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In 1863, John Newland an English chemist arranged the 16 elements known at that time
in order of increasing atomic masses. When he placed the elements in two rows, he
observed that the elements in each column had similar and physical properties.
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Since the chemical and physical properties repeated with the eighth element, Newland
called this pattern the law of octaves.
Dobereiner arranged the elements into groups of three called the triads.The elements in a
triad had similar properties. He arranged fluorine, chlorine and bromine in one group.
Strontium,barium and radium were arranged into one group.
Mendeleev arranged the 63 elements known at that time according to increasing atomic
mass in such a way that elements with similar properties fit into columns to form family
or groups.
The arrangement left many gaps between elements and Mendeleev predicted that these
spaces would be filled as new elements were discovered.
He was able to predict the properties of these undiscovered elements which he called eka
aluminum, eka boron and eka silicon. These elements were discovered later ( scandium,
gallium and germanium) and the properties were very close to Mendeleev predictions.
The arrangement of the elements into groups showed that the properties of the elements
repeated in an orderly way. Such a repeating pattern is called periodic.
Periods: The 7 horizontal rows of the periodic table. The number of each period
corresponds with the number of the number of the outermost energy level.
Groups: Vertical Columns of the periodic table. Elements within a group have similar
properties. Elements within a group have the same outer electron configuration.
Metals:
All metals are solids at room temperature except mercury, which is a liquid.
All metals are good conductors of electricity.
Metals are malleable(can be hammered or rolled into sheets), ductile (can be drawn
into wires).
Metals are found on the left side of the star- step line.
Mettaloids:
have properties of metals and nonmetals
elements considered to be metalloids:
boron silicon germanium arsenic
antimony tellurium polonium and astatine.
Octet rule:
Atoms tend to lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set
of 8 valence electrons.
When a sodium atom loses its valence electron to form a sodium ion,
its electron configuration changes
Group 1
Sodium atom : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Sodium ion: 1s2 2s2
2p6
Protons 11 Protons 11
electrons 11 electrons10
protons 12 protons 12
electrons 12 electrons10
Group 3A or 13
Aluminum atom: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 Aluminum ion: 1s2
2s 2p
2 6
protons 13 protons 13
electrons 13 electrons 10
Group 6A or 16
When a oxygen atom gains two electrons to form a oxygen ion, its
electron configuration changes
Oxygen atom : 1s2 2s2 2p4 Oxygen ion: 1s2 2s2 2p6
protons 8 protons 8
electrons 8 electrons 10
Group 7A or 17
Chlorine atom : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Chlorine ion: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3p 6
Protons 17 protons 17
Electrons 17 electrons 18
# 31, 33, 44, 45 , 54, 56,59, 63, 65 a, 66, 69 and 75 and 76.
Atomic radius
Ionization energy
Electronegativity
20. Determine the group, period and block of the following elements:
[Ne] 3s2 , [He] 2s1 , [Ne] 3s1 , 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
24. Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 2
-----
and -----
25. Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 3A
or
13 ----- and -----
26. Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 5A
or
15----- and -----
28. Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 7A
or
17----- and -----
34. The names of elements that Mendeleeve predicted -------- ------ ----
35. All the elements in a group have similar properties because they
have
the same number of -------------------------------
47. What was the original basis for placement of elements on the
periodic
chart? ----------
48. The current basis for placement of elements on the periodic chart
is
------------------
51.What is the group and period number for the element with an electron
configuration [He] 2s1? ---------------------
52. An element with the electron configuration [Ne] 3s2, is: ----------------------
53. Look at the following diagrams of periodic trends and name the trend that depicts
the correct trend?
a. b.
c. d.