters
1. WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
2. MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
3. STATES OF MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
4. ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
5. PERIODIC TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
6. MIXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
7. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
8. IN THE CMEMISTRY LABORATORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Experiments
1. Water which does not flow into empty container. . . . . . . .62
2. Does olive oil dissolve in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
3. Percentage of oxygen gas in air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
4. A simple rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
5. Fountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
6. Boiling in paper container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
7. Invisible ink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
8. Which metal conducts heat better? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
9. Boiling point of water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
10. How much water overflows? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
11. A simple fire extinguisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
12. Volcano bottle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
13. Water not fallen out from glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Pronounsation of the new words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
WHAT IS
CHEMISTRY?
1
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
6
1
C
hemistry is a branch of science that has been around
for a long time. In fact, chemistry is known to date back
to as far as the prehistoric times. By 4000 BC Europe
obtained this culture but by this time in Egypt and Sumeria
(Iraq) metals were being used. The name of chemistry is
derived from the Arabic word al-Kimya.
Alchemists are the old chemists who are not only wanted
to convert metals to gold, but they also wanted to find a mix-
ture of chemical that would enable people to live longer and
cure all illnesses.
Today chemistry is an important and exciting subject. It is
all around you; in houses, fairgrounds, fields, farms, and fac-
tories. It is taking place deep in the Earth and far out in space.
You will find chemistry everywhere.
Why do we study chemistry?
Because we may say that "life is chemistry" . Chemistry is
in each point of our daily life. You may not realize it, but chem-
istry is all around you. Dye, plastic, cosmetic, medicine, clean-
ing product, textile, paper, photography, firework, weapon,
fuel, glass and metallurgy are some industries interested in
chemistry.
An Alchemist.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
7
Paper Photography Firework
Cleaning product
CHEMISTRY
Textile
Medicine Cosmetic Dye
Chemistry, physics, biology and earth science are four main
branches of natural sciences. Each of the branches of natural sci-
ence has its own area that is closely related o each other. No
branch of science can be entirely independent of others.
Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and
structure of matter and with the changes matter undergoes.
Chemistry have six main branches which are analytical chemistry,
physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, bio-
chemistry and nuclear chemistry.
Table 1. Branches of chemistry.
Analytical Chemistry (Separation, identification, and composition of matter)
Organic Chemistry (Carbon and carbon containing materials)
Physical Chemistry (Investigation of the laws and theories of all branches
of chemistry)
Biochemistry (Materials and processes that occur in living organisms)
Inorganic Chemistry (Elements and their compounds )
Nuclear Chemistry (Changes in the nuclei of atoms and the uses of these changes)
Some industries related to chemistry.
Fathers of Chemistry and the Last
Experiment
J
abir bin Hayyan (721 - 815), the chemist Geber of the
Middle Ages, is generally known as the father of chemistry.
Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan was the son of the pharmacist
(Attar). He practiced medicine and alchemy in Kufa (Iraq) .
Jabir introduced experimental investigation into alchemy,
which rapidly changed its character into modern chemistry.
His well-known laboratory remained after centuries, he rest-
ed on over 100 reading matter , of which 22 relate to chem-
istry and alchemy. His contribution of fundamental importance
to chemistry includes perfection of scientific techniques such
as crystallization, distillation, sublimation and evaporation and
development of several instruments as well.
Apart from several contributions of basic nature to alche-
my, involving largely the preparation of new compounds and
development of chemical methods, he also developed a num-
ber of applied chemical processes, thus becoming a pioneer
in the field of applied science. His achievements in this field
include preparation of various metals, development of steel,
dyeing of cloth and tanning of leather, varnishing of water-
proof cloth, use of manganese dioxide in
glass-making, prevention of rusting, lettering
in gold, identification of paints, greases, etc.
During the course of these practical produc-
tions, he also developed aqua regia (king
water) to dissolve gold. The alembic
(Anbique) is his great invention, which made
easy and systematic process of distillation.
Jabir did great stress on experimentation and
accuracy in his work.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
8
Reading
Reading
Jabir bin Hayyan.
A
ntoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) is called the father of mod-
ern chemistry, having discovered that water is made of
hydrogen and oxygen. He also invented the analytical bal-
ance and showed that chemical elements were neither creat-
ed nor destroyed, just combined into different compounds in
chemical reactions. From this work follows one of the most
fundamental principles of physics, the conservation of mass.
Lavoisier showed that diamond and graphite were both
forms of carbon. He helped to establish modern chemical
nomenclature, named oxygen and discovered its role in com-
bustion, showed that candles burning and humans working
both exhale carbon dioxide, pointing the way to understand-
ing biochemistry and metabolism. His achievements that
inspire textbooks to name him the father of modern chemistry.
Unfortunately, Lavoisier was also a tax farmer and part of
the hated upper class of France who were purged during the
French Revolution. Lavoisier and 27 other French noblemen
were tried on the morning of May 8, 1794, at the Place de
Revolution (now Place de la Concorde), sen-
tenced to death and guillotined that after-
noon. While others panicked in prison await-
ing trial, Lavoisier remained calm, setting his
the last experiment.
May be it is an uncertified story relates
how Lavoisier arranged a final experiment at
his death intended to determine whether
and for how long a cut off head remains con-
scious after guillotining . Lavoisier decided
to blink as many times as possible, and
asked from his assistant to count the blinks,
which numbered between 15 and 20.
Some biologists have expressed doubt that
it would be possible.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
9
Antoine Lavoisier.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
10
1. What is the meaning of chemistry?
2. What were the aims of alchemists?
3. Which industries are interested in chemistry?
4. What does chemistry deal with?
5. What are the 6 branches of chemistry?
1. Who wanted to convert metals to gold?
A) alchemists
B) alphysicists
C) aljabir
D) albiologists
E) almedicine
2. Which industry is not interested in chemistry?
A) dye
B) plastic
C) cosmetic
D) medicine
E) electric
3. Which is not the branch of natural science?
A) chemistry
B) physics
C) biology
D) english
E) earth science
Supplementary Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
11
True-False Questions
1. Jabir bin Hayyan (721 - 815), the chemist Geber of the
Middle Ages, is generally known as the father of
chemistry.
A) True B) False
2. Jabir bin Hayyan was achieved the development of steel.
A) True B) False
3. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) is called the father
of modern chemistry.
A) True B) False
4. Chemical elements are neither created nor destroyed,
just combined into different compounds in chemical
reactions.
A) True B) False
5. Diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon.
A) True B) False
4. Which is not the branch of chemistry?
A) analytical chemistry
B) physical chemistry
C) inorganic chemistry
D) medicine chemistry
E) organic chemistry
5. Who discovered that water is made of hydrogen and oxygen?
A) Jabir bin Hayyan
B) Dalton
C) Lavoisier
D) Walter
E) Thomson
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
12
Puzzle
ACROSS
1. The chemist who is generally known as
the father of modern chemistry.
4. The branch of chemistry which deals with
changes in the nuclei of atoms and the
uses of these changes.
6. The chemist who is generally known as
the father of chemistry.
7. The branch of chemistry which deals with
separation, identification, and composition
of matter.
8. The branch of chemistry which deals with
materials and prosesses that occur
in living organisms.
9. The branch of chemistry which deals with
investigation of the laws and theories of all
branches of chemistry.
10. An Arabic word that the name of chemistry
is derived from.
DOWN
2. The branch of chemistry which deals with
elements and their compounds.
3. The branch of chemistry which deals with
carbon and carbon containing materials.
5. Science that deals with the composition
and structure of matter and with the
changes matter undergoes.
7. The old chemist who wanted to convert
metals into gold.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
13
MATTER
2
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
14
2
M
atter is everything around us. Matter is all of the living
and nonliving things made of atoms. Matter is any-
thing that has a mass and occupies space. Even
though matter can be found all over the universe, we usually
find it in just a few forms, solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Matter
can differ from another in physical state, size, shape, color,
hardness, smell, etc. These are called the properties of mat-
ter. For example, hardness is a property of metals and the
black color is a property of coal.
Matter includes things we can see and touch (such as
water, earth, trees) as well as things we cannot (such as air).
Air is a matter composed
of some gases. Although it
is difficult to understand
the fact that air is a matter
we can explain it. First we
can feel that air has mass
and occupys space but it is
invisible. So, air has mass
and volume.
Light is not a matter, it
is a kind of energy.
Lightning, sound, heat,
thought and electricity are
not matter too.
Mass and volume are the common properties of matter. These properties are depend-
ed on the quantity of matter. The more matter the more mass and volume. For example the
volume occupied by the water in two containers is the sum of the volumes of the water in
each of the containers. Common properties can not be used to identify substances. Two
objects can be made of different materials but can have the same mass. On the other hand,
two objects can have different masses and be made of the same materials.
Melting point, boiling point, density, expansion and elasticity are some examples to the
characteristic properties. The value of a characteristic property does not depend on the
amount of matter. For example the density of one gram and one kilogram of iron metal are
the same.
Electricity Lightning Sound
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
15
Mass
is the quantity of matter in an object. Mass can
be measured with an equal-arm balance. Its
unit is kilogram (kg) or gram (g). Weight refers to the force
that gravity exerts on an object.
1 kg = 1000 g
Volume
is the space
occupied by a
matter. Two pieces of matter can
not occupy the same space at the
same time. The unit of volume is
liter.
We can find the volume of a
liquid by using a measuring con-
tainer.
The unit for volume is liter (L)
or milliliter (ml) .
1 L = 1000 ml
Measuring mass.
Measuring volume.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
16
Supplementary Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the definition of matter?
2. What are the properties of matter?
3. What are the differences between common and
characteristic properties of matter?
4. What is the difference between mass and weight?
5. What is the definition and unit of volume?
1. Which is a matter?
A) sound
B) heat
C) electricity
D) air
E) light
2. Which is not the characteristic property of matter?
A) mass
B) melting point
C) density
D) expansion
E) elasticity
3. Which is the unit of mass?
A) liter (L)
B) kilogram (kg)
C) milliliter (ml)
D) newton (N)
E) meter (m)
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
17
True-False Questions
1. Air is a matter composed of some gases.
A) True B) False
2. Light is a matter and a kind of energy.
A) True B) False
3. Common properties can not be used to identify substances.
A) True B) False
4. The value of a characteristic property depends on the
amount of matter.
A) True B) False
5. Two pieces of matter can not occupy the same space
at the same time.
A) True B) False
4. Which is the unit of volume?
A) kilogram (kg)
B) gram (g)
C) liter (L)
D) kilometer (km)
E) atmosphere (atm)
5. Which are the common properties of matter?
A) mass and expansion
B) mass and volume
C) mass and density
D) density and volume
E) density and expansion
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
18
Puzzle
ACROSS
5. Property of matter which
is depended on the quantity.
6. A volume unit with symbol of ml.
9. A characteristic property of matter.
10. A mass unit with symbol of g.
11. A mass unit with symbol of kg.
12. A characteristic property of matter.
14. Property of matter which is not
depended on the quantity.
DOWN
1. Anything that has a mass and
occupies space.
2. A volume unit with symbol of L.
3. A characteristic property of matter.
4. The space occupied by a matter.
7. A characteristic property of matter.
8. A characteristic property of matter.
13. The quantity of matter in an object.
FIRST STEP TO CHEMISTRY
19
STATES
OF MATTER
3
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
20
3
W
e can classify the matter as solid, liquid and gas. There
is also fourth state, plasma which is formed at extreme-
ly high temperature such as sun, stars and flame.
Plasma Solid Liquid Gas
Properties of solid state
Having definite shape and volume.
Particles are very close
to each other.
Very little compressible.
Composing particles do not move.
Properties of liquid state
Does not have a definite shape,
takes the shape of its container.
Atoms or molecules are little
apart to each other.
Little compressible.
Composing particles flow over
each other.
Solid
Liquid
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
21
Properties of gaseous state
Does not have a definite shape and volume.
Particles are far apart from each other
and move randomly.
Compressible.
Composing particles move freely.
Definite
volume
Definite
shape
Expansion
with heat
Compressibility
Solid YES YES VERY SMALL VERY SMALL
Liquid YES NO SMALL SMALL
Gas NO NO YES YES
Comparision of States of Matter
Changing of State
Phase changes between different states are possible when they are heated or cooled.
Gas
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
22
Some gases can be turned into liquids by put-
ting them under pressure. The fuel for the camping
stove in the photo contains liquefied butane gas.
As we heat a solid,
its particles vibrate
more and more quickly.
The solid expands.
Eventually, the particles shake
about so much that they begin
to break free from each other. The solid
starts melting. It turns into a liquid.
If we carry on heating, the particles in the liquid
move around more quickly. Some particles at the
surface have enough energy to escape as a gas.
The liquid evaporates.
With more heating, the liquid eventually boils.
Camping stove
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
23
A. Solids have a definite volume, but shape of the container.
B. Liquid particles are moving rapidly.
C. Gases fill the volume of a container.
D. Gas particles are in a fixed structure.
E. Liquid particles are close to each other, but mobile.
Supplementary Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
True-False Questions
1. What are the properties of solid state?
2. What are the properties of liquid state?
3. What are the properties of gaseous state?
4. What are the properties of plasma state?
5. How can phase change? Explain.
1. Which is not the state of matter?
A) solid B) gas C) mass D) liquid E) plasma
2. Which is not the property of solid state?
A) Have definite shape B) Have definite volume
C) Composing particles move freely D) Very little compressible
E) Particles are very close to each other
3. Which is not the property of liquid state?
A) Does not have a definite shape
B) Does not have a definite volume
C) Little compressible
D) Particles are not very close to each other
E) Composing particles flow over each other
4. Which is not the property of gaseous state?
A) Not compressible
B) Move randomly.
C) Composing particles move freely
D) Does not have a definite shape and volume
E) Particles are quite far apart from each other
5. How can a solid be changed into gas form?
A) by decreasing pressure B) by cooling
C) by heating D) by increasing volume
E) it is impossible
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
24
Puzzle
ACROSS
2. A state in which particles are very
close to each other.
5. A process that is used to decrease
the volume of a substance.
6. An event that occurs when heating
any substance.
DOWN
1. A state which occurs at high tem-
peratures.
3. A state in which particles are not
very close to each other.
4. A state in which particles are quite
far apart from each other and
move randomly.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
25
ATOM
4
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
26
4
S
cientists proposed that all substances are composed of
tiny particles. They named these indivisible and incred-
ibly small particles as atomos.
But what are these particles looking like?
This is a difficult question because nobody has ever seen
one. They are too small. So scientists had to invent the
devices which enable us to see these tiny
particles.
Around 1805 John Dalton put
forward his ideas. He thought that
the smallest particles were like tiny
hard billiard balls. Today, the small-
est particle which has all character-
istics of an element is defined as
atom. There are 92 different types
of atoms found naturally. About 95%
of human body is composed of car-
bon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxy-
gen atoms. Atoms are shown by
symbols such as carbon: C, nitro-
gen: N, hydrogen: H, oxygen: O.
John Dalton.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
27
Today atom can be broken down by nuclear reactions. In
20th century it is discovered that atoms consist of nucleus
and electrons. In the center there is very small nucleus and
around it electrons are revolving at very high speed. Nucleus
has almost negligible volume but nearly whole mass of the
atom is concentrated in this small volume.
The nucleus is very tiny compared with the rest of
atom. If the atom were the size of a football stadium, the
nucleus (at the center) would be the size of a pea. If the
atom had no empty space, the size of the world would
be the size of a ball and the mass of the world would not
change.
A nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
Electrons are revolving with great velocity in the cer-
tain fixed energy levels around nucleus.
Protons are the positively charged particles. Its
symbol is p Each element has different number of
protons. For example, hydrogen has 1, carbon has 6,
sodium has 11 and uranium has 92 protons.
Neutrons are neutral, this means a neutron has
no charge. Its symbol is n. Its mass is equal to mass
of a proton. Helium has 2, carbon has 6, sodium has
13 neutrons.
Electrons are negatively charged particles. Its
symbol is e

. Its mass is negligible compared with

the mass of a proton or a neutron. (1840 electrons =
1 protons = 1 neutrons). When the number of elec-
trons and protons are equal in an atom.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
28
It is called as neutral atom. For example, sodium has 11
protons (+11 charge) and 11 electrons (-11 charge). The over-
all charge is zero. There fore it is neutral.
Following representation shows the number of electron,
proton and atomic mass number on a symbol of an atom (x).
A: atomic mass number,
p: proton number,
n: neutron number,
e: electron number.
Molecule
Molecule: However elements contain only
one type of atom, sometimes two or more of
these join together to form a molecule.
Molecule, smallest unit of a substance that shows all the
chemical properties of that substance.
For example, the molecule of water cosists of two hydro-
gen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. This molecule can not
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
29
be further subdivided without destroying it.
If a molecule is broken up into its atoms or into smaller
groups of atoms by chemical processes, these pieces will not
behave like the original molecule. A molecule can contain
atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements.
Many substances on Earth are made of molecules.
Millions of molecules join together to make up the cells in
humans or in any other plant or animal. The food we eat, the
air we breathe, the clothes we wear, and the wood, paint, and
carpeting that we use in homes are all made of molecules.
Millions of different molecules exist in nature or can be made
by chemists. The nature of each molecule depends on the
atoms that it contains and how they link to each other. For
example, the oxygen that living ornanisms require is made of
molecules that have two oxygen atoms bonded together.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
30
Supplementary Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What are the subatomic particles?
2. What is the definition of atom?
3. What is the definition of neutral atom?
4. Arrange the subatomic particles according to the masses.
5. How can an atom be broken?
1. How was an atom according to John Dalton?
A) like an onion
B) like a billiard ball
C) like a pie
D) like a cloud
E) like a peach
2. Which is not a part of an atom?
A) proton
B) neutron
C) electron
D) positron
E) nucleus
3. Which choice shows the charges of particles proton,
electron and neutron correctly?
A) positive, negative, positive
B) positive, negative , not charged
C) negative, positive, negative
D) not charged, negative, positive
E) not charged, positive, negative
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
31
True-False Questions
4. Which choice is wrong?
A) Symbol of proton is `p`
B) Symbol of electron is ` e

`
C) Symbol of neutron is `nt`
D) Symbol of atomic mass is `A`
E) Symbol of neutron is `n`
5. Which choice is not correct?
A) Masses of protons and neutrons are approximately the same.
B) Mass of electron is smaller than mass of proton
C) Electron is the smallest subatomic particle
D) Electron is inside the nucleus.
E) Protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus.
1. All substances composed of tiny, and indivisible particles
called atom.
A) True B) False
2. If the atom had no empty space, the size of the world
would be the size of a ball and the mass of the world
would not change.
A) True B) False
3. A nucleus contains protons, neutrons and electrons.
A) True B) False
4. For a neutral atom, number of electrons and protons
are equal.
A) True B) False
5. For a neutral atom, atomic mass number is equal
to the proton number.
A) True B) False
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
32
Puzzle
ACROSS
2. Place of protons and neutrons.
5. Meaning indivisible.
7. An atom which has same number of
electron and proton.
DOWN
1. A chemist who thought that an atom
is like a billiard ball.
2. No charged subatomic particle.
3. Negatively charged subatomic
particle.
4. Positively charged subatomic
particle.
6. Smallest particle which has all
characteristics of an element.
PERIODIC
TABLE
5
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
5
Elements and the Aparment of
Elements
S
ome substances can't be broken down into anything
simpler. This is because all the atoms in them are the
same type. These are the chemical elements. They can
not be broken into simpler substances. Elements contain only
one type of atom such as sodium element is made of sodium
atoms, iron element is made of sodium atoms.
Scientists are still trying to find new elements. So far, 111
elements have been officially recognised and named. 92 of
these are found in the Earth and atmosphere. The rest were
made in the laboratory. Many of the artificial elements last just
in a few seconds.
Elements are represented by symbols.
Mg
Zn
Hg
O
I
H
Ca
Ni
Al
F
P
Li
Ba
Au
C
Cl
S
Na
Fe
Ag
N
Br
He
K Hydrogen
Magnesium
Zinc
Mercury
Oxygen
Iodine
Cacium
Nickel
Aluminum
Fluorine
Phosphorus
Lithium
Barium
Gold
Carbon
Chlorine
Sulfur
Sodium
Mercury Hg Sodium Na Gold Au
Some common elements and their symbols;
Iron
Silver
Nitrogen
Bromine
Helium
Potassium
34
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
35
Naming Elements
There is not a certain rule for naming elements. Some names of elements takes the
name of scientists (Mendelevium, Md; Rontgenium, Rg...), places (Americium, Am;
Europium, Eu...), name of planets (Uranium, U; Plutonium, Pu...) . Some names come from
mythology (Titanium, Ti; Thorium,Th...) or property of element (hydrogen means water for-
mer, oxygen means acid former...). Some elements have been known since ancient times
(Iron, Fe; Tin, Sn...). Today, some artifical elements are waiting for being named in the peri-
odic table (Ununbium, Uub, Ununquadium, Uuq...).
Metal and Nonmetal Elements
Elements can be classified into 3 sets which are metals, nonmetals, and semi-metals.
Most of the elements in the periodic table are metals. 92 elements are found naturally on
Earth.
General properties of metals and nonmetals;
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
36
Each horizontal row in the periodic table
is called a period. There are seven periods
totally in the modern periodic table and each
period begins with a metal and ends with a
noble gas. But, the first element of the first period (hydrogen)
is not a metal. Additionally, the noble gas of seventh period
has not been discovered yet.
Each vertical column in the periodic table is called a
group. Since the chemical and physical properties of the ele-
ments in a group are similar sometimes they are also called a
family. There are a total of eighteen groups of which eight of
them are A and eight of them are B groups in the periodic
table. The group 8B contains three columns. A groups are
called main groups and B groups are called transition metals.
In the periodic table, some groups have special names;
1A group: Alkali Metals
2A group: Alkaline Earth Metals
3A group: Earth Metals
7A group: Halogens
8A group: Noble Gases
The Aparment of Elements
D
mitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) is often considered the
"father" of the periodic table, and the studies of many sci-
entists also contributed to form modern periodic table. When
Mendeleev published his periodic table for the first time, there
were 63 elements. After his death, the number of the ele-
ments had increased to 86. This quick increase was the
result of the periodic table, the most important gener-
alization of chemistry. The periodic table prepared by
Mendeleev showed a target for scientists and ele-
ments for the blank spaces in his table were quick-
ly discovered.
Although Mendeleev did not discover any
new elements, the element with the atomic num-
ber 101 discovered by a committee of
American scientist lead by G.T Seaborg in
1955, named it mendelevium (Md) in honor of
Dmitri Mendeleev.
The modern periodic table appeared as a
function of the physical and chemical proper-
ties of elements. When the elements are
arranged in the order of increasing atomic
numbers, there is a periodic repetition in the
properties of these elements.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
37
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
38
Supplementary Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Why do some substances can't be broken down into simpler
substances which are different than initial substances?
2. Give two examples for names of elements which have
the name of scientists , places and planets.
3. Which element is named as mendelevium (Md) in honor of
Dmitri Mendeleev?
4. How many groups and periods are there in the periodic table?
5. Group is also called as family. What is the reason of that?
1. How many natural elements are found in the Earth and
atmosphere?
A) 90 B) 91 C) 92
D) 93 E) 94
2. How many elements are produced artificially
which are officially recognised and named?
A) 17 B) 18 C) 19
D) 20 E) 21
3. Which symbol belongs to calcium?
A) Ba B) Ca C) Na
D) Cl E) Cd
4. What is the name of horizontal row in the periodic table?
A) group B) period C) earth
D) alkaline E) area
5. What is the general name of group B elements?
A) Earth metals
B) Transition metals
C) Halogens
D) Alkali metals
E) Noble gases
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
39
True-False Questions
1. Elements contain only one type of atom.
A) True B) False
2. Elements are represented by symbols.
A) True B) False
3. Most of elements can be classified into 3 sets which are metals,
nonmetals, and semi-metals.
A) True B) False
4. When Mendeleev published his periodic table for the first time,
there were 60 elements. After his death, the number of the
elements had increased to 86.
A) True B) False
5. The modern periodic table appeared as a function
of the biological and chemical properties of elements.
A) True B) False
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
40
Puzzle
Name of 1A group.
Name of 2A group.
Name of 3A group.
Name of 7A group.
Name of A groups.
Russian chemist.
Name of an element.
A type of element.
Name of 8A group.
A type of element.
Name of group B elements.
Find the words by using clues below. Words can go horizontally, vertically and
diagonally in all eight directions.
MIXTURES
6
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
42
6
W
hen you look around you see the existence of almost
uncountable number of things. Just few of these
things are found as pure (elements and compounds).
Most of them are composed of at least two or more kinds of
different substances which are called mixtures.
Mixtures are materials which have special properties. For
example, cement is a man-made mixture used for building
material and bone is a natural mixture forms our major portion
of the skeleton,.
Mixtures are absolutely everywhere you look. They may
be in solid, liquid or gaseous state. Mixtures are the form for
most things in nature and life. Rocks, air, ocean, tap water,
salad, soup, glass, concrete, medicine, dental filling materials
and deodorants are just a few.
There are an infinite number of mixtures. Anything you
can combine is a mixture. Think of everything you eat. Just
think about how many cakes there are. Each of those cakes is
made up of a different mixture of ingredients. Even the wood
in your pencil is considered a chemical mixture. There is the
basic cellulose of the wood, but there are also thousands of
other compounds in that pencil.
For example concrete is a mixture of lime (CaO)/cement,
water, sand, and other ground-up rocks and solids. All of these
ingredients are mixed together. Workers then pour the con-
crete into a mold and the concrete turns into a solid (because
of the cement solidifying) with the separate pieces inside.
Liquid mixture.
Gaseous mixture.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
43
Mixtures are separated by means of physical methods.
Physical properties of a component are usually used for its
separation from a mixture.
While the cement hardening
might be a chemical reaction, the
rocks and gravel are held in place
by physical forces. They are includ-
ed in the mixture to increase the
strength of concrete. The rocks and
gravel are not chemically bonded
to the cement. The gravel is also
not evenly distributed. There are
pieces of gravel here and there.
The concentrations of gravel
change from area to area.
You might be wondering why
concrete is not a new compound
when it is formed. The special
name of mixtures is that physical
forces can still remove the basic
parts. You can take the solid con-
crete and grind it up again. The
individual components can then be
separated and you can start all
over.
Homogeneous Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixtures
A homogeneous mixture
has the same uniform
appearance and
composition throughout
like air and tapwater.
A heterogeneous mixture
consists of visibly different
substances or phases
like soil and oil-water.
The prefixes:
"homo"-indicate sameness
The prefixes:
"hetero"-indicate difference
Mixtures may be divided into two groups according to the
distributions of components in the mixture.
Solid mixture.
Supplementary Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the definition of mixture? Give three examples.
2. How many mixture can be?
3. What is the definition of homogeneous mixture?
4. What is the definition of heterogeneous mixture?
5. What are the differences between homogeneous
and heterogeneous mixtures?
1. What is the name of composition of two or more kinds
of different substances?
A) nonmetal
B) mixture
C) element
D) metal
E) solution
2. What is the name of mixture of lime (CaO) / cement, water,
sand, and other ground-up rocks and solids?
A) calcium
B) lime
C) concrete
D) limestone
E) cement
3. What does the prefix "homo" indicate?
A) difference
B) sameness
C) type
D) mixed
E) heat
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
44
True-False Questions
1. Elements and compounds are pure substances.
A) True B) False
2. Cement is a natural mixture used for building material.
A) True B) False
3. Mixtures may be in solid, liquid or gaseous state.
A) True B) False
4. Mixtures may be divided into three groups according
to the distributions of components.
A) True B) False
5. A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance
and composition throughout.
A) True B) False
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
45
4. What does the prefix "hetero" indicate?
A) sameness
B) mixed
C) state
D) difference
E) mixture
5. Which is wrong for mixtures?
A) separated by physical means
B) contain different substances
C) can be in solid state
D) can be in liquid state
E) elements are pure mixtures
Puzzle
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
46
Find the words and hidden message.
concrete
gas
heterogeneous
homogeneous
liquid
melting
mixture
phase
physical
pure
separation
solid
PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL
CHANGE
7
Physical change Chemical change
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
48
7
C
hemists are interested in the way in which substances
change under different conditions. They classify the
changes that they observe as physical and chemical.
Substances change when, for example, they are heated,
cooled, placed under pressure or even mixed with other sub-
stances. If the change does not actually make any new sub-
stance, we say it is a physical change. Most physical changes
are quite easy to reverse. Some reactions are fast and some
are slow.
Easily reversed Not easily reversed
No new substances made New substance(s) made
Some examples for physical and chemical changing are
shown below.
Physical change Chemical change
Drilling of iron Rusting of iron
Sharing of cake Baking of cake
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
49
Physical change Chemical change
Evaporation of water Electrolyzing of water
Pouring of milk Making of yogurt
Cutting of wood Burning of wood
Breaking of egg Cooking of egg
Peeling of potato Frying of potato
Dividing of apple Decaying of apple
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
50
reactants: starting substances
(at the left of arrow ` ` ) .
products: new substances
(at the right of arrow ` ` ) .
Q(heat): energy that is taken or given.
(s): solid
(l): liquid
(g): gas
(aq): aqueus-in water.
: reversible reaction(reaction in balance)
: is equal to (=) sign in math.
: precipitates as solid (forming solid particles).
: evaporates as gas.
The Meaning of Symbols in Chemical
Equations
Chemical changes (reactions) are shown with symbols
and formulas is called chemical equation. By this way chemi-
cal reactions can be shown easily.
For example;
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
51
Supplementary Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
True-False Questions
1. How many types of changes are there?
2. What is the definition of physical change?
3. What is the definition of chemical change?
4. How can you change a substance into another substance?
5. Explain the meanings of symbols in chemical equations.
1. Which is true for physical change?
A) No new substances are produced
B) Frying of potato is a physical change
C) Cooking of egg is a physical change
D) New substances are produced
E) They are not easily reversed
2. Which is true for chemical change?
A) No new substances are produced
B) Drilling of iron is a chemical change
C) Rusting of iron is a chemical change
D) Dividing of an apple is a chemical change
E) Easily reversed
3. What does (s) indicate in chemical equation?
A) soap B)subscript C) superscript D) solid E) soup
4. What does (l) indicate in chemical equation?
A) linear B)line C) liquid D) lie E) like
5. What does (g) indicate in chemical equation?
A) genius B) gas C) gamma ray D) gift E) green
1. Sharing of cake is a type of chemical change.
A) True B) False
2. Electrolyzing of water is a type of physical change.
A) True B) False
3. Cutting of wood is a type of chemical change.
A) True B) False
4. Beginning substances are called reactants.
A) True B) False
5. New substances are called products.
A) True B) False
Puzzle
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
52
ACROSS
1. Meaning of in chemical equations.
4. Initial substance.
5. The change that new substance
will not be produced.
9. Shown as Q
10. Shown as s
12. Meaning of in chemical
equations.
DOWN
2. The change that new substance
will be produced.
3. Meaning of in chemical equations.
6. Shown as I.
7. Shown as aq.
8. Substance that formed.
11. Shown as g.
IN THE
CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY
8
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
54
8
C
hemistry is the science that deals with the composition
and structure of matter and with the changes matter
undergoes.To perform this mission, the most important
processes are experiments. Because of this reason, we can
say that doing experiment is the significant part of chemistry.
To explain structure of matter and changes of it under-
goes, some theories are offered. But this is not enough to
explain structure of matter because these theories must be
proved.
You will ask "How can be theories proved?"
Answer is "By doing experiments."
I think you will ask another question. " How can be exper-
iments done?"
Answer of this question is about our chap-
ter. We will answer that question in this chap-
ter.
Experimens are done by using some
chemical substances and some chemical
apparatus.
For doing experiment,chemical sub-
stances are needed.There are millions of
chemical substunces which are used in exper-
iments. Only names of these substances com-
pose lots of books. Salts, alcohols, sugars and
water are examples for chemical substances.
The second needed material is chemical
apparatus. Many types of apparatuses are
manufactured for different experiments. There
are lots of chemical apparatus. We will exam-
ine some of these which are needed for our
experiments.
electronic balance
To weigh chemicals
accurately.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
55
A) Common laboratory apparatuses:
graduated cylinder
Volumes
of liquid chemicals
are measured.
erlenmayer flask
For mixing fluids.
1
distillation flask
and condenser
For distilling impure
liquid substances.
6
2
buret
It is used in titration
experiments.
5
beaker
For making solutions
with uncertain
concentrations.
For collecting
solutions.
For mixing liquids.
4
alcohol burner
For heating substances.
3
manometer
For measuring gas pressures.
7
8
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
pipette
Liquid chemicals are measured
and carried by this apparatus.
9
round bottom
flask
For collecting
liquids.
10
spatula
To take solid chemical
from its container.
12
test tube brush
To clean test tubes.
15
test tube
brush
To wash test
tubes.
16
stirring rod
To mix solutions.
13
thermometer
To measure temperatures of
mediums or substances while
experiments are going on. 18
separatory funnel
To separate immiscible
liquids from each other.
11
support base
and
support rod
Many chemical
apparatuses are
attached on it, to do
experiments, like
burette, separatory
funnel, distillation
flask
14
test
tubes
For
mixing
materials.
17
56
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
57
tripod
It is placed above burners.
19
wooden tongs
For holding chemical apparatus
especially hot ones.
20
B) Safety rules
1. Never enter the laboratory unless a teacher is present.
2. Never run or play in the laboratory.
3. Never remove anything from the laboratory without your
teacher's permission.
4. Never use your bare hands to transfer chemicals. Use spatula
instead.
5. Never leave experiments unattended.
6. Never smell gases directly-fan a little of the gas towards the
nose instead.
7. Never look directly down the test tube or turn the mouth of a
test tube towards any one when heating.
8. Never taste anything without your teacher's permission.
9. No eating or drinking in the laboratory.
10. Never put solids in the sink.
11. Always follow strictly the instructions given.
12. Wear safety glasses whenever necessary.
13. Always read the label on a reagent bottle carefully to make
sure it contains the chemical you want. Put the bottle in its orig-
inal place immediately after use.
14. Always handle flammable liquids with great care and keep
them away from naked flames.
15. Always handle concentrated acids and alkalis with great care.
16. Report all accidents and breakage to your teacher. If any chem-
icals get onto your skin or clothing, wash the affected area with
a large amount of water and then report it to your teacher.
17. Always adjust the Bunsen burner to give a luminous flame
when not using it (or just simply turn it off).
18. Always tie up your tie or long hair.
19. Always wash hands after experiments.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
58
C) Symbols of hazards
Supplementary Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
True-False Questions
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
59
1. Which apparatus is used for measuring volume of liquid sub-
stances?
A) balance B) graduated cylinder C) manometer
D) barometer E) ruler
2. Which apparatus is used for titration?
A) beaker B) test tube C) graduated cylinder
D) burette E) pipette
3. What is the usage of spatula?
A) measuring solid chemicals B) measuring liquid chemicals
C) taking solid chemicals D) taking liquid chemicals
E) no usage
4. What is the usage of thermometers?
A) measuring heat B) measuring temperature
C) measuring weight D) measuring volume
E) measuring height
5. Which apparatus is used to prepare solutions with certain concen-
trations?
A) graduated cylinder B) volumetric flask C) beaker
D) erlenmayer E) burette
1. What is the importancy of experiments?
2. How can structure of matter be explained?
3. What are needed to do an experiment?
4. What is the importancy of chemical substances and apparatuses?
5. Which apparatures are used for only liquids?
1. Separatory funnel is used to separate immiscible liquids from each
other.
A) True B) False
2. Voltmeter is used to measure volumes of liquids.
A) True B) False
3. Manometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure.
A) True B) False
4. Electronic balance is used to weigh chemicals accurately.
A) True B) False
5. Graduated cylinder is used for measuring solid chemicals.
A) True B) False
Puzzle
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
60
Find the words in the grid. When you are done, the unused letters in the
grid will spell out a hidden message. Pick them out from the left to right,
top line to bottom line. Words can go horizontally, vertically and diagonal-
ly in all eight directions.
burette
clamp
crucible
distillationflask
erlenmayer
graduatedcyl i n-
der
manometer
petridish
pipette
separatorfunnel
spatula
stirringrod
testtube
thermometer
tripod
voltmeter
wiregauze
EXPERIMENTS
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
62
1
Experiment
Water which does not flow into empty container.
Purpose:
To understand the existence of air and it occupies space.
Equipment and Materials:
A container, round bottom flask, funnel, and rubber stop-
pers
Procedure:
1. Mount a one-hole rubber stopper to the end of funnel as
it is seen in the figure.
2. Place a little water into the funnel. Did water flow down?
Record your observations in "Observations and Data
Tables".
3. Connect the rubber stopper to the round bottom flask, and
then fill the funnel again with water. Does water flow down
into the round bottom flask?
4. Repeat the steps 1 to 3 with a two-hole rubber stopper.
Record your observations.
Evaluations and Conclusions:
1. Which property of air did you realize from this experi-
ment?
2. How many milliliter of air are there in the round bottom
flask?
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
63
Experiment
??????
2
Does olive oil dissolve in water?
Purpose:
To observe water does not dissolve olive oil.
Equipment and Materials:
A glass, one half glass of water, and one half glass of
olive oil.
Procedure:
1. Fill one half of the glass with olive oil.
2. Add some water onto it, and then stir.
3. Wait for a while, and then record your observations.
Evaluations and Conclusions:
1. Explain why water did not dissolve water.
2. Why is water at the bottom of the mixture?
3. List several substances that they are soluble and
insoluble in water.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
64
3
Experiment
Percentage of oxygen gas in air
Purpose:
To determine the percentage of oxygen gas in air.
Equipment and Materials:
A candle, a graduated cylinder, and a water bath.
Procedure:
1. Ignite the candle, then stick it at the center of water bath,
and then fill the water bath with water until it covers one
third.
2. Place the graduated cylinder up side down onto the can-
dle, and then record your observations.
Evaluations and Conclusions:
1. Why did the candle fade away?
2. Why did water go up in the graduated cylinder?
3. What is the percentage of oxygen in air? Calculate it.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
65
Experiment
A simple rocket
4
Purpose:
To understand the effect of heat.
Equipment and Materials:
A test tube, alcohol burner, a rubber stopper, a test tube hold-
er and match.
Procedure:
1. Fill less than one half of the test tube with water.
2. Heat the rubber stopper a little and close the test tube with it.
3. Hold the test tube with test tube holder with an angle and heat.
4. Keep the mouth of the test tube to any empty side and count
down. What happened?
Did the rubber stopper pop out?
Conclusion:
Because of the pressure provided by the heated water in the
test tube, the rubber stopper pops out. As the rubber stopper
pops out the test tube kicks back.
Evaluations:
1. What happens when water is heated?
2. Instead of water which liquids can be used?
3. Why did you heat the tube with an angle?
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
66
5
Experiment
Fountain
Purpose:
To understand the effect of atmospheric pressure.
Equipment and Materials:
A support rod and a base, two clamps and boss heads,
two round bottom flasks, a beaker, two 40 cm-rubber
tubing, two glass tubes, rubber stoppers with two holes.
Procedure:
1. Assemble the apparatus as seen in the figure.
2. Fill the flask at the bottom up to one half with water.
3. Fill the second flask at the top to one half with water
and then close with rubber stopper connected by glass
tubes.
4. Assemble the rubber tubing as seen in the figure while
the second flask is attached to support rod. Did water
move up like a fountain from the flask at the bottom?
5. Add water from time to time to the flask at the bottom.
Conclusion:
As the water in the flask at the top goes down due to
gravity, pressure of air in it decreases. When the pres-
sure is decreased water in the second flask moves up.
Evaluations:
1. Why does water move up?
2. Does the height of the flask at the top affect the move-
ment of water?
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
67
Experiment
Boiling in paper container
6
Purpose:
To make paper container and to heat water in it.
Equipment and Materials:
One A4 size paper, four paper clips, alcohol burner or
candle, match and water.
Procedure:
1. Fold the four side of paper with 3 cm-height.
2. Attach the corners with clips.
3. Fill the paper container with two glass of water.
4. By the help of your friend keep it on the alcohol burn-
er. Did paper container burn?
5. Check the temperature of water after few minutes?
Did water warm up?
Conclusion:
Because water is a good conductor of heat it prevents
to burn paper.
Evaluations:
1. Why did not paper burn out?
2. How long can you keep paper container without
burning? Why?
3. Can it be tried with plastic bottles?
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
68
7
Experiment
Invisible ink
Purpose:
To prepare invisible ink.
Equipment and Materials:
Lemon juice or vinegar, a sheet of paper, a dental stick,
an alcohol burner, and wire gauze.
Procedure:
1. Use lemon juice or vinegar like ink.
2. Use dental stick like a pen and write something on the
paper.
3. Leave the paper for a while until it dries. Do the writings
disappear?
4. Put the paper on wire gauze, and then heat it. Do not let
the paper burn while heating. Are the writings appear?
Conclusion:
The ignition degree of a liquid is less than that of paper.
Therefore, when ink is heated, it turns black.
Evaluations:
Which other liquids can be used for the same purposes?
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
69
Experiment
Which metal conducts heat better?
8
Purpose:
To understand the heat conductance of different
metals.
Equipment and Materials:
A heat conductor (set of metals) a candle, an alcohol
burner, a sheet of paper and match
Procedure:
1. Light the candle and drop it equally into the holes at
the end of heat conductor.
2. Place the burner on paper, and light it.
3. Heat the heat conductor from its center.
4. Pay attention to candle drops on the metals (iron, alu-
minum, copper, and zinc) at the end of heat conduc-
tor. Which one melts first?
5. Determine the order of melting.
Conclusion:
Every metals conduct heat at different rate.
Evaluations:
1. Which of the metals first melted candle drops?
2. Which metal is the best conductor of heat? Search.
3. Give examples from life in which we use heaters.
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
70
Experiment
??????
9
Boiling point of water
Purpose:
To learn the boiling point of water.
Equipment and Materials:
A beaker, a thermometer, an alcohol burner, a tripod,
water and match.
Procedure:
1. Light the burner and put tripod above it.
2. Fill the beaker up to one half with water and put it on
tripod.
3. Place the thermometer into water and wait until water
boils.
4. Observe the thermometer while water heats up. What
is the temperature when water boils?
Conclusion:
Water boils at 100
0
C at sea level.
Evaluations:
1. What factors affect the boiling temperature of water?
2. Find the boiling points of some substances like alcohol
and oil.
3. Which substances have lesser boiling points?
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
71
Experiment
??????
10
How much water overflows?
Purpose:
To find the volume of a stone.
Equipment and Materials:
A beaker, a graduated cylinder, a small stone.
Procedure:
1. Put the graduated cylinder into the beaker.
2. Fill the graduated cylinder fully with water, and then
put the stone slowly in it.
3. Take the graduated cylinder out and empty it.
4. Pour the water in the beaker into the graduated cylin-
der, and then measure.
Conclusion:
Every substance, when put in water, will overflow
water as much as its volume.
Evaluations:
1. Will you measure the same volume when you try it
many times?
2. Are there any other methods to find the volume of sub-
stances?
3. How do you calculate the volume of a cube without
performing any experiment?
FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY
72
Experiment
??????
11
A simple fire extinguisher
Purpose:
To understand why foam is used to extinguish fire.
Equipment and Materials:
A round bottom flask, a stopper with one hole, a short
glass tube, a 20 cm- plastic tubing, a candle, vinegar and
baking powder, and match.
Procedure:
1. Light the candle, and stick it on the table.
2. Connect the plastic tubing to the glass tube, and insert it
into the stopper.
3. Put some vinegar into the flask, and then as soon as you
add one spoon full of baking powder, close it with stopper.
4. After you shake the flask a few times, keep the other end
of plastic tubing toward the burning candle. Did foam
coming from the flask extinguish the fire?
Conclusion:
When a fire is extinguished foam is used. Because foam
exposes fire without air, it fades away. There is no fire
without oxygen.
Evaluations:
1. Which gas produced from baking powder stops fire?
2. Suggest any other methods which stop fire.
3. Search the substances in ordinary fire extinguishers.
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Experiment
Volcano Bottle
12
Purpose:
To observe the movement of hot and cold water.
Equipment and Materials:
Two identical bottles, ink or paint, and cardboard.
Procedure:
1. Fill the bottle fully with hot water and add some ink, and then place cardboard on
the mouth of bottle.
2. Fill the other bottle fully with cold water.
3. Invert the bottle, which has hot water, together with cardboard and place it onto
the mouth of the other bottle.
4. Now, invert the bottles together as the one which has cold water at the top.
5. Hold the bottles tightly, and then remove the cardboard between bottles with a
great rush.
6. Observe the movement of hot water in cold water like a volcano.
Conclusion:
Hot water is lighter than cold water. Therefore it stands on cold water. As cold
water moves upward hot water moves downward. It can be seen clearly with col-
ored water.
Evaluations:
1. Why is hot water lighter?
2. Why does a smoke move upward like hot water?
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Experiment
??????
13
Water not fallen out from glass
Purpose:
To understand the atmospheric pressure.
Equipment and Materials:
A glass and a sheet of paper
Procedure:
1. Fill the glass fully with water.
2. Close the glass with paper, press on it with your hand,
and then invert it.
3. Hold the glass from up, and then remove your hand. Did
water fall out?
Conclusion:
While water applies a pressure from up to down because
of its weight, air pushes paper from down to up. Because
of atmospheric pressure water in the glass does not fall
out.
Evaluations:
1. Can it be tried with any other liquid and got the same
result?
2. What are the forces applied on water and their directions?
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1. WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?
2. MATTER
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3. STATES OF MATTER
4. ATOM
5. PERIODIC TABLE
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6. MIXTURES
7. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANCE
8. IN THE CMEMISTRY LABORATORY
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Pronounsation of the new words
Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pronounsation . . . . . . . . . . . .Turkmen
ability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b lit ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ukyp
above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bav) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .okarysynda
activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kt vti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i je i jelik aktiwlik
address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(dres) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .salgy
air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(er) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .howa
animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(nml) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hawan
apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(play) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .amal etmek
area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(eriy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .medan
atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . .(tmsf r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .atmosfera
atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(tm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .atom
attract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(trkt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ekim
average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(vr c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ortaa
balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bl ns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .terezi
barometer . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bramtr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .barometr
battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(btri, btri) . . . . . . . . . . . . .batarea
beaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bi kr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .himiki bulgur
below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b lo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .aagynda
biologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bayalic st) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .biolog
biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bayal ci) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .biologia
body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(badi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .beden
boil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(boyl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ganamak
branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(brn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ahalanma
burn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(brn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .anmak
burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(br nr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .akyjy
chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kem kl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .himiki
chemical change . . . . . . . .(kem kl eync) . . . . . . . . . .himiki tge me
chemist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kem st) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .himik
chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kem stri) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .himia
clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(klmp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gysgy
classification . . . . . . . . . . .(kls f kan) . . . . . . . . . . . .klassifikasia
colourless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(khlrl s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .renksiz
combine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kmbayn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .birle dirmek
compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kmper) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tapawutlandyrmak
compose . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kmpoz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .garyndy
compound . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kampaund) . . . . . . . . . . . . .birle me
consist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kns sts ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ybarat
This section is guide to the pronunciation of the words that appear in the book. The
phonetic system is the one used in the Red House English-Turkish Dictionary, which is the
system adapted for the Turkish Alphabet. Also we added the meanings of the words in
Turkmen language.
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constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kan`stnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hemielik
control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kntrol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .barlag
convert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(knvrt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wrkmek
crystalline . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kr stl n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .kristal
decompose . . . . . . . . . . . .(dikmpoz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .blnmek
decrease . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(d kris) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .azaltmak
definite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(defn t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .takyk
developed . . . . . . . . . . . . .(d vel pt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zgeren
dissolve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(dizalv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .eremek
distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(d stns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .aralyk
east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ist) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gndogar
earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(rth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .er ar
electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ilektr sti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .elektrik
element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(elmnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .element
evaporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ivp reyt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .bugartmak
evaporating dish . . . . . . . .(ivp reyt ng d ) . . . . . . . . .bugartmak in gap
experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ikspermnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . .tejribe
eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gz
filter paper . . . . . . . . . . . . .(f l tr, pey pr) . . . . . . . . . . .szg kagyzy
flask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(flsk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .kolba
float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(flot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zmek
flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(flo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .akym
flying balloon . . . . . . . . . . .(flay ng blun) . . . . . . . . . . . .uan howa ary
form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(f rm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ekil
freeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(friz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .domak
freezer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(frizr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .doduryjy
frozen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(frozn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .doan
funnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(fan l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .woronka
gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(gs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gaz
gaseous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(gs ys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gaz grn li
graduated cylinder . . . . . . .(grc uweytd s l ndr) . . . . .leg menzurkasy
gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(grv ti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .er ekimi
happen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(hpn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sebp bolmak
hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(hard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gaty
heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . .(hit trnsfr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ylylyk geirijiligi
heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(hit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ylylyk
high school . . . . . . . . . . . .(hay skul) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .okary okuw
human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(hyuman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ynsan
image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( m c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .surat
increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( nkris) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ulalmak
invent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( nvent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ay
kinetic energy . . . . . . . . . .(k net k enrci) . . . . . . . . . . .kinetik energia
label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ley bl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .etiket (bellik)
laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(lb rt ri, lb r tri) . . . . . . . .tejribehana
length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(lengkth, lenght) . . . . . . . . . .uzynlyk
lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(laytn ng) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yldyrym
liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(l kw d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .suwuklyk
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magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mg n t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .magnit
magnetize . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mgntayz) . . . . . . . . . . . . .magnetiki
mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .massa
matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mtr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .madda
measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mejr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .leg
measurement . . . . . . . . . . .(mejrmnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lemek
melt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(melt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .eremek
metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(metl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .metal
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(methd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .usul
mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(m ks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .garmak
mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(m ksr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .garyndy
model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mad l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .model
molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(malkyul) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .malekula
motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mo n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hereket
object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bcekt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .jisim
observation . . . . . . . . . . . .(abzrveyn) . . . . . . . . . . . . .gzleg
observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bzrv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ns berip seretmek
occupy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(akyupay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .doldurmak
odourless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(odrl s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yssyz
organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(r gn zm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .organizm
part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .blek
physical change . . . . . . . . .(f z kl eync) . . . . . . . . . . . .fiziki zgeri
physicist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(f z s st) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fizik
physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(f ziks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fizika
pipette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(paypet , p -) . . . . . . . . . . . . .pipetka
plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(plnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fabrika-zawod, krhana
prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(pri f ks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .prefiks
preparatory class . . . . . . . .(priper t ri kls) . . . . . . . . . .taarlyk synpy
pull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(pl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ekmek
pure substance . . . . . . . . .(pyr sabstns) . . . . . . . . . . .arassa madda
room conditions . . . . . . . . .(rum, rm knd n) . . . . . . . .otag ertleri
science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sayns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .bilim
scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(saynt fik) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ylmy
scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(saynt st) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .alym
shine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( ayn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .alpyldyly w gin
smell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(smel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ys
soft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(s ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yumak
solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sal d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gaty
sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(saund) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ses
source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(s rs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e me
space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(speys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gii lik, kosmos
spatula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sp l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . patel
speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(spid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tizlik
sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sf r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sfera
spherical . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sf r kl, sfer -) . . . . . . . . . . .sfera eklinde
state of matter . . . . . . . . . .(steyt v mtr) . . . . . . . . . . . .maddany hallary
stopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(stap r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .probka
stiring rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(str r ng rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . e taajyk
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substance . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sabstns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .madda
success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(skses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ba armak
surroundings . . . . . . . . . . .(sraund ng)s . . . . . . . . . . . .tweregindkiler
symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(s mbl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .belgi
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(s tm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sistema
taste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(teyst) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tagam
technology . . . . . . . . . . . . .(teknalci) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tehnologia
telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(telfon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .telefon
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . .(temprr, -pr-) . . . . . . . . . .temperatura
tripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(tray pad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aakly stol, tagan
touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .degmek
thing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(th ng) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zat
thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ta t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d nje
thunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ta ndr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yldyrym
time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(taym) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wagt
universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(yu nvrs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lem
university . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(yunvrsti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .uniwersitet
vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . .(veyprayzn) . . . . . . . . . . .bugarma
volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(valyum, -ym) . . . . . . . . . . .gwrm
weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(wedhr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .howa
weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(weyt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .agyrlyk
work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(wrk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i
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