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History of Brunei
Part of a series on the
History of Brunei
Pre-Sultanate
Bruneian Empire
7th century
to 1368
House of Bolkiah
(1368present)
Kingdom of Sarawak
15th
century
to 1841
Labuan
15th
century
to 1846
15th
century
to 1865
Castille War
1578
Civil War
16601673
White Rajahs
18411946
British protectorate
18881984
Borneo campaign
1945
1962
Timeline
Sultans
v
t
[1]
The Sultanate of Brunei ruled during the fourteenth to the sixteenth century. Its territory allegedly covered the
northern part of Borneo and the southern Philippines. European influence gradually brought an end to this regional
power. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei was victorious. The decline of the Bruneian Empire
culminated in the nineteenth century when Brunei lost much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting
in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984.
History of Brunei
History of Brunei
birth to a daughter, who married Sultan Sharif Ali( so he was Sayyidina- ;)the man came from
Arabian Peninsula , and was the descendant of Nabi Muhammad SAW .
Even today, because of their influence, Bruneians still believe that Ong Sum Ping was the ancestor of the Brunei
royalty. Even though the Bruneian royal family stressed more the theories of Malay Islam Beraja , but
they didn't disagree with it; obviously they gave him positive criticism, and recorded Ong Sum Ping under the
genealogy of the Sultans of Brunei. In the capital of BruneiBandar Seri Begawan , there was a Jalan
Ong Sum Ping (Arabic: ) , and the Muzium Brunei also contained artifacts of Ong Sum Ping. The tomb
of Ong Sum Ping's son is also protected by the Bruneian government.
To prove the existence of Ong Sum Ping, the Silsilah Raja-raja Sulu could provide the best evidence. According to
the record of the Silsilah Raja-raja Sulu, when Ong Sum Ping first arrived at Brunei with many Chinese, he said that
he was ordered to collect jewelry in Sabah, and the mountain was named Gunung Kinabalu. The legend said that
some attractive animal might appear in the forest, and they ate some people. Ong Sum Ping brought the candle with
his colleague, and got the jewelry at last. Ong Sum Ping got a daughter, who married Sultan Ahmad in 1375 (during
the Ming Dynasty in China). The kingship was handed down 20 times until now; the daughter of Sultan Ahmad
married with Sultan Sharif Ali, and came to the throne. He was the ancestor of today's Sultan Haji Hassanal.
According to this record, Ong Sum Ping didn't become Sultan, but his daughter was married to the Sultan, and he
became the Sultan's father-in-law. Bruneian royal houses adopted the maternal succession system; it is known for
certain that his maternal granddaughter became the Queen of Sultan Sharif Ali. However, it is believed that the year
might be in 1375, not in the Yuan Dynasty, but in the 8th year of Emperor Hong Wu.
History of Malaysia
Prehistoric Malaysia
Early kingdoms
Chi Tu
Gangga Negara
2nd11th century
Langkasuka
2nd14th century
Pan Pan
3rd5th century
Srivijaya
7th13th century
Majapahit
13th15th century
Kedah Kingdom
Thonburi Kingdom
6301136
17681782
History of Brunei
Kedah Sultanate
1136present
Brunei Sultanate
Malacca Sultanate
14021511
Sulu Sultanate
14501899
Pattani Sultanate
15161902
Johor Sultanate
1528present
Bulungan Sultanate
17311881
Colonial era
Portuguese Malacca
15111641
Dutch Malacca
16411824
Straits Settlements
18261946
Kingdom of Sarawak
18411946
18481946
18741946
North Borneo
18821946
18951946
19091946
Japanese occupation
of Malaya/ of Borneo
19411945
Syburi
19431945
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Independence
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1957
Malaysia Agreement
1963
Singapore in Malaysia
19631965
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t
e [3]
History of Brunei
The sultanate oversaw a gradual expansion of the state's influence and borders. This was accelerated with the
conquest of Malacca by Portugal in 1511. Brunei benefited from the scattering of Muslim merchants and traders who
were forced to use other ports. These merchants probably also helped to speed the conversion of the general
population to Islam.
The sultanate was a thalassocracy, a realm based on controlling trade rather than land. Situated in a strategic location
between China and the trading networks of southeast Asia, the state served as an entrepot and collected tolls on
water traffic. The society was hierarchical, with the sultan serving as despot. His powers were limited, however, by a
council of princes of royal blood. One of the council's duties was to arrange for royal succession.
The reign of the fifth sultan, Bolkiah (14851521), is often described as Brunei's "golden age". The sultanate's
control extended probably over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the
islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. The sultanate's influence also spread north into the Philippines, where
colonies were planted in Manila Bay. The sultan also visited Java and Malacca. At the end of Bolkiah's reign, in
1521, the first Europeans visited Brunei when Ferdinand Magellan's expedition arrived at the port. Antonio Pigafetta,
a navigator on the trip, described an amazing city. The Europeans rode to visit the sultan on top of "elephants,
caparisoned in silk-cloth". The inhabitants of the palace "had their loins covered with gold-embroidered cloth and
silk, wore poniards with golden hilts, ornamented with pearls and precious stones, and had many rings on their
fingers". The visitors were served meals on porcelain dishes.
Pigafetta described a city of 25,000 families living in wooden houses built on stilts to raise them above the water. At
high tide, women would ride in boats selling merchandise. The sultan's palace was surrounded by brick ramparts and
protected by numerous brass and iron cannons.
This prosperous era continued through the reign of the ninth sultan, Hassan, who is credited with developing an
elaborate Royal Court structure, elements of which remain today.
History of Brunei
established there. Brunei raised several large fleets with the intention of recapturing the city, but the campaigns, for
various reasons, never launched.[4] In 1578, the Spanish took Sulu and in April attacked and captured Brunei itself,
after demanding that the sultan cease proselytizing in the Philippines and, in turn, allow Christian missionaries to be
active in his kingdom. The Spaniards withdrew after suffering heavy losses due to a cholera or dysentery outbreak.
They were so weakened by the illness that they decided to abandon Brunei to return to Manila on 26 June 1578, after
just 72 days. The short-term damage to the sultanate was minimal, as Sulu regained its independence soon after.
However, Brunei failed to gain a foothold in Luzon, with the island firmly in Spanish hands.
The long-term effects of regional changes could not be avoided. After Sultan Hassan, Brunei entered a period of
decline, due to internal battles over royal succession as well as the rising influences of European colonial powers in
the region, that, among other things, disrupted traditional trading patterns, destroying the economic base of Brunei
and many other Southeast Asian sultanates.
During Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin IIs reign, disturbances occurred in Sarawak. In 1839, the British adventurer
James Brooke arrived in Borneo and helped the Sultan put down this rebellion.
As a reward, he became governor and later "White Rajah" of Sarawak and gradually expanded the territory under his
control. Brooke never gained control of Brunei, though he did attempt to. He asked the British to check whether or
not it would be acceptable for him to claim Brunei as his own; however, they came back with bad newsalthough
Brunei was poorly governed, it had a definite sense of national identity and could therefore not be absorbed by
Brooke.
In 1843 an open conflict between Brooke and the Sultan ended in the latter's defeat. The Sultan recognized
Sarawak's independence. In 1846, Brunei Town was attacked and captured by the British and Sultan Saifuddin II was
forced to sign a treaty to end the British occupation of Brunei Town. In the same year, Sultan Saifuddin II ceded
Labuan to the British under the Treaty of Labuan. In 1847, he signed the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with
the British and in 1850, he signed a similar treaty with the United States. Over the years, the Sultans of Brunei ceded
further stretches of territory to Sarawak; in 1877, stretches to the east of the capital were leased (later ceded) to the
British North Borneo Chartered Company (North Borneo).
Notes
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:History_of_Brunei& action=edit
[2] This view recently has been challenged. See Johannes L. Kurz "Boni in Chinese Sources: Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the
Qing Dynasties", paper accessible under http:/ / www. ari. nus. edu. sg/ article_view. asp?id=172 (2006).
[3] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:History_of_Malaysia& action=edit
[4] Interestingly, the Chinese pirate Limahon attacked Manila in December 1574, but Brunei was unable to take advantage of the Spaniards'
distraction.
References
Primary source
The Philippine Islands: Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and their People, their
History and Records of the Catholics Missions, as related in contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts. Vol.
IV-1576-1582. Eds. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark
Company, 1903.
History of Brunei
Secondary sources
This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Ongkili, James P. "Ancient Chinese Trading Links." East Malaysia and Brunei. Ed. Wendy Hutton. Tuttle
Publishing, 2001.
Wright, Leigh. "Brunei: An Historical Relic." Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol.
17 (1977).
"Background Note: Brunei Darussalam" (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700.htm). U.S. State
Department. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
Frankham, Steve (2008), Footprint Borneo (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XuR842_XgwQC&
printsec=frontcover&cad=0), Footprint Guides, ISBN978-1-906098-14-8
Atiyah, Jeremy (2002), Rough guide to Southeast Asia (http://books.google.co.uk/
books?id=uRX5zMsCeNgC&printsec=frontcover), Rough Guide, ISBN978-1-85828-893-2
Saunders, Graham E. (2002), A history of Brunei (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC&),
Routledge, ISBN978-0-7007-1698-2
External links
Maps of the historic development of Brunei (http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/seasia/haxbrunei.html)
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
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