COMS Final

HMITS CABLE OPERATOR MANAGMENT SYSTEM
A PROJECT REPORT ON
CABLE OPERATOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Submitted to JNT university for the !rti!" fu"fi""ment of the
Re#uirement for the

A$!rd of %e&ree for
MCA
%one by
Mr. B. Veeranjaneya Reddy
Holy Mary Institute Of Technology Science

'Y%ERABA%
1

CERT()(CATE
This is to certify that Mr. B. Veeranjaneya Reddy, bearing Roll No.
041070081 have developed Software project titled COMS For Sun Informatics as
a partial Flfill!ent for the award of the "egree of MC#.
'EA% O) %EPARTMENT PR(NC(PAL
Holy Mary Institute Of Technology Science
E*TERNAL
2
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My e$press than%s and gratitde and than%s to #l!ighty &od, !y
parents and other fa!ily !e!bers and friends withot whose spport, '
cold not have !ade this project sccessfl.
' wish to place on !y record !y deep sense of gratitde to !y project
gide, Mr+ P+Srir!m, Sun Informatics, 'yder!b!d for his constant
!otivation and valable help throgh the project wor%. ($press !y
gratitde to Mr+ Siv! R!o, "irector of Sun Informatics for his valable
sggestions and advices throgh ot the corse ' a! very !ch than%fl to
or 'e!d Of The %e!rtment Mr+ ' also e$tend !y than%s to other
Faclties for their Cooperation dring !y Corse.
Finally ' wold li%e to than% !y friends for their cooperation to
co!plete this project.
B. Veeranjaneya Reddy
3
PREFACE
In an era where havin a com!uter sin of your o!erations is a matter of
!restie for some and necessity for others. "anaement of these !rojects is sti##
an area which is inored or done in traditiona# manner. $e in a system ca##ed
%Cabl O!rator Mana"mnt S#stm& is interated and automation software for
ca'#e o!erators. (a'#e o!erators wi## !rovide distri'uted channe#s to their customers.
)his a!!#ication !rovides most of the features re*uired to manae the
!rojects deve#o!ed in a software deve#o!ment firm.
)o maintain their customers and num'er of users this software
!rovides automation. In this (+" System they can main their staff mem'er&s
detai#s and their customer detai#s. By usin this (+" System they can divide
their areas macro !arts to micro !arts. By usin this system they can meet their
'usiness re*uirements. (a'#e +!erators once they divided their areas into micro
!arts then they can assin their staff mem'ers to ta,e care a'out their micro !art
areas.
)his vo#ume !resents the manner in which the software was
deve#o!ed and how the various !ro'#ems are tac,#ed at the different #eve#s to
convince the user.
$e ho!e that this !ac,ae wou#d !rove to 'e an e-ce##ent
environment for sim!#er for end user.
$% &ran'an#a R((#
4
CONTENTS
)* INTROD+CTION
I.)R+/0()I+. )+ (+"S
10R1+S2 +F )32 1R+42()
1R+B52" I. 26IS)I.7 S8S)2"
S+50)I+. +F )32S2 1R+B52"S
S(+12 +F )32 1R+42()
,* PRO-ECT ANAL.SIS
S)0/8 +F )32 S8S)2"
39R/$9R2 : S+F)$9R2 S12(IFI(9)I+.S
I.10) : +0)10)
1R+(2SS "+/25S 0S2/ $I)3 40S)IFI(9)I+.
/* SELECTED SOFTWARE
0* SOFTWARE RE1+IRMENT SPECIFICATION
F0.()I+.95 R2;0IR2"2.)S
12RF+R"9.(2 R2;0IR2"2.)S
2* PRO-ECT DESIGN
/9)9 /I()I+.9R8
2<R /I97R9"
/9)9 F5+$ /I97R9"S
0"5 /I97R9"S
3* O+TP+T SCREENS
4* PRO-ECT TESTING
(+"1I5I.7 )2S)
262(0)I+. )2S)
+0)10) )2S)
4* F+T+RE IMPRO&EMENT

5* CONCL+SION
)6* $I$LOGRAP7.
5
INTRO!"CITON
6
S+NINFORMATICS
8<=<>14?7?1@ 1#ot .oA 1>7@ 7aja#a,shmi 2states@ =rd F#oor@ S.R..aar@
3ydera'ad<=8@ 1hone noA B1<40<C4D1777C@www.Suninformatic.com@
2<mai#AinfoEsuninformatic.com
Sun Informatics E8cuti9 Summar#
Sun Informatics is a 3ydera'ad 'ased I) and "anaement consu#tin firm that
offers a 'road !ortfo#io of techno#oy and man!ower staffin so#utions. Sun
Informatics is differentiated 'y its tradition of unsur!assed techno#oy e-!ertiseF
its stron trac, record of de#iveryF and its e-!erienced@ enthusiastic !eo!#e. Sun
Informatics #eadershi! in c#ient and em!#oyee satisfaction has 'een reconiGed
nationwide today.
ERP
9n 2R1 so#ution aims to !rovide sin#e software which wi## interate a## the divisions in
your oraniGation !#annin@ manufacturin@ sa#es@ mar,etin@ finance@ 3R and yet fu#fi##
each division&s information and !#annin needs. 2R1 stream#ines !rocesses within your
oraniGation and he#!s you meet 'usiness needs more efficient#y and *uic,#y.
(#ients

Sun Informatics wor,s with c#ients ranin from sma##@ start<u! oraniGations to #are@
we##<esta'#ished cor!orations. )he com!any&s c#ient 'ase re!resents a wide variety of
industries@ inc#udin aricu#ture@ 2nineerin Industries@ 'an,in ? finance@
)e#ecommunications@ hea#thcare@ manufacturin@ and of course I).
Clint Sr9ics :
7
Sun Informatics is a #eadin !rovider of fu##<service staffin so#utions for a 'road rane
of com!anies throuhout the 3ydera'ad and nationa##y. +ur recruiters can assist you
with your s!ecific staffin needs in a## ,ey<staffin areasA
Dirct PlacmntA +ur research ca!a'i#ities@ industry e-!ertise@ e-tensive
networ, of contacts and determination a##ows us to find the to! !erformers that
'est fit your !articu#ar re*uirements.
Intrim Staffin"A $e recruit hih#y *ua#ified interim !rofessiona#s for com!anies
see,in an a#ternative to reu#ar staffin as a stratey for rowth.
Ri";t<Fit Sr9icsA +ur staffin so#utions de#iver the riht ta#ent to you with riht<
fit innovative services that inc#ude com!ati'i#ity assessment@ !rivate
videoconferencin@ out!#acement and re#ocation assistance.
$e are committed to !rovidin our c#ients with unsur!assed #eve#s of *ua#ity and
service. $e have a#ready accom!#ished this oa# for numerous c#ients. ItHs a mission
weHre ready to fu#fi## for you.
7o= W Do It : 9s !art of the Sun Informatics networ,@ Sun Informatics
.ationwide commands state<of<the<art too#s that he#! you ma,e the riht decision
a'out your com!anyHs most im!ortant assetIyour !eo!#e.
Sarc; an( Slction ProcssA 9s, a'out our !roven com!rehensive stratey for
securin the 'est ta#ent.
Confi(ntialit#A 1rotect your com!anyHs confidentia#ity with our confidentia# search
services.
8
Com!atibilit# AssssmntA 9void cost#y hirin mista,es with e-!ert recruiters throuh
Sun Informatics@ our re#ia'#e com!ati'i#ity assessment too#.
Intrnational Staffin"A 5everae our #o'a# networ, to meet your internationa#
recruitin needs.
Pro'ct Outsourcin"A 5et us create a nationwide !roject team for your #are staffin
assinments.
&i(oconfrncin"A (onduct #on<distance face<to<face interviews with
Videoconferencin 'y Sun Informatics.
Rlocation Sr9icsA Reduce im!ediments associated with re#ocatin candidates with
Sun Informatics innovative re#ocation services that inc#ude cost<of<#ivin ana#ysis@
movin and trave# assistance.
7o= To En"a" +s : +ur f#e-i'#e enaement o!tions inc#ude retained search@ !riority
search and continency search. (ontact us to #earn more and to determine which o!tion
is riht for your recruitin needs.
1+ALIT. : $e have made ;ua#ity a way of #ife at Sun Informatics@ the core of the
wor, we do@ and the way we do it. )his invo#ves re<use of 'est and smart !ractices@
consistent im!rovement and im!rovisation of our methodo#oies and !rocesses@ which
incu#cate a sense of doin thins@ riht<the first time and every time.
By ado!tin new standards and a re#ent#ess !ursuit of continuous im!rovement in our
*ua#ity manaement systems and !rocesses@ we continue to ensure commitment to
customer satisfaction.

9
9BS)R9()
Tit"e of the Pro-e.t/ CABLE OPERATOR MANAGEMENT S#STEM
%es.rition/
(a'#e +!erator "anaement System is interated and automation software for ca'#e
o!erators. (a'#e o!erators wi## distri'ute )V channe#s to their customers for that they
chare some money month#y.
)o maintain their customers and num'er of users this software !rovides automation. In
this (+" System they can main their staff mem'er&s detai#s and their customer detai#s.
By usin this (+" System they can divide their areas macro !arts to micro !arts. By
usin this system they can meet their 'usiness re*uirements. (a'#e +!erators once
they divided their areas into micro !arts then they can assin their staff mem'ers to
ta,e care a'out their micro !art areas.
(a'#e o!erators they can maintain their staff mem'ers #i,e co##ection 'oys@ he#!ers and
technicians. 9## the co##ection 'oys wi## have user id and !assword. 9t the end of the
every day they wi## #oin to the (+" System they wi## feed their co##ection detai#s and
remar,s.
By usin this (+" System they can ,now a'out their e*ui!ments #ocated on which
areas. 3ow many active ? non active customers are thereJ a## these detai#s they can
view it 'y usin the re!orts. "IS re!orts were enerated for the month of co##ections@
e-!enses@ !endin amount@ com!#aints area wise and date wise@ month wise.
10
E0istin& System/
9## the wor, ca'#e o!erator used to maintain manua##y in 'oo,s @ vouchers@ co##ection
cards etc.@
S#stm Dsi"n:
(+" System K(+"SL is an interated software dea#s with (a'#e
+!erators. 3e#!s the (a'#e +!erators manae their customers and !rovides the
information a'out various channe#s. It ma,es easy to a## o!erations of the (a'#e
+!erators and accurate.
Mastrs :
)he information s!ecified in the "aster is rearded static@ in the sense that it is
M1ermanentN or non<chanin or sta'#e. )he u!dates are infre*uent and may 'e
rearded as !ermanent#y stored in the /ata'ase. )he "aster 7rou! has functiona#ity to
View ? (hane.
)he master !aes wi## have access to administrator on#y.
Transaction:
)ransactions dea# with dynamic or transient data.
)ransactions do not affect the "9S)2R /ata.
)he )R9.S9()I+. 7rou! of functiona#ity is as fo##owsA
Re$orts Mo%ule
In this modu#e we can enerate the various "IS Re!orts to ,ee! trac, of the
revenue@ customer statistics area wise@ month wise@ durin the days and year wise etc.@
11
9rea 5ist
2m!#oyee 5ist
(ustomer 5ist
(o##ections 9rea wise
)ota# (o##ections
(o##ections 'etween /ates
(ustomer 9?c
5ist of 9ssets
S.STEM SPECIFICATION:
Soft=ar R>uirmnts :
+12R9)I.7 S8S)2" A $I. .)
FR+.) 2./ A VB..2)
B0SI.2SS 5+7I( A VB..2)
/9)9B9S2 A "S.9ccess
7ar(=ar R>uirmnts :
1R+(2SS+R A 1= or 3I732R
ram A D1>"B
39R/ /ISO A >07B
12
INTROD+CTION
13
)* P+RPOSE OF T7E PRO-ECT
(a'#e +!erator "anaement System is interated and automation software for
ca'#e o!erators. (a'#e o!erators wi## distri'ute )V channe#s to their customers
for that they chare some money month#y.
)o maintain their customers and num'er of users this software !rovides
automation. In this (+" System they can main their staff mem'er&s detai#s and
their customer detai#s. By usin this (+" System they can divide their areas
macro !arts to micro !arts. By usin this system they can meet their 'usiness
re*uirements. (a'#e +!erators once they divided their areas into micro !arts
then they can assin their staff mem'ers to ta,e care a'out their micro !art
areas.
,* PRO$LEMS IN T7E E?ISTING S.STEM
9n e-tensive study of e-istin system was carried out. )here is an e-istin system
avai#a'#e in 'ranch. )he system is run manua##y . It is difficu#t to run efficient#y 'y man
!ower@ and difficu#t to res!ond every user within short !eriod. )hus we came to ,now
the essentia# need to ma,e it automated
.
12 PROPOSE% SYSTEM/
)o 9utomate entire o!erations of the (a'#e +!erator to maintain their customers #ist
and co##ections. In this (+" System they can maintain their staff mem'er&s detai#s and
their customer detai#s. By usin this (+" System they can divide their areas macro
!arts to micro !arts. By usin this system they can meet their 'usiness re*uirements.
14
(a'#e +!erators once they divided their areas into micro !arts then they can assin
their staff mem'ers to ta,e care a'out their micro !art areas.
By usin this (+" System they can ,now a'out their e*ui!ments #ocated on which
areas. 3ow many active ? non active customers are thereJ a## these detai#s they can
a'out it 'y usin the re!orts. "IS re!orts were enerated for the month of co##ections@
e-!enses@ !endin amount@ com!#aints area wise and date wise@ month wise.
0* SCOPE OF T7E PRO-ECT
)o maintain entire o!erations of the ca'#e o!erator to 'e 9utomated.
)o maintain entire o!erations of the ca'#e o!erator to 'e automated.
)he current system is interactive with the data'ase !rovides efforts can 'e
made so that the system can ado!t the avai#a'#e data'ase features of a new
site.

15
PRO-ECT ANAL.SIS
16
)* ST+D. OF T7E S.STEM
The complete system can be divided into five halves on basis of access levels.
A Acco!nt "ana#ement
$ %tilities
& A!tho'in#
( )ditin#
) App'ovin#
* (eployment
Account &anage&ent'
%sin# this pa't of an application the administ'ato' can vie+ the list of
!se's and thei' a'ea of speciali,ation. The administ'ato' can c'eate a ne+ !se's-
modify e.istin# !se'. An administ'ato' p'ovides pe'mission to the ne+ly c'eated
!se' by placin# the ne+ !se' into set of 'oles s!ch as a a!tho'- app'ove'- edito' o'
deploy. This pa't of the application is only accessible to the administ'ato'.
"tilities '
%tilities section of the application is !sed to sh!t do+n the application fo' the
no'mal pe'son to ope'ate as +ell as to !p the site bac/ fo' its !se.
Authoring'
An administ'ato' o' a pe'son +ith the a!tho' p'ivile#es can access this pa't
of the application. This pa't of the application incl!des c'eatin# ne+ content in the
fo'm of sto'ies +hich is no'mally done by the develope's o' content +'ite's.
17
The ne+ly c'eated content may incl!de no of notes +hich +ill #!ide the
edito' at the time of editin# the content. The ne+ly c'eated content then can be
posted to edito' fo' editin#.
E%itor'
An edito' 'eceives the content posted by the a!tho'. An edito' can vie+ the
content and late' post the content to a ne+ 'evision o' to an e.istin# 'evision. 0f a
content is fo!nd !ns!itable to the ca!se the content is 'et!'ned bac/ to the a!tho'.
This pa't of the application can be e.plo'ed only by an administ'ato' o' the !se's
+ho possess an edito' p'ivile#e. The edito' can +ithd'a+ the content f'om bein#
hosted if fo!nd !nfit fo' hostin#.
A$$ro(er'
An app'ove' is a pe'son +ho +ill app'ove the contents to be hosted on the
site. An app'ove' can app'ove the content to the deploy section o' (iscontin!e the
content !sa#e o' 'et!'n the content bac/ to the edito' fo' 'evision. The 'et!'ned
content sho!ld accompany +ith a messa#e to the edito' 'e#a'din# the 'evision in
the content. This pa't of the application can be accessed by the administ'ato' of the
pe'son +ho possess an App'ove' p'ivile#e.
!e$loy'
This a'ea of the application incl!des the deployment pa't of an application.
A deploy pe'son can vie+ the content befo'e deployin# it. The pe'son can also
'et!'n the content if fo!nd !nfit to be hosted on the site. The 'et!'ned content is
sent bac/ to the app'ove'. The deployment of the content incl!des the content to be
placed in specific a'ea of the hostin# envi'onment. The hostin# envi'onment is
divided into th'ee cate#o'ies. The (eploy content- the mana#e' content- the
p'otected content. These cate#o'ies a'e s!bdivided into no of sections.
18

A%&inistrator'
An administ'ato' has all the p'ivile#es that of the #!est as +ell as the no'mal
'e#iste'ed !se'. Alon# +ith these common feat!'es an administ'ato' has the
administ'ato' 'elated feat!'es s!ch as c'eatin# ne+ !se's and #'antin# 'oles to
those ne+ly c'eated !se's. The 'oles #'anted by the administ'ato' cannot be
chan#es by the !se'. An administ'ato' can c'eate ne+ !se' as a #!est o' as an !se'
o' an administ'ato'. The access levels a'e as pe' the #'ants done by the
administ'ato'.
An administ'ato' can also be pa't of a team and co!ld lead a p'o1ect team this
is possible only if administ'ato' +hen b!ildin# a team incl!des himself in the team
section. 0f incl!ded as a mana#e' he is not a pa't of the team b!t s!pe'viso' of the
team.
The 'e#iste' option on the homepa#e of the application is p'ovided only to
'e#iste' a ne+ !se' as a #!est.
ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA W7IC7 RE1+IRE +SER
A+T7ENTICATION
The follo+in# commands specify access cont'ol identifie's and they
a'e typically !sed to a!tho'i,e and a!thenticate the !se' 2command codes a'e
sho+n in pa'entheses
%3)4 5A") 2%3)4
19
The !se' identification is that +hich is 'e6!i'ed by the se've' fo'
access to its file system. This command +ill no'mally be the fi'st
command t'ansmitted by the !se' afte' the cont'ol connections a'e
made 2some se've's may 'e6!i'e this.
7A33894( 27A33
This command m!st be immediately p'eceded by the !se' name
command- and- fo' some sites- completes the !se':s identification fo'
access cont'ol. 3ince pass+o'd info'mation is 6!ite sensitive- it is
desi'able in #ene'al to ;mas/; it o' s!pp'ess type o!t.
20
SOFTWARE RE1+IREMENT
SPECIFICATION
SO)T3ARE RE45(REMENT SPEC()(CAT(ON
RE45(REMENT SPEC()(CAT(ON)
The soft+a'e- )lect'onic (oc!ment "ana#ement system is desi#ned fo'
mana#ement of the content ove' a site.
INTRO!"CTION
21
Pur$ose' The main p!'pose fo' p'epa'in# this doc!ment is to #ive a #ene'al
insi#ht into the analysis and 'e6!i'ements of the e.istin# system o' sit!ation and
fo' dete'minin# the ope'atin# cha'acte'istics of the system.
Sco$e' This (oc!ment plays a vital 'ole in the development life cycle 23(<&
As it desc'ibes the complete 'e6!i'ement of the system. 0t is meant fo' !se by the
develope's and +ill be the basic d!'in# testin# phase. Any chan#es made to the
'e6!i'ements in the f!t!'e +ill have to #o th'o!#h fo'mal chan#e app'oval p'ocess.
(evelope's 4esponsibilities 9ve'vie+=
The develope' is 'esponsible fo'=

1 (evelopin# the system- +hich meets the 343 and solvin# all the 'e6!i'ements
of the system>
2 (emonst'atin# the system and installin# the system at client:s location afte' the
acceptance testin# is s!ccessf!l.
3 3!bmittin# the 'e6!i'ed !se' man!al desc'ibin# the system inte'faces to +o'/ on
it and also the doc!ments of the system.
4 &ond!ctin# any !se' t'ainin# that mi#ht be needed fo' !sin# the system.
5 "aintainin# the system fo' a pe'iod of one yea' afte' installation.
)unctional Re*uire&ents'
22
O"TP"T !ESIGN
9!tp!ts f'om comp!te' systems a'e 'e6!i'ed p'ima'ily to
comm!nicate the 'es!lts of p'ocessin# to !se's. They a'e also !sed to p'ovides a
pe'manent copy of the 'es!lts fo' late' cons!ltation. The va'io!s types of o!tp!ts in
#ene'al a'e=
. ).te'nal 9!tp!ts- +hose destination is o!tside the o'#ani,ation.
. 0nte'nal 9!tp!ts +hose destination is +ith in o'#ani,ation and they a'e the
!se'?s main inte'face +ith the comp!te'.
9pe'ational o!tp!ts +hose !se is p!'ely +ith in the comp!te' depa'tment.
0nte'face o!tp!ts- +hich involve the !se' in comm!nicatin# di'ectly +ith
Out$ut !efinition
The out$uts shoul% +e %efine% in ter&s of the follo,ing $oints'

Type of the o!tp!t
&ontent of the o!tp!t
*o'mat of the o!tp!t
<ocation of the o!tp!t
*'e6!ency of the o!tp!t
@ol!me of the o!tp!t
3e6!ence of the o!tp!t
23
0t is not al+ays desi'able to p'int o' display data as it is held on a
comp!te'. 0t sho!ld be decided as +hich fo'm of the o!tp!t is the most s!itable.
*o' ).ample
8ill decimal points need to be inse'ted
3ho!ld leadin# ,e'os be s!pp'essed.
9!tp!t "edia=

0n the ne.t sta#e it is to be decided that +hich medi!m is the most
app'op'iate fo' the o!tp!t. The main conside'ations +hen decidin# abo!t the
o!tp!t media a'e=
.The s!itability fo' the device to the pa'tic!la' application.
.The need fo' a ha'd copy.
.The 'esponse time 'e6!i'ed.
.The location of the !se's
.The soft+a'e and ha'd+a'e available.
The cost.
Aeepin# in vie+ the above desc'iption the p'o1ect is to have o!tp!ts
mainly comin# !nde' the cate#o'y of inte'nal o!tp!ts. The main o!tp!ts desi'ed
acco'din# to the 'e6!i'ement specification a'e=
The o!tp!ts +e'e needed to be #ene'ated as a hot copy and as +ell as 6!e'ies to be
vie+ed on the sc'een. Aeepin# in vie+ these o!tp!ts- the fo'mat fo' the o!tp!t is
24
ta/en f'om the o!tp!ts- +hich a'e c!''ently beein# obtained afte' man!al
p'ocessin#. The standa'd p'inte' is to be !sed as o!tp!t media fo' ha'd copies.
INP"T !ESIGN
0np!t desi#n is a pa't of ove'all system desi#n. The main ob1ective d!'in# the
inp!t desi#n is as #iven belo+=
To p'od!ce a costBeffective method of inp!t.
To achieve the hi#hest possible level of acc!'acy.
To ens!'e that the inp!t is acceptable and !nde'stood by the !se'.
057%T 3TAC)3=

The main inp!t sta#es can be listed as belo+=
(ata 'eco'din#
(ata t'ansc'iption
(ata conve'sion
(ata ve'ification
(ata cont'ol
(ata t'ansmission
(ata validation
25
(ata co''ection
057%T TD7)3=
0t is necessa'y to dete'mine the va'io!s types of inp!ts. 0np!ts can be
cate#o'i,ed as follo+s=
).te'nal inp!ts- +hich a'e p'ime inp!ts fo' the system.
0nte'nal inp!ts- +hich a'e !se' comm!nications +ith the system.
9pe'ational- +hich a'e comp!te' depa'tment?s comm!nications to the
system>
0nte'active- +hich a'e inp!ts ente'ed d!'in# a dialo#!e.
057%T ")(0A=

At this sta#e choice has to be made abo!t the inp!t media. To concl!de abo!t
the inp!t media conside'ation has to be #iven toE

Type of inp!t
*le.ibility of fo'mat
3peed
Acc!'acy
26
@e'ification methods
4e1ection 'ates
)ase of co''ection
3to'a#e and handlin# 'e6!i'ements
3ec!'ity
)asy to !se
7o'tabilility
Aeepin# in vie+ the above desc'iption of the inp!t types and inp!t media- it
can be said that most of the inp!ts a'e of the fo'm of inte'nal and inte'active. As
0np!t data is to be the di'ectly /eyed in by the !se'- the /eyboa'd can be conside'ed
to be the most s!itable inp!t device.
)4494 A@90(A5&)
At this sta#e ca'e is to be ta/en to ens!'e that inp!t data 'emains acc!'ate
fo'm the sta#e at +hich it is 'eco'ded !pto the sta#e in +hich the data is accepted
by the system. This can be achieved only by means of ca'ef!l cont'ol each time
the data is handled.
)4494 ()T)&T095
)ven tho!#h eve'y effo't is ma/e to avoid the occ!''ence of e''o's- still a
small p'opo'tion of e''o's is al+ays li/ely to occ!'- these types of e''o's can be
discove'ed by !sin# validations to chec/ the inp!t data.
27
(ATA @A<0(AT095
7'oced!'es a'e desi#ned to detect e''o's in data at a lo+e' level of detail.
(ata validations have been incl!ded in the system in almost eve'y a'ea +he'e the'e
is a possibility fo' the !se' to commit e''o's. The system +ill not accept invalid
data. 8heneve' an invalid data is /eyed in- the system immediately p'ompts the
!se' and the !se' has to a#ain /ey in the data and the system +ill accept the data
only if the data is co''ect. @alidations have been incl!ded +he'e necessa'y.
The system is desi#ned to be a !se' f'iendly one. 0n othe' +o'ds the system
has been desi#ned to comm!nicate effectively +ith the !se'. The system has been
desi#ned +ith pop !p men!s.
%3)405T)4C*A&) ()30C5
0t is essential to cons!lt the system !se's and disc!ss thei' needs +hile
desi#nin# the !se' inte'face=
%3)4 05T)4*A&) 3D3T)"3 &A5 $) $49A(<D &<A30*0)( A3=
1. %se' initiated inte'face the !se' is in cha'#e- cont'ollin# the p'o#'ess of
the !se'Fcomp!te' dialo#!e. 0n the comp!te'Binitiated inte'face- the
comp!te' selects the ne.t sta#e in the inte'action.
2. &omp!te' initiated inte'faces
28
0n the comp!te' initiated inte'faces the comp!te' #!ides the p'o#'ess of the
!se'Fcomp!te' dialo#!e. 0nfo'mation is displayed and the !se' 'esponse of
the comp!te' ta/es action o' displays f!'the' info'mation.
%3)4G050T0AT)( 05T)4C*A&)3
%se' initiated inte'faces fall into to+ app'o.imate classes=
1. &ommand d'iven inte'faces= 0n this type of inte'face the !se'
inp!ts commands o' 6!e'ies +hich a'e inte'p'eted by the comp!te'.
2. *o'ms o'iented inte'face= The !se' calls !p an ima#e of the fo'm to
hisFhe' sc'een and fills in the fo'm. The fo'ms o'iented inte'face is
chosen beca!se it is the best choice.
&9"7%T)4B050T0AT)( 05T)4*A&)3
The follo+in# comp!te' H initiated inte'faces +e'e !sed=
1. The men! system fo' the !se' is p'esented +ith a list of alte'natives
and the !se' chooses oneE of alte'natives.
2. I!estions H ans+e' type dialo# system +he'e the comp!te' as/s
6!estion and ta/es action based on the basis of the !se's 'eply.
4i#ht f'om the sta't the system is #oin# to be men! d'iven- the openin# men!
displays the available options. &hoosin# one option #ives anothe' pop!p men!
+ith mo'e options. 0n this +ay eve'y option leads the !se's to data ent'y fo'm
+he'e the !se' can /ey in the data.
29
)4494 ")33AC) ()30C5=
The desi#n of e''o' messa#es is an impo'tant pa't of the !se' inte'face
desi#n. As !se' is bo!nd to commit some e''o's o' othe' +hile desi#nin# a system
the system sho!ld be desi#ned to be helpf!l by p'ovidin# the !se' +ith info'mation
'e#a'din# the e''o' heFshe has committed.
This application m!st be able to p'od!ce o!tp!t at diffe'ent mod!les fo'
diffe'ent inp!ts.
Perfor&ance Re*uire&ents'
7e'fo'mance is meas!'ed in te'ms of the o!tp!t p'ovided by the application.
4e6!i'ement specification plays an impo'tant pa't in the analysis of a
system. 9nly +hen the 'e6!i'ement specifications a'e p'ope'ly #iven- it is possible
to desi#n a system- +hich +ill fit into 'e6!i'ed envi'onment. 0t 'ests la'#ely in the
pa't of the !se's of the e.istin# system to #ive the 'e6!i'ement specifications
beca!se they a'e the people +ho finally !se the system. This is beca!se the
'e6!i'ements have to be /no+n d!'in# the initial sta#es so that the system can be
desi#ned acco'din# to those 'e6!i'ements. 0t is ve'y diffic!lt to chan#e the system
once it has been desi#ned and on the othe' hand desi#nin# a system- +hich does
not cate' to the 'e6!i'ements of the !se'- is of no !se.
30
The 'e6!i'ement specification fo' any system can be b'oadly stated as #iven
belo+=

The system sho!ld be able to inte'face +ith the e.istin# system
The system sho!ld be acc!'ate
The system sho!ld be bette' than the e.istin# system
The e.istin# system is completely dependent on the staff to pe'fo'm all the d!ties.
MO!"LES O) THE APPLICATION
Mastrs :
)he information s!ecified in the "aster is rearded static@ in the sense that it is
M1ermanentN or non<chanin or sta'#e. )he u!dates are infre*uent and may 'e
rearded as !ermanent#y stored in the /ata'ase. )he "aster 7rou! has functiona#ity to
View ? (hane.
)he master !aes wi## have access to administrator on#y.
9rea "aster <<P (a'#e +!erators they wi## divide their areas macro !arts to micro
!arts #i,e hue area wi## 'e divided in to sma## areas@ divisions. In this modu#e
admin wi## add areas and code num'ers.
2m!#oyee "aster << 9dmin wi## add the staff and wi## !rovide the !rivi#ees as !er
the staff desination. 9## the staff mem'ers cannot access a## the modu#es. 3e
can add or de#ete the staff accounts.
31
(ustomer "aster << 9dmin wi## add the new customers those who come in their
areas and ta,e new connection. 9dmin can add or de#ete the customers and they
can view the entire customers #ist in area wise.
"onth#y (hares << 9dmin wi## add or modify the month#y chares de!ends on
the areas. Some areas they wi## chare more and some areas #ess de!ends
on the channe#s they !rovide.
Transaction:
)ransactions dea# with dynamic or transient data.
)ransactions do not affect the "9S)2R /ata.
)he )R9.S9()I+. 7rou! of functiona#ity is as fo##owsA
(o##ection Screen << In this modu#e (a'#e o!erators wi## enerate the month#y
wise co##ection statement for their !articu#ar areas and customer wise. )hey can
enerate the date to date co##ection statements. Staff wise co##ection statements
and area wise statements wi## enerate 'y usin this modu#e.
(ustomer Status P (ustomer can ta,e connection and remove connection due to
various reasons at any !oint of time. +nce is disconnected we ma,e him inactive
. $e can chane customer status any !oint of time.
9ssets 2ntry <<
R!orts Mo(ul
In this modu#e we can enerate the various "IS Re!orts to ,ee! trac, of the
revenue@ customer statistics area wise@ month wise@ durin the days and year wise etc.@
1. 9rea 5ist
>. 2m!#oyee 5ist
=. (ustomer 5ist
4. (o##ections 9rea wise
32
D. )ota# (o##ections
C. (o##ections 'etween /ates
7. (ustomer 9?c
8. 5ist of 9ssets
)EAS(B(L(TY ST5%Y
33
)e!sibi"ity Study/
Feasi'i#ity Study is a hih #eve# ca!su#e version of the entire !rocess intended to answer
a num'er of *uestions #i,eA $hat is the !ro'#emJ Is there any feasi'#e so#ution to the
iven !ro'#emJ Is the !ro'#em even worth so#vinJ Feasi'i#ity study is conducted once
the !ro'#em c#ear#y understood. Feasi'i#ity study is necessary to determine that the
!ro!osed system is Feasi'#e 'y considerin the technica#@ +!erationa#@ and 2conomica#
factors. By havin a detai#ed feasi'i#ity study the manaement wi## have a c#ear<cut view
of the !ro!osed system.
)he fo##owin feasi'i#ities are considered for the !roject in order to ensure that the
!roject is varia'#e and it does not have any major o'structions. Feasi'i#ity study
encom!asses the fo##owin thinsA
)echnica# Feasi'i#ity
2conomica# Feasi'i#ity
+!erationa# Feasi'i#ity
34
In this !hase@ we study the feasi'i#ity of a## !ro!osed systems@ and !ic, the 'est feasi'#e
so#ution for the !ro'#em. )he feasi'i#ity is studied 'ased on three main factors as
fo##ows.
,%)% Tc;nical Fasibilit#:
In this ste!@ we verify whether the !ro!osed systems are technica##y feasi'#e or not. i.e.@
a## the techno#oies re*uired to deve#o! the system are avai#a'#e readi#y or not.
)echnica# Feasi'i#ity determines whether the oraniGation has the techno#oy and s,i##s
necessary to carryout the !roject and how this shou#d 'e o'tained. )he system can 'e
feasi'#e 'ecause of the fo##owin rounds.
9## necessary techno#oy e-ists to deve#o! the system.
)his system is too f#e-i'#e and it can 'e e-!anded further.
)his system can ive uarantees of accuracy@ ease of use@ re#ia'i#ity and the data
security.
)his system can ive instant res!onse to in*uire.
+ur !roject is technica##y feasi'#e 'ecause@ a## the techno#oy needed for our !roject is
readi#y avai#a'#e.
Front 2nd A V'..et
Bac, 2nd A "S 9ccess
3ost A $indows<>000
,%,% Economical Fasibilit#:
In this ste!@ we verify which !ro!osa# is more economica#. $e com!are the financia#
'enefits of the new system with the investment. )he new system is economica##y
feasi'#e on#y when the financia# 'enefits are more than the investments and
e-!enditure. 2conomica# Feasi'i#ity determines whether the !roject oa# can 'e within
the resource #imits a##ocated to it or not. It must determine whether it is worthwhi#e to
!rocess with the entire !roject or whether the 'enefits o'tained from the new system
are not worth the costs. Financia# 'enefits must 'e e*ua# or e-ceed the costs. In this
issue@ we shou#d considerA
)he cost to conduct a fu## system investiation.
)he cost of h?w and s?w for the c#ass of a!!#ication 'ein considered.
35
)he deve#o!ment too#.
)he cost of maintenance etc.@
+ur !roject is economica##y feasi'#e 'ecause the cost of deve#o!ment is very
minima# when com!ared to financia# 'enefits of the a!!#ication.
,%/% O!rational Fasibilit#:
In this ste!@ we verify different o!erationa# factors of the !ro!osed systems #i,e man<
!ower@ time etc.@ whichever so#ution uses #ess o!erationa# resources@ is the 'est
o!erationa##y feasi'#e so#ution. )he so#ution shou#d a#so 'e o!erationa##y !ossi'#e to
im!#ement. +!erationa# Feasi'i#ity determines if the !ro!osed system satisfied user
o'jectives cou#d 'e fitted into the current system o!eration. )he !resent system
2nter!rise Resource Information System can 'e justified as +!erationa##y Feasi'#e
'ased on the fo##owin rounds.
)he methods of !rocessin and !resentation are com!#ete#y acce!ted 'y the c#ients
since they can meet a## user re*uirements.
)he c#ients have 'een invo#ved in the !#annin and deve#o!ment of the system.
)he !ro!osed system wi## not cause any !ro'#em under any circumstances.
+ur !roject is o!erationa##y feasi'#e 'ecause the time re*uirements and !ersonne#
re*uirements are satisfied. $e are a team of four mem'ers and we wor,ed on this
!roject for three wor,in months.
PRO-ECT INITIATION:
In this !hase@ we !erform the !re#iminary investiation !rocedures #i,e settin u! !roject
oa#s@ atherin re*uirements from c#ient etc.@ this !hase consists of two su'<!hases as
fo##ows.
/%)% Formulation of Goals:
In this ste!@ we formu#ate the oa#s to 'e achieved in the new system. 9s the
a!!#ications are we'<'ased@ the oa#s can 'e cateoriGed into two ty!es #i,e informatory
oa#s and functiona# oa#s. Formu#ation of we'<'ased systems and a!!#ications
re!resents a se*uence of we' enineerin actions #i,e identification of 'usiness needs@
descri!tion of o'jectives@ definition of major features and functions etc.@
Formulation 1ustions
36
1% $hat is the main motivation K'usiness needL for the a!!#icationJ
For the !resent a!!#ication@ the 'usiness needs are identified as fo##ows.
)he com!anies need an on#ine intranet a!!#ication to !u'#iciGe their art a##eries
and !ut for auctionin. )he com!anies need an a!!#ication to store and manae
a## the a##eries detai#s. )he aents need an a!!#ication to search for ood
com!anies in a desira'#e #ocation. )he users or 'idders need an a!!#ication to
faci#itate any<time 'iddin. )he users search for art a##eries and se#ect the
desira'#e one. )hen the users can 'id a !rice on their own. 9## these 'iddins
can 'e seen 'y the com!any. It can se#ect the 'est 'id from the #ist and can
ma,e a dea#.
4+ $hat are the o'jectives that the a!!#ication must fu#fi##J
)he oa#s for the !resent we'<a!!#ication are identified as fo##ows.
6+ (nform!tory Go!"s/
Informatory oa#s s!ea, a'out what ,ind of information must 'e served 'y the
a!!#ication. )his a!!#ication shou#d fu#fi## the fo##owin informatory oa#s.
)his a!!#ication shou#d !rovide com!#ete information a'out the severa#
com!anies which dea# with art a##eries and their auctions.
aents who act as mediators in he#!in find the riht !roduct for a riht
'iddin !rice.
a##eries added 'y the com!any. )his information inc#udes the !roduct
name@ descri!tion@ 'iddin !rice@ #ast date etc.@
)his a!!#ication shou#d !rovide information a'out the com!#ete cata#o of
the com!any.
)he a!!#ication shou#d !rovide the com!#ete information@ terms : conditions.
37
7+ )un.tion!" Go!"s/
Functiona# oa#s s!ea, a'out what ,ind of services or functiona#ities must 'e
!rovided 'y the a!!#ication to the different cateories of users.
9## ,inds of users to the we'<a!!#ication shou#d have a !ro!er #oin faci#ity with
!assword recovery o!tion.
)he com!anies@ aents and users can reister to the !orta# usin the reistration
forms.
)he administrator shou#d have a faci#ity to view a #ist of com!anies& reistrations.
3e can view the com!#ete !rofi#e of the com!any. +nce a## the !ayment
forma#ities are finished@ the administrator a!!roves the com!any. +r he may a#so
reject the com!any. +n#y a!!roved com!anies can #oin to the !orta#.
)he reistered com!any shou#d have a functiona#ity to add and manae art
a##eries.
)he 'idder or the user shou#d have a search !roram which can fetch the #ist of
a##eries and their !roducts which are re#ated to different com!anies.
)he user can view the detai#s of the a##ery !roducts. 3e can a#so search the
!roducts which are current#y avai#a'#e for 'iddin.
)he user can se#ect a !roduct and 'id it with a desired 'iddin !rice.
/%,% R>uirmnts Gat;rin":
In this ste!@ we ather the re*uirements from the c#ient@ which act as in!uts for the
deve#o!ment of the a!!#ication. )o ather re*uirements from different ty!es of c#ients@
we fo##ow different techni*ues #i,e !ersona# interviews@ *uestioners@ o'servation@ record
review etc.@ Re*uirements& atherin is a !rocess of understandin the re*uirements of
a !ro'#em. For a we'<'ased a!!#ication@ the re*uirements atherin o'jectives are
!ro!osed as fo##ows.
Identify content re*uirements
Identify functiona# re*uirements
CONTENT RE1+IREMENTS
38
)his a!!#ication shou#d !rovide com!#ete information a'out the severa# com!anies
which dea# with art a##eries and their auctions. )his a!!#ication shou#d !rovide
com!#ete information a'out the severa# aents who act as mediators in he#!in find the
riht !roduct for a riht 'iddin !rice. )his a!!#ication shou#d !rovide com!#ete
information a'out the severa# a##eries added 'y the com!any. )his information inc#udes
the !roduct name@ descri!tion@ 'iddin !rice@ #ast date etc@ )his a!!#ication shou#d
!rovide information a'out the com!#ete cata#o of the com!any. )he a!!#ication shou#d
!rovide the com!#ete information@ terms : conditions.
)5NCT(ONAL RE45(REMENTS
9## ,inds of users to the we'<a!!#ication shou#d have a !ro!er #oin faci#ity with
!assword recovery o!tion. )he com!anies@ aents and users can reister to the !orta#
usin the reistration forms. )he administrator shou#d have a faci#ity to view a #ist of
com!anies& reistrations. 3e can view the com!#ete !rofi#e of the com!any. +nce a## the
!ayment forma#ities are finished@ the administrator a!!roves the com!any. +r he may
a#so reject the com!any. +n#y a!!roved com!anies can #oin to the !orta#. .)he
reistered com!any shou#d have a functiona#ity to add and manae art a##eries.
39
ANALYS(S
ANAL.SIS:
In this !hase@ we thorouh#y study the re*uirements athered from the c#ient and
ana#yGe them. )hen we deve#o! a mode# to the so#ution usin different mode#in
techni*ues. )he fo##owin are the different su'<!hases invo#ved in this !hase.
4.1. R>uirmnt Anal#sis:
In this ste!@ the re*uirements athered from the c#ient in !revious !hase@ are thorouh#y
ana#yGed and the c#ient re*uirement is understood !ro!er#y. Re*uirement ana#ysis for
we' a!!#ications encom!asses three major tas,sA formu#ation@ re*uirements atherin
and ana#ysis mode#in. /urin formu#ation@ the 'asic motivation and oa#s for the we'
a!!#ication are identified@ and the cateories of users are defined. In the re*uirements
atherin !hase@ the content and functiona# re*uirements are #isted and interaction
scenarios written from end<user&s !oint<of<view are deve#o!ed. )his intent is to
esta'#ish a 'asic understandin of why the we' a!!#ication is 'ui#t@ who wi## use it@ and
what !ro'#ems it wi## so#ve for its users.
40
0%,% S#stm R>uirmnt S!cification:
In this ste!@ we enerate a re!ort on System Re*uirement S!ecification. )his is a
document@ which consists of the #ist of re*uirements and functiona#ities to 'e !rovided in
the new system. 3ere we a#so enerate re!orts on software re*uirement and hardware
re*uirement for deve#o!in the a!!#ication.

SELECTE! SO)T-ARE
41
Mi.rosoft+NET )r!me$or8
The .5)T *'ame+o'/ is a ne+ comp!tin# platfo'm that simplifies application
development in the hi#hly dist'ib!ted envi'onment of the 0nte'net. The .5)T
*'ame+o'/ is desi#ned to f!lfill the follo+in# ob1ectives=
To p'ovide a consistent ob1ectBo'iented p'o#'ammin# envi'onment +hethe'
ob1ect code is sto'ed and e.ec!ted locally- e.ec!ted locally b!t 0nte'netB
dist'ib!ted- o' e.ec!ted 'emotely.
To p'ovide a codeBe.ec!tion envi'onment that minimi,es soft+a'e
deployment and ve'sionin# conflicts.
To p'ovide a codeBe.ec!tion envi'onment that #!a'antees safe e.ec!tion of
code- incl!din# code c'eated by an !n/no+n o' semiBt'!sted thi'd pa'ty.
42
To p'ovide a codeBe.ec!tion envi'onment that eliminates the pe'fo'mance
p'oblems of sc'ipted o' inte'p'eted envi'onments.
To ma/e the develope' e.pe'ience consistent ac'oss +idely va'yin# types of
applications- s!ch as 8indo+sBbased applications and 8ebBbased
applications.
To b!ild all comm!nication on ind!st'y standa'ds to ens!'e that code based
on the .5)T *'ame+o'/ can inte#'ate +ith any othe' code.
The .5)T *'ame+o'/ has t+o main components= the common lan#!a#e '!ntime
and the .5)T *'ame+o'/ class lib'a'y. The common lan#!a#e '!ntime is the
fo!ndation of the .5)T *'ame+o'/. Do! can thin/ of the '!ntime as an a#ent that
mana#es code at e.ec!tion time- p'ovidin# co'e se'vices s!ch as memo'y
mana#ement- th'ead mana#ement- and 'emotin#- +hile also enfo'cin# st'ict type
safety and othe' fo'ms of code acc!'acy that ens!'e sec!'ity and 'ob!stness. 0n
fact- the concept of code mana#ement is a f!ndamental p'inciple of the '!ntime.
&ode that ta'#ets the '!ntime is /no+n as mana#ed code- +hile code that does not
ta'#et the '!ntime is /no+n as !nmana#ed code. The class lib'a'y- the othe' main
component of the .5)T *'ame+o'/- is a comp'ehensive- ob1ectBo'iented collection
of 'e!sable types that yo! can !se to develop applications 'an#in# f'om t'aditional
commandBline o' #'aphical !se' inte'face 2C%0 applications to applications based
on the latest innovations p'ovided by A37.5)T- s!ch as 8eb *o'ms and J"<
8eb se'vices.
43
The .5)T *'ame+o'/ can be hosted by !nmana#ed components that load the
common lan#!a#e '!ntime into thei' p'ocesses and initiate the e.ec!tion of
mana#ed code- the'eby c'eatin# a soft+a'e envi'onment that can e.ploit both
mana#ed and !nmana#ed feat!'es. The .5)T *'ame+o'/ not only p'ovides seve'al
'!ntime hosts- b!t also s!ppo'ts the development of thi'dBpa'ty '!ntime hosts.
*o' e.ample- A37.5)T hosts the '!ntime to p'ovide a scalable- se've'Bside
envi'onment fo' mana#ed code. A37.5)T +o'/s di'ectly +ith the '!ntime to
enable 8eb *o'ms applications and J"< 8eb se'vices- both of +hich a'e
disc!ssed late' in this topic.
0nte'net ).plo'e' is an e.ample of an !nmana#ed application that hosts the '!ntime
2in the fo'm of a "0") type e.tension. %sin# 0nte'net ).plo'e' to host the
'!ntime enables yo! to embed mana#ed components o' 8indo+s *o'ms cont'ols
in KT"< doc!ments. Kostin# the '!ntime in this +ay ma/es mana#ed mobile code
2simila' to "ic'osoftL ActiveJL cont'ols possible- b!t +ith si#nificant
imp'ovements that only mana#ed code can offe'- s!ch as semiBt'!sted e.ec!tion
and sec!'e isolated file sto'a#e.
The follo+in# ill!st'ation sho+s the 'elationship of the common lan#!a#e '!ntime
and the class lib'a'y to yo!' applications and to the ove'all system. The ill!st'ation
also sho+s ho+ mana#ed code ope'ates +ithin a la'#e' a'chitect!'e.
44
)e!tures of the Common L!n&u!&e Runtime
The common lan#!a#e '!ntime mana#es memo'y- th'ead e.ec!tion- code
e.ec!tion- code safety ve'ification- compilation- and othe' system se'vices. These
feat!'es a'e int'insic to the mana#ed code that '!ns on the common lan#!a#e
'!ntime.
8ith 'e#a'ds to sec!'ity- mana#ed components a'e a+a'ded va'yin# de#'ees of
t'!st- dependin# on a n!mbe' of facto's that incl!de thei' o'i#in 2s!ch as the
0nte'net- ente'p'ise net+o'/- o' local comp!te'. This means that a mana#ed
component mi#ht o' mi#ht not be able to pe'fo'm fileBaccess ope'ations- 'e#ist'yB
access ope'ations- o' othe' sensitive f!nctions- even if it is bein# !sed in the same
active application.
The '!ntime enfo'ces code access sec!'ity. *o' e.ample- !se's can t'!st that an
e.ec!table embedded in a 8eb pa#e can play an animation on sc'een o' sin# a
son#- b!t cannot access thei' pe'sonal data- file system- o' net+o'/. The sec!'ity
feat!'es of the '!ntime th!s enable le#itimate 0nte'netBdeployed soft+a'e to be
e.ceptionally feat!'e 'ich.
The '!ntime also enfo'ces code 'ob!stness by implementin# a st'ict typeB and
codeBve'ification inf'ast'!ct!'e called the common type system 2&T3. The &T3
45
ens!'es that all mana#ed code is selfBdesc'ibin#. The va'io!s "ic'osoft and thi'dB
pa'ty lan#!a#e compile's
Cene'ate mana#ed code that confo'ms to the &T3. This means that mana#ed code
can cons!me othe' mana#ed types and instances- +hile st'ictly enfo'cin# type
fidelity and type safety.
0n addition- the mana#ed envi'onment of the '!ntime eliminates many common
soft+a'e iss!es. *o' e.ample- the '!ntime a!tomatically handles ob1ect layo!t and
mana#es 'efe'ences to ob1ects- 'eleasin# them +hen they a'e no lon#e' bein# !sed.
This a!tomatic memo'y mana#ement 'esolves the t+o most common application
e''o's- memo'y lea/s and invalid memo'y 'efe'ences.
The '!ntime also accele'ates develope' p'od!ctivity. *o' e.ample- p'o#'amme's
can +'ite applications in thei' development lan#!a#e of choice- yet ta/e f!ll
advanta#e of the '!ntime- the class lib'a'y- and components +'itten in othe'
lan#!a#es by othe' develope's. Any compile' vendo' +ho chooses to ta'#et the
'!ntime can do so. <an#!a#e compile's that ta'#et the .5)T *'ame+o'/ ma/e the
feat!'es of the .5)T *'ame+o'/ available to e.istin# code +'itten in that
lan#!a#e- #'eatly easin# the mi#'ation p'ocess fo' e.istin# applications.
8hile the '!ntime is desi#ned fo' the soft+a'e of the f!t!'e- it also s!ppo'ts
soft+a'e of today and yeste'day. 0nte'ope'ability bet+een mana#ed and
46
!nmana#ed code enables develope's to contin!e to !se necessa'y &9"
components and (<<s.
The '!ntime is desi#ned to enhance pe'fo'mance. Altho!#h the common lan#!a#e
'!ntime p'ovides many standa'd '!ntime se'vices- mana#ed code is neve'
inte'p'eted. A feat!'e called 1!stBinBtime 2M0T compilin# enables all mana#ed code
to '!n in the native machine lan#!a#e of the system on +hich it is e.ec!tin#.
"ean+hile- the memo'y mana#e' 'emoves the possibilities of f'a#mented memo'y
and inc'eases memo'y localityBofB'efe'ence to f!'the' inc'ease pe'fo'mance.
*inally- the '!ntime can be hosted by hi#hBpe'fo'mance- se've'Bside applications-
s!ch as "ic'osoftL 3I< 3e've'N and 0nte'net 0nfo'mation 3e'vices 2003. This
inf'ast'!ct!'e enables yo! to !se mana#ed code to +'ite yo!' b!siness lo#ic- +hile
still en1oyin# the s!pe'io' pe'fo'mance of the ind!st'y:s best ente'p'ise se've's that
s!ppo't '!ntime hostin#.
47
+NET )r!me$or8 C"!ss Libr!ry
The .5)T *'ame+o'/ class lib'a'y is a collection of 'e!sable types that ti#htly
inte#'ate +ith the common lan#!a#e '!ntime. The class lib'a'y is ob1ect o'iented-
p'ovidin# types f'om +hich yo!' o+n mana#ed code can de'ive f!nctionality. This
not only ma/es the .5)T *'ame+o'/ types easy to !se- b!t also 'ed!ces the time
associated +ith lea'nin# ne+
48
feat!'es of the .5)T *'ame+o'/. 0n addition- thi'dBpa'ty components can inte#'ate
seamlessly +ith classes in the .5)T *'ame+o'/.
*o' e.ample- the .5)T *'ame+o'/ collection classes implement a set of inte'faces
that yo! can !se to develop yo!' o+n collection classes. Do!' collection classes
+ill blend seamlessly +ith the classes in the .5)T *'ame+o'/.
As yo! +o!ld e.pect f'om an ob1ectBo'iented class lib'a'y- the .5)T *'ame+o'/
types enable yo! to accomplish a 'an#e of common p'o#'ammin# tas/s- incl!din#
tas/s s!ch as st'in# mana#ement- data collection- database connectivity- and file
access. 0n addition to these common tas/s- the class lib'a'y incl!des types that
s!ppo't a va'iety of speciali,ed development scena'ios. *o' e.ample- yo! can !se
the .5)T *'ame+o'/ to develop the follo+in# types of applications and se'vices=
&onsole applications.
3c'ipted o' hosted applications.
8indo+s C%0 applications 28indo+s *o'ms.
A37.5)T applications.
J"< 8eb se'vices.
8indo+s se'vices.
49
*o' e.ample- the 8indo+s *o'ms classes a'e a comp'ehensive set of 'e!sable
types that vastly simplify 8indo+s C%0 development. 0f yo! +'ite an A37.5)T
8eb *o'm application- yo! can !se the 8eb *o'ms classes.
C"ient A"i.!tion %eve"oment
&lient applications a'e the closest to a t'aditional style of application in 8indo+sB
based p'o#'ammin#. These a'e the types of applications that display +indo+s o'
fo'ms on the des/top- enablin# a !se' to pe'fo'm a tas/. &lient applications incl!de
applications s!ch as +o'd p'ocesso's and sp'eadsheets- as +ell as c!stom b!siness
applications s!ch as dataBent'y tools- 'epo'tin# tools- and so on. &lient applications
!s!ally employ +indo+s- men!s- b!ttons- and othe' C%0 elements- and they li/ely
access local 'eso!'ces s!ch as the file system and pe'iphe'als s!ch as p'inte's.
Anothe' /ind of client application is the t'aditional ActiveJ cont'ol 2no+ 'eplaced
by the mana#ed 8indo+s *o'ms cont'ol deployed ove' the 0nte'net as a 8eb
pa#e. This application is m!ch li/e othe' client applications= it is e.ec!ted natively-
has access to local 'eso!'ces- and incl!des #'aphical elements.
0n the past- develope's c'eated s!ch applications !sin# &F&OO in con1!nction +ith
the "ic'osoft *o!ndation &lasses 2"*& o' +ith a 'apid application development
50
24A( envi'onment s!ch as "ic'osoftL @is!al $asicL. The .5)T *'ame+o'/
inco'po'ates aspects of these e.istin# p'od!cts into a sin#le- consistent
development envi'onment that d'astically simplifies the development of client
applications.
The 8indo+s *o'ms classes contained in the .5)T *'ame+o'/ a'e desi#ned to be
!sed fo' C%0 development. Do! can easily c'eate command +indo+s- b!ttons-
men!s- toolba's- and othe' sc'een elements +ith the fle.ibility necessa'y to
accommodate shiftin# b!siness needs.
*o' e.ample- the .5)T *'ame+o'/ p'ovides simple p'ope'ties to ad1!st vis!al
att'ib!tes associated +ith fo'ms. 0n some cases the !nde'lyin# ope'atin# system
does not s!ppo't chan#in# these att'ib!tes di'ectly- and in these cases the .5)T
*'ame+o'/ a!tomatically 'ec'eates the fo'ms. This is one of many +ays in +hich
the .5)T *'ame+o'/ inte#'ates the develope' inte'face- ma/in# codin# simple'
and mo'e consistent.
%nli/e ActiveJ cont'ols- 8indo+s *o'ms cont'ols have semiBt'!sted access to a
!se':s comp!te'. This means that bina'y o' natively e.ec!tin# code can access
some of the 'eso!'ces on the !se':s system 2s!ch as C%0 elements and limited file
access +itho!t bein# able to access o' comp'omise othe' 'eso!'ces. $eca!se of
code access sec!'ity- many applications that once needed to be installed on a !se':s
51
system can no+ be safely deployed th'o!#h the 8eb. Do!' applications can
implement the feat!'es of a local application +hile bein# deployed li/e a 8eb
pa#e.

52
PRO-ECT DESIGN
53
SO)T3ARE ENG(NEER(NG PARA%(GM APPL(E%9 :RA%9MO%EL2
The t+o desi#n ob1ectives contin!o!sly so!#ht by develope's a'e 'eliability and
maintenance.
Relia+le Syste&
The'e a'e t+o levels of 'eliability. The fi'st is meetin# the 'i#ht
'e6!i'ements. A ca'ef!l and th'o!#h systems st!dy is needed to satisfy this aspect
of 'eliability. The second level of systems 'eliability involves the act!al +o'/in#
delive'ed to the !se'. At this level- the systems 'eliability is inte'+oven +ith
soft+a'e en#inee'in# and development. The'e a'e th'ee app'oaches to 'eliability.
1. Error a(oi%ance' 7'events e''o's f'om occ!''in# in soft+a'e.
2. Error %etection an% correction' 0n this app'oach e''o's a'e 'eco#ni,ed
+heneve' they a'e enco!nte'ed and co''ectin# the e''o' by effect of e''o'- of the
system does not fail.
3. Error tolerance' 0n this app'oach e''o's a'e 'eco#ni,ed +heneve' they occ!'-
b!t enables the system to /eep '!nnin# th'o!#h de#'aded pe'fo'm o' by
applyin# val!es that inst'!ct the system to contin!e p'ocess.
Maintenance'
The /ey to 'ed!cin# need fo' maintenance- +hile +o'/in#- if possible to do
essential tas/s.
1. "o'e acc!'ately definin# !se' 'e6!i'ement d!'in# system development.
54
2. Assemblin# bette' systems doc!mentation.
3. %sin# mo'e effective methods fo' desi#nin#- p'ocessin#- lo#in and
comm!nicatin# info'mation +ith p'o1ect team membe's.
4. "a/in# bette' !se of e.istin# tools and techni6!es.
5. "ana#in# system en#inee'in# p'ocess effectively.
Out$ut !esign'
9ne of the most impo'tant facto's of an info'mation system fo' the !se' is
the o!tp!t the system p'od!ces. 8itho!t the 6!ality of the o!tp!t- the enti'e system
may appea' !nnecessa'y that +ill ma/e !s avoid !sin# it possibly ca!sin# it to fail.
(esi#nin# the o!tp!t sho!ld p'ocess the in an o'#ani,ed +ell th'o!#ho!t the
manne'. The 'i#ht o!tp!t m!st be developed +hile ens!'in# that each o!tp!t
element is desi#ned so that people +ill find the system easy to !se effectively.
The te'm o!tp!t applyin# to info'mation p'od!ced by an info'mation system
+hethe' p'inted o' displayed +hile desi#nin# the o!tp!t +e sho!ld identify the
specific o!tp!t that is needed to info'mation 'e6!i'ements select a method to
p'esent the fo'mation and c'eate a doc!ment 'epo't o' othe' fo'mats that contains
p'od!ced by the system.
Ty$es of out$ut'
8hethe' the o!tp!t is fo'matted 'epo't o' a simple listin# of the contents of a
file- a comp!te' p'ocess +ill p'od!ce the o!tp!t.
A (oc!ment
A "essa#e
4et'ieval f'om a data sto'e
55
T'ansmission f'om a p'ocess o' system activity
(i'ectly f'om an o!tp!t so!'ces
Layout !esign'
0t is an a''an#ement of items on the o!tp!t medi!m. The layo!ts a'e b!ildin# a
moc/ !p of the act!al 'epo'ts o' doc!ment- as it +ill appea' afte' the system is in
ope'ation. The o!tp!t layo!t has been desi#nated to cove' info'mation. The o!tp!ts
a'e p'esented in the appendi..
In$ut %esign an% control'
0np!t specifications desc'ibe the manne' in +hich data ente' the system fo'
p'ocessin#. 0np!t desi#n feat!'es +ill ens!'e the 'eliability of the systems and
p'od!ce 'es!lts f'om acc!'ate data- o' th!s can be
'es!lt in the p'od!ction of e''oneo!s info'mation. The inp!t desi#n also dete'mines
+heneve' the !se' can inte'act efficiently +ith this system.
O+.ecti(es of in$ut %esign'
0np!t desi#n consists of developin# specifications and p'oced!'es fo' data
p'epa'ation- the steps necessa'y to p!t t'ansaction data into a !sable f'om fo'
p'ocessin# and data ent'y- the activity of data into the comp!te' p'ocessin#. The
five ob1ectives of inp!t desi#n a'e=
&ont'ollin# the amo!nt of inp!t
Avoidin# delay
Avoidin# e''o' in data
56
Avoidin# e.t'a steps
Aeepin# the p'ocess simple
Controlling the a&ount of in$ut'
(ata p'epa'ation and data ent'y ope'ation depend on people- beca!se labo!'
costs a'e hi#h- the cost of p'epa'in# and ente'in# data is also hi#h. 4ed!cin#
data 'e6!i'ement e.pense. $y 'ed!cin# inp!t 'e6!i'ement the speed of enti'e
p'ocess f'om data capt!'in# to p'ocessin# to p'ovide 'es!lts to !se's.
A(oi%ing %elay'
The p'ocessin# delay 'es!ltin# f'om data p'epa'ation o' data ent'y ope'ations is
called bottlenec/s. Avoidin# bottlenec/s sho!ld be one ob1ective of inp!t.
A(oi%ing errors'
Th'o!#h inp!t validation +e cont'ol the e''o's in the inp!t data.
A(oi%ing e/tra ste$s'
The desi#ne' sho!ld avoid the inp!t desi#n that ca!se e.t'a steps in p'ocessin#
savin# o' addin# a sin#le step in la'#e n!mbe' of t'ansactions saves a lot of
p'ocessin# time o' ta/es mo'e time to p'ocess.
0ee$ing $rocess si&$le=
0f cont'ols a'e mo'e people may feel diffic!lt in !sin# the systems. The bestB
desi#ned system fits the people +ho !se it in a +ay that is comfo'table fo'
them.
NORMALI1ATION
57
0t is a p'ocess of conve'tin# a 'elation to a standa'd fo'm. The p'ocess is
!sed to handle the p'oblems that can a'ise d!e to data 'ed!ndancy i.e. 'epetition of
data in the database- maintain data inte#'ity as +ell as handlin# p'oblems that can
a'ise d!e to inse'tion- !pdation- deletion anomalies.
(ecomposin# is the p'ocess of splittin# 'elations into m!ltiple 'elations to
eliminate anomalies and maintain anomalies and maintain data inte#'ity. To do
this +e !se no'mal fo'ms o' '!les fo' st'!ct!'in# 'elation.
Insertion ano&aly= 0nability to add data to the database d!e to absence of othe'
data.
!eletion ano&aly= %nintended loss of data d!e to deletion of othe' data.
"$%ate ano&aly= (ata inconsistency 'es!ltin# f'om data 'ed!ndancy and pa'tial
!pdate
Nor&al )or&s= These a'e the '!les fo' st'!ct!'in# 'elations that eliminate
anomalies.
)irst Nor&al )or&=
A 'elation is said to be in fi'st no'mal fo'm if the val!es in the 'elation a'e
atomic fo' eve'y att'ib!te in the 'elation. $y this +e mean simply that no att'ib!te
val!e can be a set of val!es o'- as it is sometimes e.p'essed- a 'epeatin# #'o!p.
Secon% Nor&al )or&=
A 'elation is said to be in second 5o'mal fo'm is it is in fi'st no'mal fo'm
and it sho!ld satisfy any one of the follo+in# '!les.
58
1 7'ima'y /ey is a not a composite p'ima'y /ey
2 5o non /ey att'ib!tes a'e p'esent
3 )ve'y non /ey att'ib!te is f!lly f!nctionally dependent on f!ll set of p'ima'y
/ey.
Thir% Nor&al )or&=
A 'elation is said to be in thi'd no'mal fo'm if thei' e.its no t'ansitive
dependencies.
Transiti(e !e$en%ency= 0f t+o non /ey att'ib!tes depend on each othe' as +ell as
on the p'ima'y /ey then they a'e said to be t'ansitively dependent.
The above no'mali,ation p'inciples +e'e applied to decompose the data in
m!ltiple table the'eby ma/in# the data to be maintained in a consistent state.
!ata !ictionary
Afte' ca'ef!lly !nde'standin# the 'e6!i'ements of the client the the enti'e data
sto'a#e 'e6!i'ements a'e divided into tables. The belo+ tables a'e no'mali,ed to
avoid any anomalies d!'in# the co!'se of data ent'y.
59
E R %(AGRAM
PASTE YO5R ER9%(AGRAMS 'ERE
60
%ATA )LO3 %(AGRAM)
A data flo+ dia#'am is #'aphical tool !sed to desc'ibe and analy,e
movement of data th'o!#h a system. These a'e the cent'al tool and the basis f'om
+hich the othe' components a'e developed. The t'ansfo'mation of data f'om inp!t
to o!tp!t- th'o!#h p'ocessed- may be desc'ibed lo#ically and independently of
physical components associated +ith the system. These a'e /no+n as the lo#ical
data flo+ dia#'ams. The physical data flo+ dia#'ams sho+ the act!al implements
and movement of data bet+een people- depa'tments and +o'/stations. A f!ll
desc'iption of a system act!ally consists of a set of data flo+ dia#'ams. %sin# t+o
familia' notations Do!'don- Cane and 3a'son notation develops the data flo+
dia#'ams. )ach component in a (*( is labeled +ith a desc'iptive name. 7'ocess is
f!'the' identified +ith a n!mbe' that +ill be !sed fo' identification p!'pose. The
development of (*(?s is done in seve'al levels. )ach p'ocess in lo+e' level
dia#'ams can be b'o/en do+n into a mo'e detailed (*( in the ne.t level. The lopB
level dia#'am is often called conte.t dia#'am. 0t consists a sin#le p'ocess bit- +hich
plays vital 'ole in st!dyin# the c!''ent system. The p'ocess in the conte.t level
dia#'am is e.ploded into othe' p'ocess at the fi'st level (*(.
The idea behind the e.plosion of a p'ocess into mo'e p'ocess is that
!nde'standin# at one level of detail is e.ploded into #'eate' detail at the ne.t level.
61
This is done !ntil f!'the' e.plosion is necessa'y and an ade6!ate amo!nt of detail
is desc'ibed fo' analyst to !nde'stand the p'ocess.
<a''y &onstantine fi'st developed the (*( as a +ay of e.p'essin# system
'e6!i'ements in a #'aphical f'om- this lead to the mod!la' desi#n.
A (*( is also /no+n as a Pb!bble &ha'tQ has the p!'pose of cla'ifyin#
system 'e6!i'ements and identifyin# ma1o' t'ansfo'mations that +ill become
p'o#'ams in system desi#n. 3o it is the sta'tin# point of the desi#n to the lo+est
level of detail. A (*( consists of a se'ies of b!bbles 1oined by data flo+s in the
system.
!)! S#MBOLS'
0n the (*(- the'e a'e fo!' symbols
1. A s6!a'e defines a so!'ce2o'i#inato' o' destination of system data
2. An a''o+ identifies data flo+. 0t is the pipeline th'o!#h +hich the info'mation
flo+s
3. A ci'cle o' a b!bble 'ep'esents a p'ocess that t'ansfo'ms incomin# data flo+
into o!t#oin# data flo+s.
4. An open 'ectan#le is a data sto'e- data at 'est o' a tempo'a'y 'eposito'y of data
62
7'ocess that t'ansfo'ms data flo+.
3o!'ce o' (estination of data
(ata flo+
(ata 3to'e
CONSTR"CTING A !)!'
3eve'al '!les of th!mb a'e !sed in d'a+in# (*(?s=
1. 7'ocess sho!ld be named and n!mbe'ed fo' an easy 'efe'ence. )ach name
sho!ld be 'ep'esentative of the p'ocess.
2. The di'ection of flo+ is f'om top to bottom and f'om left to 'i#ht. (ata
T'aditionally flo+ f'om so!'ce to the destination altho!#h they may flo+ bac/
to the so!'ce. 9ne +ay to indicate this is to d'a+ lon# flo+ line bac/ to a
63
so!'ce. An alte'native +ay is to 'epeat the so!'ce symbol as a destination.
3ince it is !sed mo'e than once in the (*( it is ma'/ed +ith a sho't dia#onal.
3. 8hen a p'ocess is e.ploded into lo+e' level details- they a'e n!mbe'ed.
4. The names of data sto'es and destinations a'e +'itten in capital lette's. 7'ocess
and dataflo+ names have the fi'st lette' of each +o'/ capitali,ed
A (*( typically sho+s the minim!m contents of data sto'e. )ach data sto'e
sho!ld contain all the data elements that flo+ in and o!t.
I!estionnai'es sho!ld contain all the data elements that flo+ in and o!t.
"issin# inte'faces 'ed!ndancies and li/e is then acco!nted fo' often th'o!#h
inte'vie+s.
SAILENT )EAT"RES O) !)!2s
1. The (*( sho+s flo+ of data- not of cont'ol loops and decision a'e
cont'olled conside'ations do not appea' on a (*(.
2. The (*( does not indicate the time facto' involved in any p'ocess +hethe'
the data flo+s ta/e place daily- +ee/ly- monthly o' yea'ly.
3. The se6!ence of events is not b'o!#ht o!t on the (*(.
T#PES O) !ATA )LO- !IAGRAMS
1. &!''ent 7hysical
2. &!''ent <o#ical
3. 5e+ <o#ical
4. 5e+ 7hysical
64
C"RRENT PH#SICAL =
0n &!''ent 7hysical (*( p'ocess label incl!de the name of people o' thei'
positions o' the names of comp!te' systems that mi#ht p'ovide some of the ove'all
systemBp'ocessin# label incl!des an identification of the technolo#y !sed to
p'ocess the data. 3imila'ly data flo+s and data sto'es a'e often labels +ith the
names of the act!al physical media on +hich data a'e sto'ed s!ch as file folde's-
comp!te' files- b!siness fo'ms o' comp!te' tapes.
C"RRENT LOGICAL'
The physical aspects at the system a'e 'emoved as m!sh as possible so that
the c!''ent system is 'ed!ced to its essence to the data and the p'ocesso's that
t'ansfo'm them 'e#a'dless of act!al physical fo'm.
NE- LOGICAL=
This is e.actly li/e a c!''ent lo#ical model if the !se' +e'e completely
happy +ith he !se' +e'e completely happy +ith the f!nctionality of the c!''ent
system b!t had p'oblems +ith ho+ it +as implemented typically th'o!#h the ne+
lo#ical model +ill diffe' f'om c!''ent lo#ical model +hile havin# additional
f!nctions- absol!te f!nction 'emoval and inefficient flo+s 'eco#ni,ed.
NE- PH#SICAL'
65
The ne+ physical 'ep'esents only the physical implementation of the ne+
system.
R"LES GO3ERNING THE !)!2S
PROCESS
1 5o p'ocess can have only o!tp!ts.
2 5o p'ocess can have only inp!ts. 0f an ob1ect has only inp!ts than it m!st
be a sin/.
3 A p'ocess has a ve'b ph'ase label.

!ATA STORE
1 (ata cannot move di'ectly f'om one data sto'e to anothe' data sto'e- a
p'ocess m!st move data.
2 (ata cannot move di'ectly f'om an o!tside so!'ce to a data sto'e- a
p'ocess- +hich 'eceives- m!st move data f'om the so!'ce and place the
data into data sto'e
3 A data sto'e has a no!n ph'ase label.
SO"RCE OR SIN0
The o'i#in and Fo' destination of data.
1 (ata cannot move di'ely f'om a so!'ce to sin/ it m!st be moved by a
p'ocess
2 A so!'ce and Fo' sin/ has a no!n ph'ase land
66
DATA FLOW
1 A (ata *lo+ has only one di'ection of flo+ bet+een symbol. 0t may
flo+ in both di'ections bet+een a p'ocess and a data sto'e to sho+ a 'ead
befo'e an !pdate. The late' is !s!ally indicated ho+eve' by t+o sepa'ate
a''o+s since these happen at diffe'ent type.
2 A 1oin in (*( means that e.actly the same data comes f'om any of t+o
o' mo'e diffe'ent p'ocesses data sto'e o' sin/ to a common location.
3 A data flo+ cannot #o di'ectly bac/ to the same p'ocess it leads. The'e
m!st be atleast one othe' p'ocess that handles the data flo+ p'od!ce some
othe' data flo+ 'et!'ns the o'i#inal data into the be#innin# p'ocess.
4 A (ata flo+ to a data sto'e means !pdate 2 delete o' chan#e.
5 A data *lo+ f'om a data sto'e means 'et'ieve o' !se.
A data flo+ has a no!n ph'ase label mo'e than one data flo+ no!n ph'ase can
appea' on a sin#le a''o+ as lon# as all of the flo+s on the same a''o+ move
to#ethe' as one pac/a#e.
PASTE YO5R %)%;S 'ERE
67
+s cas Dia"rams
1. 0se case diarams descri'e what a system does from the stand!oint of an e-terna#
o'server. )he em!hasis is on what a system does rather than how.
>. 0se case diarams are c#ose#y connected to scenarios. 9 scenario is an e-am!#e of
what ha!!ens when someone interacts with the system.
=. 9 use case is a summary of scenarios for a sin#e tas, or oa#. 9n actor is who or
what initiates the events invo#ved in that tas,. 9ctors are sim!#y ro#es that !eo!#e or
o'jects !#ay.
4. 9 use case diaram is a co##ection of actors@ use cases@ and their communications.
0se case diarams are he#!fu# in three areasA
Dtrminin" faturs @r>uirmnts*. .ew use cases often enerate new
re*uirements as the system is ana#yGed and the desin ta,es sha!e.
Communicatin" =it; clints. )heir notationa# sim!#icity ma,es use case
diarams a ood way for deve#o!ers to communicate with c#ients.
Gnratin" tst cass. )he co##ection of scenarios for a use case may suest
a suite of test cases for those scenarios.
Class Dia"rams
1. 9 (#ass diaram ives an overview of a system 'y showin its c#asses and the
re#ationshi!s amon them.
>. (#ass diarams are static. )hey dis!#ay what interacts 'ut not what ha!!ens when
they do interact.
.otationsA
0"5 c#ass notation is a rectan#e divided into three !artsA c#ass name@ attri'utes@
and o!erations.
.ames of a'stract c#asses are in ita#ics. Qe-am!#eA PaymentR
Re#ationshi!s 'etween c#asses are the connectin #in,s.
Rlations;i!s:
1. Association << a re#ationshi! 'etween instances of the two c#asses. )here is an
association 'etween two c#asses if an instance of one c#ass must ,now a'out the
68
other in order to !erform its wor,. In a diaram@ an association is a #in,
connectin two c#asses.
>. A""r"ation << an association in which one c#ass 'e#ons to a co##ection. 9n
areation has a diamond end !ointin to the !art containin the who#e. In our
diaram@ Or(r has a co##ection of Or(rDtails.
=. GnraliAation << an inheritance #in, indicatin one c#ass is a su!erc#ass of the
other. 9 enera#iGation has a trian#e !ointin to the su!er c#ass. Payment is a
su!er c#ass of Cas;@ C;cB@ and Cr(it.
4. Com!osition << 2ach instance of ty!e Circl seems to contain an instance of
ty!e Point. (om!osition re#ationshi!s are a stron form of containment or
areation. 9reation is a who#e?!art re#ationshi!. (om!osition a#so indicates
that the #ifetime of Point is de!endent u!on Circl. )his means that if Circl is
destroyed@ Point wi## 'e destroyed with it.
9n association has two ends. 9n end may have a rol nam to c#arify the nature of
the association. For e-am!#e@ an Or(rDtail is a #ine item of each Or(r.
9 na9i"abilit# arrow on an association shows which direction the association can
'e traversed or *ueried. 9n Or(rDtail can 'e *ueried a'out its Itm@ 'ut not the
other way around. )he arrow a#so #ets you ,now who SownsS the associationHs
im!#ementationF in this case@ Or(rDtail has an Itm. 9ssociations with no
navia'i#ity arrows are 'i<directiona#.
)he multi!licit# of an association end is the num'er of !ossi'#e instances of the
c#ass associated with a sin#e instance of the other end. "u#ti!#icities are sin#e
num'ers or ranes of num'ers. In our e-am!#e@ there can 'e on#y one Customr for
each Or(r@ 'ut a Customr can have any num'er of Or(rs.
2very c#ass diaram has c#asses@ associations@ and mu#ti!#icities. .avia'i#ity and
ro#es are o!tiona# items !#aced in a diaram to !rovide c#arity.
1ac,aes a!!ear as rectan#es with sma## ta's at the to!. )he !ac,ae name is
on the ta' or inside the rectan#e.
)he dotted arrows are (!n(ncis. +ne !ac,ae de!ends on another if
chanes in the other cou#d !ossi'#y force chanes in the first.
O+.ect !iagra&s
1. +'ject diarams show instances instead of c#asses.
>. )hey are usefu# for e-!#ainin sma## !ieces with com!#icated re#ationshi!s@
es!ecia##y recursive re#ationshi!s.
2ach rectan#e in the o'ject diaram corres!onds to a sin#e instance. Instance
names are under#ined in 0"5 diarams. (#ass or instance names may 'e omitted
from o'ject diarams as #on as the diaram meanin is sti## c#ear.
S>unc Dia"rams
1. (#ass and o'ject diarams are static mode# views. Intraction (ia"rams are
dynamic. )hey descri'e how o'jects co##a'orate.
>. 9 s>unc (ia"ram is an interaction diaram that detai#s how o!erations are
carried out << what messaes are sent and when.
=. Se*uence diarams are oraniGed accordin to time. )he time !roresses as
you o down the !ae.
69
4. )he o'jects invo#ved in the o!eration are #isted from #eft to riht accordin to
when they ta,e !art in the messae se*uence.
Colla+oration !iagra&s
1. (o##a'oration diarams are a#so interaction diarams.
>. )hey convey the same information as se*uence diarams@ 'ut they focus on
o'ject ro#es instead of the times that messaes are sent.
=. In a se*uence diaram@ o'ject ro#es are the vertices and messaes are the
connectin #in,s.
.otationsA
)he o'ject<ro#e rectan#es are #a'e#ed with either c#ass or o'ject names Kor 'othL.
(#ass names are !receded 'y co#ons K A L.
2ach messae in a co##a'oration diaram has a s>unc numbr. )he to!<
#eve# messae is num'ered 1. "essaes at the same #eve# Ksent durin the same
ca##L have the same decima# !refi- 'ut suffi-es of 1@ >@ etc. accordin to when
they occur.
Statc;art Dia"rams
1. +'jects have 'ehaviors and state. )he state of an o'ject de!ends on its current
activity or condition.
>. 9 statc;art (ia"ram shows the !ossi'#e states of the o'ject and the transitions
that cause a chane in state.
)his diaram has two se#f<transition@ one on Gttin" SSN and another on Gttin"
PIN.
$hi#e in its &ali(atin" state@ the o'ject does not wait for an outside event to trier
a transition. Instead@ it !erforms an activity. )he resu#t of that activity determines its
su'se*uent state.
.otations
States are rounded rectan#es.
)ransitions are arrows from one state to another. 2vents or conditions that trier
transitions are written 'eside the arrows.
)he initia# state K'#ac, circ#eL is a dummy to start the action. Fina# states are a#so
dummy states that terminate the action.
)he action that occurs as a resu#t of an event or condition is e-!ressed in the
form /action.
Acti(ity !iagra&s
1. 9n acti9it# (ia"ram is essentia##y a fancy f#owchart. 9ctivity diarams and
statechart diarams are re#ated.
>. $hi#e a statechart diaram focuses attention on an o'ject underoin a !rocess
Kor on a !rocess as an o'jectL@ an activity diaram focuses on the f#ow of
activities invo#ved in a sin#e !rocess.
70
=. )he activity diaram shows the how those activities de!end on one another.
.otationsA
)he !rocess 'eins at the '#ac, start circ#e at the to! and ends at the concentric
white?'#ac, sto! circ#es at the 'ottom. )he activities are rounded rectan#es.
9ctivity diarams can 'e divided into o'ject s=imlans that determine which
o'ject is res!onsi'#e for which activity. 9 sin#e transition comes out of each
activity@ connectin it to the ne-t activity.
9 transition may branc; into two or more mutua##y e-c#usive transitions. Guar(
8!rssions Kinside Q RL #a'e# the transitions comin out of a 'ranch. 9 'ranch
and its su'se*uent mr" mar,in the end of the 'ranch a!!ear in the diaram
as ho##ow diamonds.
9 transition may forB into two or more !ara##e# activities. )he for, an
)he su'se*uent 'oin of the threads comin out of the for, a!!ear in the diaram
as so#id 'ars.
Com!onnt C D!lo#mnt Dia"rams
1. 9 com!onnt is a code modu#e. (om!onent diarams are !hysica# ana#os of
c#ass diaram. D!lo#mnt (ia"rams show the !hysica# confiurations of
software and hardware.
.otationsA
The physical ha'd+a'e is made !p of no%es. )ach component belon#s on a node.
&omponents a'e sho+n as 'ectan#les +ith t+o tabs at the !ppe' left.
A system is si!ply a set of co!ponents that interact to acco!plish
so!e prpose.
Syste!s are of two types.
Oen Systems+
C"osed Systems.
Syste!s that interact with their environ!ents are open syste!s.
They receive inpt and prodce otpt. 'n contrast* syste!s that do not
interact with their srrondings are
closed syste!s all ongoing syste!s are open. Closed syste!s e$ist only as a
concept.
Syste! develop!ent can generally be thoght of as having two !ajor
co!ponents
71
System An!"ysis+
System %esi&n+
System !n!"ysis is the process of gathering and interpreting facts,
diagnosing proble!s, and sing the infor!ation to reco!!end
i!prove!ents to the syste!. Syste! "esign is the process of planning a
new bsiness syste! or one to replace or co!ple!ent an e$isting syste!.
Systems !n!"ysis is abot nderstanding sitations, not solving
proble!s. (ffective analysts therefore e!phasi+e investigation and
,estioning to learn how the syste! crrently operates and to identify the
re,ire!ents sers have for a new or !odified one. Only after analysts flly
nderstand the syste! are they able to analy+e it and asse!ble
reco!!endations for syste! design.
The !anner in which a syste!s investigation is condcted will
deter!ine whether the appropriate infor!ation is gathered. 'n trn, having
the right infor!ation inflences the ,ality of the application that follows .in
other words, good syste! design, whether developed throgh the S"-C
!ethod, prototyping, or strctred !ethods, begins by doc!enting the
crrent syste! and proper diagnosing the syste!s re,ire!ents.
.M- "'#&R#MS
.se/case diagra!s)

72
73
A(min Mo(ul +scas Dia"ram
3ote#
9rea
2m!#oyee
(ustomers
(ustomer
Status
"onth#y
(hares
74
R!orts Mo(ul +scas Dia"ram
Re!orts
9rea 5ist
2m!#oyee 5ist
(ustomers 5ist
(o##ections
9rea
$ise
)ota#
(o##ections
(o##ections
Between
/ates
(ustomer 9?(
75
76
9dmin
5oin /ata Base
A(min +scas Dia"ram
9rea
2m!#oyee
(ustomer
(ustomer
Status
"onth#y
(hares
77
78
Acti9it# (ia"ram for Lo"in
2nter 0ser I/ and 1assword
Va#idation
.o
)y!e
0ser
9dministrator
/is!#ay
9dmin "odu#e
/is!#ay
9uthorised "odu#e
79
5oin )y!e
0ser
9dminstrator
0sers
or
Staff
+scas Dia"ram for Lo"in
(hec, user ty!e
/is!#ay
9uthorised "odu#e
/is!#ay
9dmin "odu#e
80
+SER ACTI&IT.
DIAGRAM
0ser or 9ent
5oin
)y!e
)y!e )y!e
"asters (o##ections Re!orts
81
Lo"in
A(min Start
T#!
no
yes
Ara
Mastr
$ranc; Dtails
Lo"out
A((in" N= Ara
N= Ara E8istin" Ara
Ara
82
9dmin
Lo"in
A(min
Mnu
Lo"ut
Data $as
Inva#id0ser
5oin
View /etai#s
View Branch /etai#s
Branch /etai#s
Saved Successfu##y
Lo"out
5oout Successfu##y
T;s ar t; f=
o!tions in A(min mnu
A(min S>unc Dataflo= Dia"ram
.ew 9rea
9rea /etai#s
9rea "aster
2m!#oyee "aster
.ew 2m!#oyee
.ew 2m!#oyee Saved
2dit 2m!#yee /etai#s
2dit 2m!#oyee Success
83
<+=+ Test C!se %esi&n/
'n this step, we design all the test cases, which are sed by the testers
to test the application after constrction. Test case is nothing bt a sa!ple
inpt or sa!ple activity perfor!ed to test for any errors or bgs in the
application. 'n order to perfor! syste! testing, we0ve developed !any test
cases. So!e of the! are as follows.
S+No (nut E0e.ted
Beh!vior
Observed
Beh!vior
St!tus
P!ss:P2
)!i":)2
1 (nter the 2rong login/
id and password to
login
(rror Message
indicating the
stats of the ser
/do/ 3
4 (nter correct hint
answer in password
recovery for! to
recover password
"isplay the
password of the
ser
/do/ 3
5 (nter an e$isting login/
id in the ser
registration for!
(rror !essage
6login7id already
e$ists. 3lease
choose another
one8.
/do/ 3
9 "elete a gallery which
contains prodcts
(rror !essage
6&allery cannot
deleted becase it
is not e!pty.8
/do/ 3
: (nter bid a!ont less
than base price
(rror !essage 6;id
cannot be
evalated as the
bid price is less
than base price.8
/do/ 3
< Send !essage withot
body
't shold display an
error !essage
6Message body
cannot be blan%8
/do/ 3
84
>+ CONSTR5CT(ON/
This is the actal constrctive phase of the project where the !odels and
designs are added with fnctionality. The constrction phase involves
coding, co!piling and bilding the fnctional !odles of the project.
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
?+ TEST(NG/
92
TEST(NG TEST(NG
Testing is the process of e$ercising software with the intent of finding
errors. The 2eb/app testing is a collection of related activities with a single
goal) to ncover errors in web application content, fnction, sability,
navigability, perfor!ance, capacity and secrity.
There are several areas of testing involved in web applications. For the
crrent web application, ' sed so!e of the! as follows.
CONTENT TEST(NG
Content testing atte!pts to ncover errors in content of the web
application. 'n addition to e$a!ining static content for errors, this testing
step also considers dyna!ic content derived fro! data !aintained as a part
of database syste! that has been integrated with the web application.
Content testing of all web pages is evalated for syntactic and
se!antic errors.
#t syntactic level ' have verified the content for spelling, pnctation
and any gra!!ar !ista%es of all pages which contain the content of the
website.
#t se!antic level ' have verified for the following aspects.
o 2hether the content is valid or not.
o 2hether the for!at of the content is good and readable or not.
o 2hether all the web pages are showing consistent content or not.
The content incldes the dyna!ic infor!ation abot the co!panies,
stoc% vales and flowchart details which is fetched fro! the database. The
consistency of this infor!ation is thoroghly tested.
%ATABASE TEST(NG
"atabase testing is done to ncover the errors which occr as a
conse,ence of fetching large e,ities of data fro! the database, e$tracting
93
relevant data fro! the database, accessing the database sing several
,eries etc,
'n this project, ' have tested the application for database errors in
following areas.
o 2hile converting the ser re,est into a database ,ery
o 2hile fetching dyna!ic content to the web pages.
o 2hile opening and closing the active connections to the database
o 2hile presenting the raw data fetched fro! database in a
for!atted =TM- otpt.
o Co!!nication between the web application and the re!ote
database.
5SER (NTER)ACE TEST(NG
9## the interfaces that have 'een desined are reviewed whether they meet
the customer re*uirement or not. $hi#e testin a## interfaces I have verified for
errors as fo##ows.
o (rrors related to specific interface !echanis!s for e$a!ple proper
e$ection of all !en lin%s that are provided in each web page
o (rrors related to all se!antics of navigation and web application
fnctionally that is provided in each web page.
o (rrors in consistency related to different aspects of the interfaces li%e
font style, color, si+e, screen bac%grond color etc.,
o (rrors in viewing the interfaces in different web browsers li%e Microsoft
internet e$plorer, Mo+illa firefo$ etc.,
(NTER)ACE MEC'AN(SM TEST(NG
2hen a ser interacts with a web application, the interaction occrs
throgh one or !ore !echanis!s which are called interface !echanis!s.
94
Testing done within theses !echanis!s is the interface !echanis! testing.
This testing is done in following areas.
Lin8s/
(ach navigation lin% is tested to ensre that appropriate web page is
lin%ed or not. ' have listed all the lin%s in each for! to test whether each lin%
is connecting the appropriate page or not.
)orms/
Testing for!s has been done at two different levels i.e. at !ini!!
level and at !ore targeted level. #t !ini!! level ' have tested for)
o 2hether labels been correctly defined for fields or not.
o 2hether server is receiving all the infor!ation contained in the for!
and no data are lost in the trans!ission between client and server.
o 2hether appropriate defalt vales are available when the ser does
not select any ite! in the selection bo$.
o 2hether scripts that perfor! data validation fro! the client/side are
wor%ing properly or not.
#t !ore targeted level ' have tested for)
o 2hether te$t fields have proper width to enter data.
o 2hether te$t fields are allowing string length !ore than specified
length.
o 2hether tab order a!ong different controls is in re,ired order or not.
C"ient Side S.ritin&/
(ach and every fnction written in scripting has been tested by B"!.8
Bo0 Testin&+
' have co!bined the for!s testing with this client/side script testing,
becase inpt for scripting is provided fro! for!s. So!e !ethods of
scripting will be perfor!ed in so!e particlar browsers and in others not. So
95
' have also perfor!ed co!patibility testing to ensre that the scripting
fnctions will wor% properly in all browsers.
5SAB(L(TY TESTS
'n this testing ' have verified p to, which level that, sers can interact
with the syste! effectively. Tests are designed to deter!ine the degree to
which the web application interface !a%es sers easy to wor% with. ' have
designed test case so that sability testing can be verified at different levels)
o .sability test has been perfor!ed on each and every individal
interface i.e. for!s.
o .sability test has been perfor!ed on total web page with related client
side scripting fnctions.
o .sability test has been perfor!ed on total web application.
COMPAT(B(L(TY TESTS
#s this is a web application, it shold rn on different environ!ents
li%e different co!pter architectres, operating syste!s, browsers and
networ% connection speeds.
#s different co!pting configrations can reslt in difference in client
side scripting speeds and display resoltion, operating syste! variance !ay
case web application processing isses.
"ifferent browsers prodce slightly different reslt as we e$pected, in
so!e cases this reslts !ay not be a proble! bt in so!e cases there will
be serios errors.
To perfor! these testing strategies first we have prepared what are all
the client side fnctions that enconter proble!s with different
co!patibilities. 'n essence of those we have tested by identifying different
co!pting platfor!, typical display devices, the operating syste!s
spported on the platfor!, the browsers that are available with !e.
96
NA@(GAT(ON TEST(NG
Navigability is tested to ensre that all navigation synta$ and
se!antics are e$ercised to ncover any navigation errors. >e$) dead lin%s,
i!proper lin%s, erroneos lin%s?. The job of navigation testing is to ensre
that the navigation !echanis!s are fnctional, and to validate that each
Navigation Se!antic .nit can be achieved by the appropriate ser category.
2e have done the navigation testing in following areas.
Navigation lin%s are thoroghly tested.
Redirects are properly chec%ed.
's the target page to a navigation lin% is correct or not.
's the lin% caption !eaningfl or not.
A+ %EPLOYMENT/
The error/free project, which passed all the tests, is now deployed at the
client environ!ent in this phase.
F0)0R2 2.39.(2"2.)S
)his !roject can 'e further enhanced to !rovide reater f#e-i'i#ity and
!erformance with certain modifications whenever necessary.
97
B(BL(OGRAP'Y B(BL(OGRAP'Y
Boo8s
SO)T3ARE ENG(NEER(NG
Roger.S. 3ress!an
%!t!b!se System Con.ets =
th
edition
Silberschat+, @orth, Sdarshan
%esi&nin& the 5ser (nterf!.e, 5
rd
edition
;en Shneider!an
3ebsites
www.w5schools.co!
www.progra!!ersheaven.co!
www.google.co!
98

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