Apply Embedded Openflow MPLS Technology on

Wireless Openflow OpenRoads

Haizhuo Lin
1
, Lujing Sun
2
, Yuntao Fan
3
, Suiming Guo
4
Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
AbstractOpenflow is one of the most important and popular
next generation internet structure and technology. Its thought of
software decide network makes dispatch of controller and date
layer. Controller uses the openflow protocol to communicate and
control the openflow switch to generate flow table, thus to
achieve the centralized control of the whole network. OpenRoads
is the framework about the wireless Openflow environment. It
successfully apply the thought of SDN on the wireless mobile
environment. As a propose to improve the performance and
quality of the OpenRoads, The new embedded Openflow-
MPLS(EOF-MPLS) is presented. An important technology key
point is that both traditional MPLS and Openflow support the
thought of separation between controller and date layer which
makes a solid foundation for the new EOF-MPLS. EOF-MPLS
offered forward equal class(FEC), Label distribute Protocol(LDP)
to improve the efficiency of the nodes forward. It makes tight
coupling with Openflow structure and support the QoS and
traffic engineering. At last an entropy is came up with to assess
the communication effectiveness of the EOF-MPLS to the
OpenRoads.
Keywords- EOF-MPLS; Openflow; OpenRoads; FEC; Label
Switch Path; QoS; traffic engineering; Entrophy
I. INTRODUCTION
Professor Nick McKeown from Stanford University firstly
presented the theory about the Openflow in the paper
Openflow: enabling innovation in campus networks on April,
2008[1]. Its thought of software decide network makes
dispatch of controller and date layer. Controller uses the
openflow protocol to communicate and control the openflow
switch to generate flow table, thus to achieve the centralized
control of the whole network. All the functions of the
controller are operated in the NOX which is similar to the
Openflow network operation system. Whats more, there are
also Plug-n-serve, OpenRoads and OpenPipes can be operated
in the NOX.
OpenRoads is the framework about the wireless Openflow
environment. It successfully apply the thought of SDN on the
wireless mobile environment[2]. It can eliminate the barrier of
the various of the wireless technology and the heterogeneous
environment to provide an open experiment lab for the
researchers and engineers. On June, 2010, NEC Corp.
announce that they have successfully apply the next
generation network technology Openflow on the wireless
mobile environment firstly. Its a great progress for the
Openflow. However, there are still lots of difficult technology
details needed to be solved such as the guarantee for the QoS,
traffic engineering, optimization of the communication
process and the different skills coupling with the OpenRoads
II. METHOD
How to maximize the advantages of the OpenRoads is the
hot topic. Compared to the traditional wireless environment
reducing the node processing delays, speeding up transfer
rates, reducing the packet loss rate is the most important issues.
EOF-MPLS is presented about these topics. An important
technology key point is that both traditional MPLS[3] and
Openflow support the thought of separation between controller
and date layer which makes a solid foundation for the new
EOF-MPLS. EOF-MPLS offered forward equal class(FEC),
Label distribute Protocol(LDP) to improve the efficiency of
the nodes forward. It makes tight coupling with openflow
structure and support the QoS and traffic engineering which is
corresponding with the trend of next generation internet
technology.
III. DEPLOYMENT OF EOF-MPLS IN OPENROADS
A. Coupling between EOF-MPLS and OpenRoads Structure
In the wireless mobile environment, multiple mobile
clients can share a virtual network which is called flowvisor.
Fowvisor is deployed between the openflow switch and the
controller. Controllers use API to communicate with different
openflow switch and control the switch with SNMP protocol.
More than one mobile clients that belonged to the same field
proxy can share the same flowvisor.
Forward Equal Class (FEC) is determined by different
mobile clients, home proxy and field proxy. FlowVisor is used
in the OpenRoads to share the FEC information. SNMP device
control area is responsible for the notification of forwarding
FEC. When the mobile terminal is communicating with a
network node home proxy forward the FEC to the node
through SNMP managing program, thus build the EOF-MPLS
path between the nodes and the field proxy.
916
978-1-4577-1415-3/12/$26.00 2012 IEEE
Figure 1. Coupling with OpenRoads and EOF-MPLS
B. Coupling between EOF-MPLS and OpenRoads-SNMP
Relationship about SNMP functions between home proxy
and field proxy is showed as below.
Figure 2. SNMP on the OpenRoads
In the wireless mobile network, home proxy and field
proxy are two key concepts. In order to coupling the EOF-
MPLS to the OpenRoads the SNMP of the home proxy is
responsible for the whole network operation management.
SNMP program of the home proxy is the SNMP server
program completing the work for the management station.
Field proxy is responsible for the SNMP client program, thus
SNMP is responsible for the notification of forwarding FEC.
Date format is designed as follows.
Figure 3. EOF-MPLS data format
IV. COMMUNICATION PROCESS OF EOF-MPLS
An example for the EOF-MPLS communication in the
OpenRoads as below.
Figure 4. Communication process of EOF-MPLS
Step 1
First, mobile terminal sends the registration information to
the field proxy. This process will also the binding process for
the FEC. Field proxy build the FEC based on the mobile
terminal and the home proxy using the SNMP client program
to communicate with the SNMP operation station in the home
proxy. Each FEC will be saved in the controller in the home
proxy.
Step 2
When the mobile terminal communicate with a network
node, the network node will be added to the special FEC, then
LDP will bind the label with the FEC in the next hop.
Step 3
In the default way, the openflow controller will use the
downstream label binding algorithm to construct a complete
list of labels
Step 4
The network node sends the package based on the FEC
came from home proxy in stead of the traditional way that
using home proxy to forward.
917
Step 5
The receiver reserve the resources for date flows based on
RSVP.
Step 6
OpenRoads field proxy use the controller to reserve the
whole label path in order to provide the traffic engineering
services.
V. ASSESS THE OPENROADS EFFECTIVENESS BY ENTROPY
Entropy method is a measure of degree of disorder,
According to the Entropy we can quantify and synthesis the
information of the subjective judgments and the inherent
information of the various programs. Calculate the quantitative
evaluation index in various programs, thus make the evaluation
of each program.
Figure 5. Entropy of the OpenRoads
A. effectiveness of the EOF-MPLS to the OpenRoads
The indicator value of the gap is larger, the indicators in
the Comprehensive Assessment of the role played by the
larger, the smaller the other hand, if Index value of an index of
all the same, the indicator does not work in the comprehensive
evaluation. in information theory, entropy is: where is the
target probability of x in the program. In this paper,
standardized method to transform its methods.
There are m programs, n evaluation indexes. They form
the original data matrix .F
n m ij
x x

= ) ( or a particular
indicator, the indicator value of the gap is larger, The role of
the indicators in the Comprehensive Assessment is larger. In
information theory entropy is:
) ( ln ) ( ) (
1
i
n
i
i
x p x p x H

=
=
; is
the
( )
i
P x
index the probability of x in the program. In this paper we
use the standardized method to transform.
1) we use the standardized method to transform the
original target data matrix
n m ij
x x

= ) (
j j ij ij
s x x x / ) (
'

=

x
j
is the mean of the index value j,
1
1
m
j
ij
i
x x
m

=
=


j
s is the variance of the index value j,
2
1
1
( )
m
j ij
i
j
s x x
m

=
=

ij
x [-1,1], To eliminate the negative we translate the
coordinate
'
1
ij ij
x x = +
2) Quantify the indicators, calculate the proportion of
index j.
1
/
m
ij ij ij
i
P x x
=
=

3) Calculate the entropy of index j
j
e
1
( ) ln
n
j i
i
e x k p p
=
=
j ij
0 k > , 0
j
e >
1
1
/
m
ij ij ij
i
P x x
m
=
= =

At this time
j
e is the maximum value,
1
1 1
( ) ln ln
m
j
i
e x k k m
m m
=
= =

If
1
ln
k
m
= then . 0 1
j
e s s
4) Calculate the difference coefficient of index j
Define the difference coefficient as:
1
j j
g e =
5) Define the weights
1
/
m
j j
i
a g g
=
=
i
6) Calculate the weight vector of the second indicator to
the first one and use AHP to calculate the first indicator to the
total target one.
7) Calculate the weight matrix of the second indicator
binding first one to the total target one.
B. Realization
According to the expansion of the OpenRoads deployment
calculate 10 times about the effective weight matrix of the
second indicator Type, Sequence, AS Num, Label Num,
TOS to the first indicator Delay, LDP, Label Combine, FEC,
Overall path, QoS, Traffic engineering.
918
1.1406 1.1201 1.0685 1.1236 1.0643
1.0198 1.1606 0.9243 1.1236 0.9535
0.9758 1.0391 1.0234 0.9921 0.9608
1.1406 1.0661 1.0505 1.0710 1.0938
0.9978 0.9582 0.7710 0.9483 0.8870
0.9868 0.8367 1.0865 0.8606 0.8648
0.8660 1.0661 1.0505 1.0710 1.1234
0.9649 0.9717 0.9513 0.8869 1.0347
1.0857 0.9852 1.0325 0.9746 1.0421
0.8221 0.7962 1.0415 0.9483 0.9756
| |
|
( )
21
0.1642, 0.2586, 0.1785, 0.2076, 0.1911 e =
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
|
|

1) Quantify the indicators
0.1141 0.1120 0.1069 0.1124 0.1064
0.1020 0.1161 0.0924 0.1124 0.0953
0.0976 0.1039 0.1023 0.0992 0.0961
0.1141 0.1066 0.1050 0.1071 0.1094
0.0998 0.0958 0.0771 0.0948 0.0887
0.0987 0.0837 0.1087 0.0861 0.0865
0.0866 0.1066 0.1050 0.1071 0.1123
0.0965 0.0972 0.0951 0.0887 0.1035
0.1086 0.0985 0.1032 0.0975 0.1042
0.0822 0.0796 0.1041 0.0948 0.0976
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

2) Calculate the entropy of index j
j
e
3
1
2
4
5
0.99731920161607
0.99787985710654
0.99769508363228
0.99666029544670
0.99753249874021
e
e
e
e
e

=
=
=

3) Calculate the difference coefficient of index j
3
1
2
4
5
0.00212014289346
0.00333970455330
0.00230491636772
0.00268079838393
0.00246750125979
g
g
g
g
g

=
=
=

4) Define the weights
3
1
2
4
5
0.16418589595896
0.25862991877257
0.17849493074851
0.20760359403539
0.19108566048458
a
a
a
a
a

=
=
=

5) Calculate the weight vector of the second indicator to the
first one and use AHP to calculate the first indicator to the
total target one.
( )
22
0.2936, 0.2056, 0.1655, 0.1642, 0.1711 e =

( )
23
0.2816, 0.1956, 0.1835, 0.1662, 0.1731 e =
( )
24
0.3936, 0.3018, 0.1662, 0.1584 e =
( )
25
0.2314, 0.1720, 0.2163, 0.1782,0.2021 e =
( )
26
0.2437, 0.1943, 0.2048, 0.1836,0.1736 e =
( )
27
0.2145, 0.1685, 0.1957, 0.2063,0.2150 e =
e
?
= ( e
?! ,
e
?? ,
e
?3,
e
?+ ,
e
?,
e
?b,
e
?
).

e
!
= (0.3352,0.1326,0.1027,0.1168,0.2111,0.0572,0.0444)
6) Calculate the weight matrix of the second indicator binding
first one to the total target one.
1 2
0.0550 0.0867 0.0598 0.0696 0.0641
0.0389 0.0273 0.0219 0.0218 0.0227
0.0289 0.0201 0.0188 0.0171 0.0178

e e e = - =
0.0460 0.0353 0.0093 0.0101 0.0185
0.0488 0.0363 0.0457 0.0376 0.0427
0.0139 0.0111 0.0117 0.0105 0.0099
0.0095 0.0075 0.0087 0.0092 0.0095
Consider the changes situation of the second indicator to
the whole second indicator binding the first indicator we can
conclude that the interaction between LDP and FEC binding
with the factor QoS and Traffic Engineering leads the greatest
impact to the OpenRoads System.
VI. CONCLUSION
OpenRoads uses the SDN in the wireless mobile
environment which provides an open experiment lab for
researchers and engineers. EOF-MPLS improves the efficiency
of the nodes forward, reducing the node processing delays,
speeding up transfer rates, providing methods for the QoS and
traffic engineering. Date stream format and the whole process
during the communication in the wireless network is
determined in this paper. At last an entropy is used to assess the
effectiveness of the EOF-MPLS to the OpenRoads.
REFERENCES
[1] N. McKeown, T. Anderson, H. Balakrishnan, G. Parulkar, L. Peterson, J.
Rexford, S. Shenker, and J. Turner. OpenFlow: enabling innovation in
campus networks. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication
Review, 38(2):69{74, April 2008.
[2] Kok-Kiong Yap, Masayoshi Kobayashi, Rob Sherwood, Nikhil Handigol,
Te-Yuan Huang, Michael Chan, and Nick McKeown, OpenRoads:
empowering research in mobile networks Sigcomm best poster 2009,
pp.1-2
[3] ITU T Recommendation Y. 1281, Mobile Ip Services over MPLS[J].
Step 2003
919