EEE C364/INSTR C 364

Analog Electronics
Lecture 15
18-02-2012
LC Oscillators
+

~
Av
Ro
Z1 Z2
Z3
1 2
Zp
The frequency selection network (Z
1
, Z
2
and Z
3
)
provides a phase shift of 180
o
The amplifier provides an addition shift of 180
o
Two well-known Oscillators:
Colpitts Oscillator
Harley Oscillator
LC - OSCILLATORS
+
~
Av
Ro
Z1 Z2
Z3
Zp
Vf Vo
3 2 1
3 1 2
3 1 2
) (
) ( ||
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
p
+ +
+
=
+ =
For the equivalent circuit from the output
p o
p v
i
o
p
o
p o
i v
Z R
Z A
V
V
Z
V
Z R
V A
+

= =
+

or
Therefore, the amplifier gain is obtained,
) ( ) (
) (
3 1 2 3 2 1
3 1 2
Z Z Z Z Z Z R
Z Z Z A
V
V
A
o
v
i
o
+ + + +
+
= =
o o f
V
Z Z
Z
V V
3 1
1
+
= = |
Zp
AvVi
Ro
+

+
Vo
Io
The loop gain,
) ( ) (
3 1 2 3 2 1
2 1
Z Z Z Z Z Z R
Z Z A
A
o
v
+ + + +

= |
If the impedance are all pure reactances, i.e.,
3 3 2 2 1 1
and , jX Z jX Z jX Z = = =
The loop gain becomes,
) ( ) (
3 1 2 3 2 1
2 1
X X X X X X jR
X X A
A
o
v
+ + +
= |
The imaginary part = 0 only when X
1
+ X
2
+ X
3
=0
It indicates that at least one reactance must be ve (capacitor)
X
1
and X
2
must be of same type and X
3
must be of opposite
type
2
1
3 1
1
X
X A
X X
X A
A
v v
=
+

= |
With imaginary part = 0,
For Unit Gain & 180
o
Phase-shift,
1
2
1
X
X
A A
v
= = |
LC - OSCILLATORS
1
2
2 1 0
L L L where
2
1
L
L
A
LC
f
=
+ = =
t
2
1
2 1
2 1
0
C C
C C
C where
2
1
C
C
A
LC
f
=
+
= =
t
Frequency Stability
The frequency stability of an oscillator is
defined as
Use high stability capacitors, e.g. silver mica,
polystyrene, or teflon capacitors and low
temperature coefficient inductors for high
stable oscillators.
C ppm/
T
o
o o
d
d
e e
e
e =
|
.
|

\
|

1
Amplitude Stability
In order to start the oscillation, the loop gain is
usually slightly greater than unity.
LC oscillators in general do not require amplitude
stabilization circuits because of the selectivity of
the LC circuits.
In RC oscillators, some non-linear devices, e.g.
NTC/PTC resistors, FET or zener diodes can be
used to stabilized the amplitude
low pass region
high pass region
fr
f
Filter output
Twin-T Circuit
High-pass filter
Low-pass filter
low pass region
high pass region
fr
f
Filter output
High-pass filter
Low-pass filter
Twin-T Oscillator
RC
f
r
t 2
1
=
TWIN-T OSCILLATOR
CRYSTAL - OSCILLATORS
Quartz crystal equivalent circuit
( ) | | ( ) ( )
s p
s p
eq
p
s
s
p s s p
S
p S p
C C
C C
LC
f
LC
f
C LC C C s
LC s
sC sC sL sC
s Z
+
= =
=
(
(

+ +
+
=
+ +
=
eq
2
C where
2
1
2
1
/ 2
/ 1 1
/ 1 / 1
1
) (
r, neglecting
t
t
Quartz crystal equivalent circuit
( ) | | ( ) ( )
s p
s p
eq
p
s
s
p s s p
S
p S p
C C
C C
LC
f
LC
f
C LC C C s
LC s
sC sC sL sC
s Z
+
= =
=
(
(

+ +
+
=
+ +
=
eq
2
C where
2
1
2
1
/ 2
/ 1 1
/ 1 / 1
1
) (
t
t
Crystal impedance versus frequency
QUARTZ CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
S p S
C C C
LC
f ~
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ = =
2 1
2 1
0
C C
C C
|| C where
2
1
t
MULTIVIBRATORS-Bistable
MULTIVIBRATORS-Bistable
sat sat LT
sat sat UT
V
R R
R
V V
V
R R
R
V V
2 1
1
2 1
1
+
= =
+
= =
|
|