Watercube

The Book
Ethel Baraona Pohl
Para Csar, Cami y Dani. Los motivos son obvios.
Para mi mami.
Para Chris Bosse por creer en este proyecto.
Gracias.
dpr editorial
Viladomat 59, 4 4
08015 Barcelona
Spain
concept and text/concepto y textos Ethel Baraona Pohl
research/documentacin dpr editorial
text contributions/contribuciones Csar Reyes
professor Denis Weaire
Gemma Thorpe
Poul Henning Kirkegaard and Ida
Kristina Wraber
Arq. Matteo Cainer
translation/traduccin dpr editorial
layout/maqueta Ethel Baraona Pohl

graphic design/diseo grco: dpr
Editorial coordination/coordinacin editorial Imaginacin Impresa

photos/fotografas All copyrights for the photos remain with the
photographers.
drawings/dibujos All plans, renders and drawings are published
with the permission of Arup+CSCEC+PTW
Architects. All ETFE details are property of
Vector Foiltec.
First published 2008
ISBN:
Printed by: ANMAN Grques del Valls, S.L.
Distributed by: Actar-D
Some images are licensed under a Creative Commons license. Please contact the photographers if you want to use
them. The book is registered under a CC 2.5 license, is allowed to copied, distributed and displayed. You must give the
original author credit and you may not use this work for commercial purposes.
Watercube
The Book
Beijing National Aquatics Centre,
Peopless Republic of China
2008
Ethel Baraona Pohl
contents
ndice
1. intro introduccin
2. the site el lugar
3. the competition la competicin
4. the concept el concepto
5. the design process el proceso de diseo
6. the building el edicio
7. the structure la estructura
8. the skin la piel
9. the sustainable premises premisas sostenibles
10. the construction la construccin
11. fast forward
12. model your own Watercube
What foam structure will
minimise energy,
which is just the total
surface area of all of the lms?
What foam structure will
minimise energy,
which is just the total
surface area of all of the lms?
lord Kelvins problem
18
19
2 the site
el sitio
24
Desde que las reformas en China comenzaron a -
nales de los aos 70, tres regiones metropolitanas
han demostrado el dinamismo ms grande y el cre-
cimiento ms alto, dos centradas en Pekn y una en
Shangai; Pekn es el corazn econmico al borde del
mar en el norte de China (bohai de Huan), mientras
que Shangai se ubica en el delta del ro Yangtze
5
.
Las estructuras econmicas han cambiado drstica-
mente en Pekn, con el sector de la economa cre-
ciendo aceleradamente en los aos 90. Sin embargo,
debido al giro poltico en el pasado, el desarrollo
de las reas de servicio, especialmente servicios de
negocios avanzados, se retrasa tras un crecimiento
urbano acelerado. Para competir con el resto de ciu-
dades, Pekn ha tenido que aumentar sus industrias
para convertirse en lder regional en la economa
global. Las administraciones de Pekn y Shangai es-
tn al tanto de la urgente necesidad de innovacin
para sostener el crecimiento urbano y as conservar
sus ventajas competitivas.
Desde 2003 la infraestructura de Pekn ha mejorado
notablemente
6
. La inversin total en activos jos al-
canz US$26.06 mil millones, un aumento de 18.9%,
que se centra en la construccin de infraestructura;
la ciudad est siendo dotada de una red urbana de
transporte; con las sucientes fuentes de gas natu-
ral, agua, y combustible relativamente limpio para
la generacin de la electricidad, incluyendo la su-
ciente energa para calefaccin y refrigeracin, la
preocupacin ambiental est mejorando.
This bottleneck limits Beijings industrialization.
Still, Beijing has an irreplaceable position in the
national economy and is often the rst choice for
foreign companies wanting to locate in China.
Since Chinas reforms commenced in the late 1970s,
three metropolitan regions have demonstrated the
greatest dynamism and the highest growth rates
5
,
two centered in Beijing and Shanghai respectively:
Beijing is the economic heart of the Rim of North
China Sea (Huan bohai), while Shanghai lies at the
center of the Yangtze River Delta.
Economic structures have changed dramatically in
Beijing, as the service sector grew rapidly in propor-
tion to the total economy in the 1990s. However,
the development of service sectors, especially val-
ueadding business services, continues to lag behind
overall urban growth due to historical policy biase.
In order to compete with other cities, Beijing has
had to upgrade their industries and has sought to
succeeded in becoming regional hub in the global
economy. Both the administrations of Beijing and
Shanghai are aware of the urgent need for innova-
tion capability to sustain urban growth and retain
competitive advantages.
Since 2003, Beijings infrastructure has improved
6
.
Total investment in xed assets reached US$26.06
billion, an increase of 18.9 percent, mainly focused
on the construction of infrastructure and housing.
Also, the city is creating a compete urban transpor-
tation network. With sufcient supplies of natural
gas, water, and relatively clean fuel to generate
electricity, including sufcient power for heating
and cooling, the environment, generally speaking,
is getting better.
5. According to this report, the three metropolitan regions in coastal China are the Rim of North China Sea (Huan bohai) centered on Beijing, the Yangtze River Delta centered
on Shanghai, and the Pearl River Delta axis on Guangzhou-shenzhen, (or, actually, centered on Hong Kong), together up to 0.3 million km2 (less than 3% of the national in total),
producing 37% of the national GDP in 2002. And it is estimated that this number will reach 65% in 2020.
6. http://www.btmbeijing.com
25
Pekn es la segunda ciudad de China en
trminos de poblacin, despus de Shanghai
Beijing
As Beijing expands, it falls apart along its edges in ever
more islands surrounded by more infrastructures.
Neville Mars, Dynamic Density, http://burb.tv/
expands, it falls apart along its edges in ever
more islands surrounded by more infrastructures.
36
3 the
competition
el concurso
37
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55
PTW Architects + CSCEC-design + Arup
National Aquatics Centre
Beijing, China
20032008
Credits and Data
Project title: Watercube, National Aquatics Centre, Beijing
Client: Peoples Government of Beijing Municipality, Beijing State-owned Assets
Management Co., Ltd
Competition management: Three Gorges International Tendering Co., Ltd.
Design consortium: PTW Architects, CSCEC+design, Arup
PTW design team:
Director and associates: John Bilmon , Mark Butler, Chris Bosse
Project team: Andrew Frost, John Pauline, Stephen Bai, John Blanchard,
Alan Crowe, Michael Lam, Kurt Wagner, Tim Brouw, Ingrid Toser
CSCEC+design team leaders: Zhao Xiaojun, Wang Min, Shang Hong
Arup: Tristram Carfrae (engineering team leader),
Mark Arkinstall (engineering)
Peter Macdonald (structure),
Kenneth Ma (building services)
Haico Schepers (building physics)
Ken Conway (environmental)
Mark Lewis (communications)
Steve Pennell and Stuart Bull (3-D CAD)
62
water
63
78
1
2
3
79
square
cuadrado
Square
A square is not an alien in Chinese culture. To posi-
tion themselves in the universe, Chinese choose the
square as the prime geometry for their cities, pal-
aces, and houses. (As a capital that has served six
dynasties in six hundred years, the city of Beijing is
a very good example).
Facing south, his feet rmly on the fth element,
the earth, is man. Via a negative approach-not
knowing how high is up, how deep is down, and
how far away is the end of the world in each direc-
tion-man xes his position as equidistant form the
end of the universe on all sides, and places himself
squarely in the middle. Scattered inside the square
world of man are these words: One thousand au-
tumns and ten thousand years, enduring happiness,
never to end! In Chinese history, there are always
good years and bad years, but the nation is forever
believed the Central Kingdom, that is how the na-
tion named itself. The Chinese organises his basic
cell in order to organise the world around it. His im-
mediate world, measurable, controllable, is forever
encroaching on the Unknown .
The square is the order, intelligence, and knowledge
of man, the Chinese ideal of regulated harmony.
Cuadrado
El cuadrado no es un extrao en la cultura china.
Para ubicarse en el universo, los chinos eligen el
cuadrado como forma geomtrica bsica para sus
ciudades, palacios y casas. (Como capital que ha
servido a seis dinastas en seiscientos aos, la ciudad
de Pekn es un buen ejemplo).
Orietado hacia el sur, sus pies se apoyan con rme-
za en el quinto elemento, la tierra, siendo un hom-
bre. A travs de un acercamiento negativo sin saber
cuan alto es lo alto, cuan profundo es lo bajo y cuan
lejano es el extremo del mundo en cada una de sus
direcciones, el hombre toma su posicin de forma
equidistante con respecto al universo y a todos sus
lados y se coloca en ngulo recto en el centro. Dis-
persas dentro del mundo cuadrado de los hombres,
se encuentran estas palabras: Mil otoos y diez mil
aos de felicidad duradera que nunca termina! En
la historia china existen siempre buenos aos y ma-
los aos, pero la nacin siempre se ubica en el Reino
Central, que es el nombre de la nacin. Los chinos
organizan sus clulas base con el n de organizar el
mundo alrededor de las mismas. Su mundo inmedia-
to, con medida, controlable est siempre invadien-
do lo desconocido.
El cuadrado es orden, inteligencia y el conocimiento
del hombre, el ideal chino de armona.
1. Vernacular house / Vivienda verncula
2. Plan of capital city of Yuan Dynasty / Plano de la ciudad capital durante la Dinasta Yuan
3. Plan of capital city of Zhou Dynasty / Plano de la ciudad capital durante la Dinasta Zhou
90
the idea of water bubbles and randomness transcends every detail of the building from macro to micro
la idea de las burbujas de jabn y de aleatoriedad abarcan cada detalle del edicio desde lo macro hasta lo micro
91
the idea of water bubbles and randomness transcends every detail of the building from macro to micro
la idea de las burbujas de jabn y de aleatoriedad abarcan cada detalle del edicio desde lo macro hasta lo micro
98
la maqueta estructural vol desde Melbourne a Pekn, donde se le coloc
una piel plastica hecha a
mano (el equipo sencillamente no poda dibujar todas las piezas al mismo
tiempo) y la maqueta fue completada.
99
To bring the design to life, the individual bubbles were incorporated into membranes of ethylene-tetra-uoro-
ethylene (ETFE) and tailored like a sewing pattern.
Para dar vida al diseo, las burbujas individuales fueron incorporadas en las membranas del etileno-tetra-uo-
ro-etileno (ETFE) y adaptadas como si fuesen un patrn de costura.
Mark Butler in a personal interview, PTW Architects.
106
US$100 million project
107
T
h
e

h
u
g
e

c
o
m
p
l
e
x

i
s

1
7
7
,
7
x
1
7
7
,
7
x
3
1
m
Theory behind the cube
Inspired by cells and soap bubbles
Based on a common natural pattern ar-
rangement of organic cells and natural
formation of soap bubbles
Arup structural engineers realised that
a structure based on unique geometry
would be highly repetitive and buildable,
but would appear random and organic
This type of pattern is regularly seen in
biological cells and mineral crystals
164
165
In the Watercube, walls,
roof, structural elements
and aesthetics merge; the
resulting structure is a
continuous form.
Whereas soap bubbles can be divided into two shapes
- based on a geometric cell made up of 12 pentagons
and 2 hexagons that is 3 dimensionally repeatable
without leaving any empty spaces- the engineering
solution to make the Watercube a reality requires
over a hundred different ones. However, in spite of
their seeming randomness, bubbles always touch
each other with a regular geometry and it is this
simple fact that makes the design feasible.

Considerando que las burbujas de jabn se pueden
dividir en dos formas -basada en una clula geom-
trica compuesta por 12 pentgonos y dos hexgonos
que es de 3 dimensiones repetible sin dejar espacios
vacos- la solucin de ingeniera para hacer realidad
el Watercube requiere ms de cien formas diferen-
tes. Sin embargo, a pesar de su aparente aleatorie-
dad, las burbujas siempre tienen contacto entre s
con una geometra regular y este es el simple hecho
que logra que el diseo sea factible.
172
173
There are 22,000 steel members

that would stretch for
90 kms
198
8 the skin
la piel
199
210
211
314
The special award for the most accomplished work
in the section Atmosphere is awarded to the Aus-
tralian architecture rm PTW Architects, CSCEC +
Design and Arup for the project National Aquatics
Centre, Beijing Olympic Green, China. The project
demonstrates in a stunning way, how the deliber-
ate morphing of molecular science, architecture and
phenomenology can create an airy and misty atmos-
phere for a personal experience of water leisure

- Quote from the Jury report of the Ofcial Awards 9th Interna-
tional Architecture Exhibition - METAMORPH, Venice Biennale.
El premio especial a los mejores trabajos realiza-
dos en la seccin Ambiente se adjudic a la empresa
australiana PTW Architects, CSCEC + Design y Arup
por el proyecto Centro Nacional de Natacin, Villa
Olmpica de Pekn, China. El proyecto muestra en
una forma impresionante, la forma en que la ciencia
molecular, la arquitectura y la fenomenologa pue-
den crear juntas una atmsfera brumosa para una
experiencia personal en las piscinas de ocio
- Nota en el reporte del jurado de los Premios Ociales de la
9
a
Exhibicin Internacional de Arquitectura -METAMORPH, en la
Bienal de Venecia.
awards premios
* 2004 - Venice Biennale - Award for most accom-
plished work Atmosphere section.
* 2006 - Popular Science Best of whats new 2006 in
engineering.
* 2004 BE Award Winner for BIM Building Informa-
tion Model in Architecture and Engineering.
315