OSPF NOTES:

Is A Link State Protocol, Link State Each Router Has A Detailed Vie
O! All Links And There "urrent States# Runs The Di$kstra Al%orith& To
Find The 'est Path#
OSPF TER(S,
Neighbours Are Routers That Are Directl) "onnected * Share A Su+net,
Adjacency , -hen To Routers Ha.e E/chan%ed Routin% In!or&ation
And Ha.e The Sa&e To0olo%) Ta+le
Area, A 1rou0 O! Routers That All Ha.e The Sa&e Area Id, Area Is
De!ind On A Per Inter!ace 'asis# Is A 23 'it Nu&+er "an 'e Deci&al Or
Octets, 345 Is The Sa&e As 6#6#7#7
Back Up Designated Router, A 'acku0 Dr *Desi%nated Router, It Does
None O! The Dr Roles -hile The Dr Is Acti.e#
Dr, A Router That Is Res0onsi+le For For&in% Ad$ancies -ith All
Routers On A Lan Se%&ent ,
Drother, A Nor&al Router, Neither DR Or 'DR
Cost, (etric 8sed ') Os0!, Hi%her The S0eed, Loer The "ost#
Database Descriptor Packet*DDP,, 8sed Durin% The E/chan%e O!
To0olo%) In!or&ation Durin% The For&in% O! An Ad$acenc), The) Are
A "ut Don Lsa *Link State Ad.ertise&ent,
Init State, A State -hen Hello Packets Are 'ein% Sent ') The Router
And It Is -aitin% For A Re0l) So It "an Start To Foru& A Relationshi0#
Internal Router, A Router That Has All Its Inter!aces In The Sa&e Area#
ink!State Database, Also 9non As To0olo%) (a0, "ontains The
In!or&ation A+out All 9no Links And All 9non Netorks#
ink State Re"uest *Lsr,, -hen A Router 1et A Data+ase Descri0tor
That Doesn:t (atch An) O! Its 9non Links It -ill Send A Link State
Re;uest, To Ask For A Full Lsa O! That Link To 'e Sent#
ink State Update *Lsu, , Sent In Res0onse To The Lsr
oading State, The State -here Lsr:s And Lsu:s Are Sent And Recei.ed
Is 9non As The Loadin% State#
ink State Ad#ertise$ent * Lsa, Sent -hen So&ethin% In The
To0olo%) "han%es * Link 80<Link Don, There Are (an) T)0es O!
Lsa And The) (ust 'e Acknoled%ed ') The Recei.in% Router*Hello
Is Acknoled%ed ') 'een Seen As A Nei%h+our In That Nei%h+ours
Hello Packets:
7 Hello
3 Data+ase Descri0tion
2 Link State Re;uest
= Link State 80date
4 Link State Acknoled%&ent
Neighbour %able, A List O! Nei%h+ours That Ha.e 'een Found Via
Hello (ulticasts, The Hello Packet Also Has A List O! All 9non
Nei%h+ours Fro& The Router That Sent It#
Priority, Thin%, That Allos For "ontrol O! The Dr<'dr Election Fro& 6
To 344 *7 Is De!ault, 6 "ant 'e Elected Dr Or 'dr,
SP& *Shortest Path First, Tree , "reated A!ter The Di$kstra Al%orith&
Has 'een Run, It Is A Tree O! The -orld -ith The Router As The Root#
R'$tinter#al, Ho Lon% A Router -ill -ait To Retrans&it A Packet
That Hasn:t 'een Acknoled%ed, ') De!ault 4 Seconds#
(ello Packets, Are Sent E.er) 76 Seconds On (ulticast Address
33=#6#6#4
(ello Packets Are Sent E.er) 26 Seconds On N+&a Netorks Via
8nicast
Dead Inter#al =6 Seconds * = Hello:s, On (ulticast And 736 * =
Hello:s, On N+&a
)"ual Cost oad Balancing, 80 To > Links#
%i$ed Updates, Os0! -ill Send Dd0s O! All Its Routes To Its
Nei%h+ours Once E.er) 26&ins I! There Ha.e 'een No "han%es#
*a'age %i$er, Ho Lon% An Lsa "an Sta) In The To0olo%) Ta+le
'e!ore 'ein% A%ed Out 8nless Re!reshed De!ault 2>66 Seconds
s!Re+resh %i$er, Ho Lon% Is -aited 8ntil An Lsa Re!reshed,
(akes The (a/a%e Ti&er Reset, De!ault 7?66#
sa!,roup!Pacing, 3=6 Seconds , 8se To Hold 'ack Lsa:s Fro&
Re!reshin% So (ore "an 'e Sent As Once# So Re!reshin% Lsu:s Are Sent
E.er) 3=6 Secs "ontainin% (an) Lsa#
Poll Internal, On N+&a* Nei%h+our State&ent,Ho Lon% The Inter.al
'eteen Hellos -hen A Nei%h+our Don#
&lood Pacing, (in Inter.al 'eteen Floodin% An Lsa , De!ault 22&s
Retrans$ission Pacing, (in Inter.al 'eteen Sendin% A
Retrans&ission
The Designated Router: I! (ore Then One Router Is "onnected To A
Se%&ent The There (ust 'e A Dr Router Election, The Election "an 'e
"ontrolled ') 8sed A Priorit) "o&&and On A Per Inter!ace 'asis#
De!ault Priorit) Is 7
I! The Priorit) "o&&and Isn:t 8sed And The Election Isn:t "ontrolled
Then The De!ault Is To 8se (igh Router Id - Ip Address.#
//0121213, Is The Destination I0 Address 8sed ') Non Dr<'dr Routers
-hen Sendin% Lsa:s * Lsu,Lsr,Ack , 9non As Alldrouters *Note:
Hello:s Still Via #4,
//0121214 All Packets Ori%inatin% Fro& The Dr<'dr Routers Ha.e This
Destination 9non As Allspfrouters
%he Dr And Bdr )lection,
The Nei%h+our -ith The Hi%hest Priorit) 'eco&es The 'dr,
I! There Is No Dr Then The 'dr Is Pro&oted To Dr And The First Ste0
Re0eats For The 'dr#
Routin% Ta+les Are 'uilt In To Di!!erent -a)s# Either Esta+lished
Data+ases Ha.e To Ad$ust To A "han%e In The Netork, Or A Ne
Router Has To "reate The To0olo%) And Forardin% Data+ases -hen It
Enters The Netork#
Di!!erent Techni;ues Are 8sed For These Di!!erent Routin% Ta+le
Re;uire&ents# Essentiall), The Di!!erence 'eteen The To Techni;ues
Is Si&0le:
@ I! A Ne Router "onnects To A Netork, It -ill Find A Nei%h+our
8sin% The Hello Protocol And -ill Exchange Routin% In!or&ation#
@ I! A "han%e Occurs In An E/istin% Netork, The Router That Sees
The "han%e -ill Flood The Area -ith The Ne Routin% In!or&ation#
'oth O! These E.ents (ust Occur As Stated 'ecause, Althou%h The
Ne Router (ust Learn The Netork To0olo%), Its Addition Is A
"han%e To The Rest O! The Netork#
The Sates A Router 1oes Thou%h -hen For&in% Nei%h+our
Relationshi0s
51 %he Do6n State AThe Ne Router Is In A Down State# The 3466
Router Trans&its Its On Hello Packets To Introduce Itsel! To The
Se%&ent And To Find An) Other Os0!B"on!i%ured Routers# This Is Sent
Out As A Hello To The (ulticast Address 33=#6#6#4 *Alls0!routers,# It
Sets The Dr And 'dr In The Hello To 'e 6#6#6#6#
/1 %he Init State AThe Ne Router -aits For A Re0l)# T)0icall) This
Is Four Ti&es The Len%th O! The Hello Ti&er# The Router Is In The Init
State# -ithin The -ait Ti&e, The Ne Router Hears A Hello Fro&
Another Router And Learns The Dr And The 'dr# I! There Is No Dr Or
'dr Stated In The Inco&in% Hello, An Election Takes Place# Hoe.er, In
Accordance -ith The Descri0tion O! The Hello Protocol, The Dr Has
'een Elected: It Is The 5366 Router, -hich "onnects The "a&0us To
The "a&0us 'ack+one# 80on Hearin% The Hello Protocol Fro& The
3466 Router, A Router On The Se%&ent Adds The Router Id O! The
3466 And Re0lies As A (ulticast *33=#6#6#4, -ith Its On Id And A
List O! An) Other
Nei%h+ors#
71 %he %6o!8ay StateAThe Ne Router Sees Its On Router Id In
The List O! Nei%h+ors, And A Nei%h+or Relationshi0 Is Esta+lished# The
Ne Router "han%es Its Status To The Two-Way State#
The Di!!erent Sta%es Or States That The Router 1oes Throu%h -hile
E/chan%in% Routin% In!or&ation -ith A Nei%h+our Are Shon In The
Folloin% List:
51 %he )'start State AOne O! The Routers -ill Take Seniorit),
'eco&in% The (aster Router# This Is
The Exstart State# The To Nei%h+ors Deter&ine A (aster<Sla.e
Relationshi0 'ased On Hi%hest I0
Inter!ace Address# This Desi%nation Is Not Si%ni!icantC It Dust Deter&ines
-hich Router Starts The
"o&&unication#
%he )'change State A'oth Routers -ill Send Out Data+ase
Descri0tion Packets, "han%in% The
State To The Exchange State#
Each Link -ill Ha.e An Inter!ace Id For The Out%oin% Inter!ace, A Link
Id, And A (etric To State The Value O! The Path# The Data+ase
Descri0tion Packet -ill Not "ontain All The Necessar) In!or&ation, 'ut
Dust A Su&&ar) *Enou%h For The Recei.in% Router To Deter&ine
-hether (ore In!or&ation Is Re;uired Or -hether It Alread) "ontains
That Entr) In Its Data+ase,#
%he oading State The Lsr -ill Pro&0t The (aster Router To Send
The Lsu Packet# For E/a&0le, I! There Is A Discre0anc) 'eteen The
In!or&ation In The Recei.ed Dd0s And The Router:s To0olo%)
Data+ase, The Router Re;uests (ore Detailed In!or&ation Fro& Its
Nei%h+or A+out Those Routes O! -hich It -as 8naare#
%he &ull State A-hen These Lsrs Are Recei.ed And The Data+ases
Are 80dated And
S)nchroniEed, The Nei%h+ors Are Fully Adjacent#
Ackno6ledge$ents 9+ sa:s
I$plicit Ackno6ledg$ent
A Nei%h+or "an I&0licitl) Acknoled%e The Recei0t O! An Lsa ')
Includin% A Du0licate O! The Lsa In An 80date 'ack To The Ori%inator#
I&0licit Acknoled%&ents Are (ore E!!icient Than E/0licit
Acknoled%&ents In So&e Situations, For Instance, -hen The Nei%h+or
-as Intendin% To Send An 80date To The Ori%inator An)a)#
)'plicit Ackno6ledg$ent
A Nei%h+or E/0licitl) Acknoled%es The Recei0t O! An Lsa ')
Sendin% A Link State Acknoled%&ent Packet# A Sin%le Link State
Acknoled%&ent Packet Is "a0a+le O! Acknoled%in% (ulti0le Lsas#
The Packet "arries Onl) Lsa HeadersAEnou%h To "o&0letel) Identi!)
The LsaANot The "o&0lete Lsa#
-hen A Router First Sends An Lsa, A "o0) O! The Lsa Is Entered Into
The Link State Retrans&ission List O! E.er) Nei%h+or To -hich It -as
Sent# The Lsa Is Retrans&itted E.er) R/&tinter.al 8ntil It Is
Acknoled%ed Or 8ntil The Ad$acenc) Is 'roken# The ink State
Update Packets Containing Retrans$issions Are Al6ays Unicast,
Re%ardless O! The Netork T)0e
8hat (appens 8hen A Route Is ost#
The "onnected Router Send An Lsu To Either The Dr * (ulticast, Or
Ad$acent * P30,, Routers, Fro& There The Dr Or Ad$acent Router -ill
Send An Lsa To All Nei%h+ours A+out The "han%e In The Routin%
State#
I! An Lsa Is Recei.ed Fro& Either An Ad$acent Or Dr Router It Is
Flooded Out All Os0! Inter!aces#
8hat (appens 8hen A Ne6 Route Is &ound#
The Router Takes The First Entr) Fro& The 80dateAThe First Netork
-ith In!or&ation A+out The State O! Its Link#
/1 The Router Veri!ies That The T)0e O! Lsa Is One That "an 'e
Acce0ted ') This Router#
71 Ha.in% Ascertained That It Is A Valid Lsa -hich It "an Recei.e, The
Router Issues A Looku0 To Its To0olo%ical Data+ase#
01 I! The Lsa Entr) Is Not In The To0olo%ical Data+ase, It Is Flooded
I&&ediatel) Out All The Os0! Inter!aces, E/ce0t For The Recei.in%
Inter!ace#
41 I! The Lsa Entr) Is In The To0olo%ical Data+ase, Further Fuestions
Are Re;uired#
31 The Router Deter&ines -hether The Ne Lsa Has A (ore Recent
*Hi%her, Se;uence Nu&+er#
;1 I! The Se;uence Nu&+ers Are The Sa&e, The Router "alculates The
"hecksu& For The Lsas And 8ses The Lsa -ith The Hi%her "hecksu&#
<1 I! The "hecksu& Nu&+ers Are The Sa&e, The Router "hecks The
(a/a%e Field To Ascertain -hich Is The (ost Recent 80date#
=1 Ha.in% Found That The Latest Lsu Is The One That -as Recei.ed,
The Router Deter&ines -hether It Has Arri.ed Outside The -ait Period,
'e!ore Another "o&0utation Is Alloed *(inslsarri.al,#
521 I! The Ne Lsa Entr) Passes These Tests, It Is Flooded Out All The
Os0! Inter!aces, E/ce0t For The Recei.in% Inter!ace#
551 The "urrent "o0) Re0laces The Old Lsa Entr)# I! There -as No
Entr), The "urrent "o0) Is Dust Placed In The Data+ase#
5/1 The Recei.ed Lsa Is Acknoled%ed#
571 I! The Lsa Entr) -as In The Data+ase, 'ut The Lsa That Has Dust
'een Recei.ed Has An Older Se;uence Nu&+er, The Router Asks
-hether The In!or&ation In The Data+ase Is The Sa&e#
501 I! The In!or&ation Is The Sa&e And The Ne Lsa Has An Older
Se;uence Nu&+er, The Process Discards The Packet# It (i%ht 'e Old
Nes, 'ut There Is No Inconsistenc) In The Data+ase#
541 I! The In!or&ation Is Di!!erent And The Nel) Recei.ed Lsa Has An
Older Se;uence Nu&+er, Hoe.er, The Recei.in% Router Discards The
Lsa 80date# It Issues A "o0) O! The Lsa It Has In Its Data+ase, Sendin%
It Out O! The Recei.in% Inter!ace To The Source Address O! The OutB
O!BDate Lsa#
The Lo%ic Is That The Sendin% Router Has 'ad Or Old In!or&ation And
(ust 'e 80dated 'ecause Its To0olo%ical Data+ase Is O+.iousl) Not
S)nchroniEed -ith The Rest O! The Area# Os0! O0eration In A Sin%le
Area /25 This Ensures That An) Packets That 1et Out O! Se;uence -ill
'e Veri!ied 'e!ore Action Is Taken# It Also Atte&0ts To Recti!) A
Pro+le& That It SeesAThat O! (ulti0le Routers O!!erin% Di!!erent
Paths 'ecause Their To0olo%ical Data+ases Are "o&0letel) "on!used#
531 A!ter The Initial Flood, Thin%s "al& Don, And 80dates Are Sent
Onl) -hen There Are "han%es In The Area Or -hen The 26B(inute
Ti&er 1oes O!!# This Ti&er Ensures That The Data+ases Sta)
S)nchroniEed#
Ho An Os0! Protocol "o&&unicates Via The Hello Protocol To Its
Nei%h+ors De0ends On The Ph)sical (ediu& 'ein% 8sed# Os0!
Identi!ies Fi.e Distinct Netork T)0es Or Technolo%ies:
@ 'roadcast (ultiBAccess, 8ses (ulticast Hello:s
@ PointBToBPoint, 8ses (ulticast Hello 'ut There Is No Dr<'dr
@ PointBToB(ulti0oint, Treats Each "onnection To A Router As A Point
To Point "ircuit And Forards Hello For Each "ircuit Indi.iduall)#
@ Non+roadcast (ultiaccess *N+&a,, Re;uires (anual "on!i%uration ,
-ill 8se 8nicast For Hello
@ Virtual Links, Are Links To An Area That Doesn:t "onnect To The
'ack+one* Area 6, And Are Sent Via 8nicast#
OSPF OVER N'(A NET-OR9S,
For Serial Inter!aces -ith Hdlc Enca0sulation, The De!ault Netork
T)0e Is PointBToBPoint#
Ti&ers: Hello 76, Dead =6#
@ For Serial Inter!aces -ith Fra&e Rela) Enca0sulation, The De!ault
Netork T)0e Is Non+roadcast#
Ti&ers: Hello 26, Dead 736#
@ For Serial Inter!aces -ith Fra&e Rela) Enca0sulation And 8sin%
PointBToBPoint Su+inter!aces, The
De!ault Netork T)0e Is PointBTo Point# Ti&ers: Hello 76, Dead =6#
@ For Serial Inter!aces -ith Fra&e Rela) Enca0sulation And 8sin%
PointBToB(ulti0oint
Su+inter!aces, The De!ault Netork T)0e Is Non+roadcast# Ti&ers: Hello
26, Dead 736#
)ach (ello Packet "ontains The Folloin% In!or&ation:
The Router Id O! The Ori%inatin% Router
The Area Id O! The Ori%inatin% Router Inter!ace
The Address (ask O! The Ori%inatin% Inter!ace
The Authentication T)0e And Authentication In!or&ation For The
Ori%inatin% Inter!ace
The Hellointer.al O! The Ori%inatin% Inter!ace
The Routerdeadinter.al O! The Ori%inatin% Inter!ace
The Router Priorit)
The Dr And 'dr
Fi.e Fla% 'its Si%ni!)in% O0tional "a0a+ilities
The Router Ids O! The Ori%inatin% RouterGs Nei%h+ors# This List
"ontains Onl) Routers Fro& -hich Hellos -ere Heard On The
Ori%inatin% Inter!ace -ithin The Last Routerdeadinter.al#
I! E.er)thin% (atches, The Hello Packet Is Declared Valid# I! The Id O!
The Ori%inatin% Router Is Alread) Listed In The Nei%h+or Ta+le For
That Recei.in% Inter!ace, The Routerdeadinter.al Ti&er Is Reset# I! The
Router Id Is Not Listed, It Is Added To The Nei%h+or Ta+le#
It Is Ad#isable %o Use oopback Addresses &or %he Router Id
-hen Desi%nin% A Netork, "onsider -hether To Include The
Loo0+ack Inter!ace Address In The Net6ork "o&&ands# There Are
'oth Ad.anta%es And Disad.anta%es To This, And The) Should 'e
Researched In An) Netork Desi%n# I! The Or%aniEation Is Runnin% Out
O! Valid Addresses, It (i%ht 'e Ad.isa+le To 8se The Loo0+ack
Address Onl) As An Rid And Not To Insert It Into The Routin% Ta+le#
The Disad.anta%e O! This "on!i%uration Is That It "annot 'e Pin%ed For
Testin%# This Is 9non As A 'o%us Rid# The Pre!erred "on!i%uration
-ould 'e To Ha.e An Address In The Routin% Ta+le# These
Addresses Are Assi%ned A <23 Su+net (ask#
It Is Also Possi+le To "ontrol Ho Os0! "alculates De!ault (etrics For
The Inter!ace# 8se The 9sp+ Auto!Cost Re+erence!Band6idth Router
1lo+al "on!i%uration "o&&and To "han%e The Nu&erator O! The
Pre.ious Os0! "ost For&ula: Router*"on!i%BRouter,H Os0! AutoB"ost
Re!erenceB'andidth Re!erenceB'andidth Here, eference-!andwidth
Is In (e%a+)tes Per Second# The Ran%e Is 7 To =,3I=,I>5C The De!ault
Is 766# This (eans That A "ost O! 7 J 766 (+0s, And A "ost O! 76 J
766<76 J 76 (+0s# I! Kou Are (o.in% To 1i%a+it, Kou -ould -ant
7666 (+0s J 7 1+0s#
An) "han%e 8sin% The 9sp+ Auto!Cost Re+erence!Band6idth
"o&&and Should 'e Done On All Routers In The Autono&ous S)ste&s
So That The) All 8se The Sa&e For&ula To "alculate "ost# The Value
Set ') The Ip 9sp+ Cost "o&&and O.errides The "ost Resultin% Fro&
The Auto!Cost Re+erence!Band6idth "o&&and#
Stub Net6orks
I! There Are Stu+ Netorks "onnected To A Router, It Is 8se!ul To
Issue The "o&&and
Redistribute Connected Subnets # This "o&&and Is Issued As Part O!
The Router Process "on!i%uration, And It Includes The "onnected
Su+nets In Os0! Ad.ertise&ents -ithout Actuall) Runnin% Os0! On
The&# This Is Ver) 8se!ul For Real Os0! "on!i%urations, Particularl)
Those That In.ol.e -an Pa)BPerBPacket, LoB'andidth Links#
%ypes 9+ 9sp+ Routers,
Internal , Is Internal To One Area Onl)
Backbone, Has Atleast One Inter!ace In Area 6
Abr, Area 'oarder Router, Has Atleast 3 Inter!aces On Di!!erent Areas
Asbr, Autono&ous S)ste& 'oarder Router, "onnects 'eteen As:s
Sho 'e Placed In Area 6 'ut Doesn:t Ha.e To 'e#
ink State Ad#ertise$ents
Lsa T)0e 7, Router Link Lsa, Is 1enerated For Each Area The Router Is
In And Is Flooded -ithin That Area#
Lsa T)0e 3, Netork Link Lsa, Is Sent Out ') The Dr And Lists All
Nei%h+ours In That Area It Has A Relationshi0 -ith
Lsa T)0e 2, Netork Su&&ar) Lsa, Is Sent 'eteen Areas ') A+r:s# It
Su&&ariEes I0 Addressin% 'eteen Areas#
Lsa T)0e =, As E/ternal As+r Su&&ar) Link, Is Send Fro& A+r:s To
As+r:s "ontains The (etric "ost Fro& The A+r To The As+r#
Lsa T)0e 4, E/ternal Link Lsa, Is Sent ') The As+r And "ontains All
Routes To Netorks In Other As:s * De!ault Route As -ell,# This Lsa Is
Flooded Thou%htBOut The Entire Os0! As
Lsa T)0e 5, Nssa E/ternal Lsa, "reated ') An As+r That Is In A Nssa
* Not So Stu++) Area, # This Lsa Sta)s Local To The Area E/ce0t That
A+ A+r -ill "on.ert It To A T)0e 4 And Send It Into The Other Area:s#
Di++erent %ypes 9+ Area:s
Nor$al Area, This Is An Area That "onnects To The 'ack 'one, E.er)
Router 9nos A+out E.er) Netork In The Area And Each Has The
Sa&e To0olo%) Data+ase#
Stub Area, T)0e 4 Sla Is 'locked, This (eans To 1et To Other As:s A
De!ault Routin% (ust 'e 8sed# 1enerall) 8sed In A Hu+ And S0oke
To0olo%)#
A %otally Stubby Area, Lsa T)0es 2 ,= 4 Are 'locked So The Onl)
-a) Out O! The Area Is Via A De!ault Route#
Not So Stubby Area, This Area Is Pri&aril) 8sed To "onnect To Is0 Or
-here Router Redistri+ution Occurs# It Doesn:t Allo T)0e = Or 4
Lsa:s# It Is A Stu+ Area 'ut "an Recei.e E/ternal Routes 'ut It -ill Not
Pro0a%ate The& Into The 'ack+one Area And Thus The Rest O! The As
Doesn:t 9no A+out The&#
Backbone Area, It Pro0a%ates All Lsa T)0es 'ar T)0e 5 -hich Is -ill
"han%e Into A T)0e 4 At An A+r#
So&e Restrictions 1o.ern "reatin% A Stu+ Area Or A Totall) Stu++)
Area# 'ecause No E/ternal Routes Are Alloed In These Areas, The
Folloin% Restrictions Are In Place:
@ No E/ternal Routes Are Alloed#
@ No Virtual Links Are Alloed#
@ No Redistri+ution Is Alloed#
@ No As+r Routers Are Alloed#
@ The Area Is Not The 'ack+one Area#
@ All The Routers Are "on!i%ured To 'e Stu+ Routers
%he Abrs And Asbr Propagation 9+ sas
-hen A Router Is "on!i%ured As An A+r, It 1enerates Su&&ar) Lsas
And Floods The& Into The 'ack+one Area# Routes 1enerated -ithin An
Area Are T)0e 7 Or T)0e 3, And These Are In$ected As T)0e 2
Su&&aries Into The 'ack+one# These Su&&aries Are Then In$ected ')
The Other A+rs Into Their On Areas, 8nless The) Are "on!i%ured As
Totall) Stu++) Areas# An) T)0e 2 Or T)0e = Lsa Recei.ed Fro& The
'ack+one Are Forarded Into The Area ') The A+r#
The 'ack+one Also Forards E/ternal Routes 'oth -a)s 8nless The
A+r Is A Stu+ Router, In -hich "ase The) Are 'locked# I! A Su&&ar)
Is Recei.ed Fro& -ithin The Area, It "annot 'e Forarded# Su&&aries
Recei.ed Fro& The 'ack+one "annot 'e Further Su&&ariEed#
The Flo And Pro0a%ation O! Lsas -ithin And 'eteen Areas Is
Illustrated In Fi%ure ?B2# "ertain "onditions Need To 'e (et 'e!ore An)
Lsas "an 'e Flooded Out O! All Inter!aces# The "onditions That Each
Inter!ace (ust (eet 'e!ore An Lsa "an 'e Trans&itted Out O! That
Inter!ace Are 1i.en In The Folloin% List:
@ The Lsa -as Not Recei.ed Throu%h The Inter!ace#
@ The Inter!ace Is In A State O! E/chan%e Or Full Ad$acenc)#
@ The Inter!ace Is Not "onnected To A Stu+ Area *No Lsa T)0e 4 -ill
'e Flooded,#
@ The Inter!ace Is Not "onnected To A Totall) Stu++) Area *No T)0e 2,
=, Or 4 -ill 'e Pro0a%ated,#
The Router -ill Process The Lsas In This Order:
51 The Internal Lsa *T)0e 7 And 3,#
/1 The Lsas O! The As *T)0e 2 And =,# I! There Is A Route To The
"hosen Netork -ithin The Area *T)0e 7 Or 3,, This Path -ill 'e
9e0t#
71 The E/ternal Lsas *T)0e 4,#
Path "alculation To Net In Another Area
Firs The Loest "ost To The A+r Is "hosen, Then The Loest "ost
Fro& The A+r To The Ne/tork#
)'ternal Routes,
)5, The "ost To The E/ternal As Is "onsidered As -ell As The "ost To
The As+r
)/, Onl) The "ost To The As+r Si "onsidered * De!ault,
%6o %ypes 9+ Su$$ary Routes,
Internal * T)0e 2,=, In Router Ta+le O Ia
E/ternal * T)0e 4, In Routin% Ta+le E7 Or E3
Os0! Desi%n "onsiderations
Reco&&endations:
No (orethen 2 Area:s Per Router
No (ore Then 46 Router Per Area
No (ore Then >6 Nei%h+ours Per Router
A Router Should Onl) 'e A Dr Or 'dr For 7 Lan
Virtual Link Allos For An Area Not To 'e Ph)sicall) "onnected To
The 'ack+one * Area 6,
*ultiple Area 9sp+ 9#er An Nb$a Net6ork
Another Desi%n "onsideration Is The Desi%n O! The N+&a Netork As
Part O! The Os0! Do&ain# There Are To (ain -a)s To A00roach The
Inclusion O! An N+&a Netork:
@ The N+&a Netork "an 'e De!ined As Area 6# The Reasonin% Is That
I! The N+&a Is 8sed To "onnect All Re&ote Sites, All Tra!!ic -ill
Ha.e To Tra.erse This Netork# I! The Re&ote Sites Are (ade Satellite
Areas, All Tra!!ic -ill Ha.e To Tra.erse The N+&a, So It (akes Sense
To (ake It The 'ack+one Area# This -orks -ell In A FullB(esh
En.iron&ent, Althou%h It Results In A Lar%e Nu&+er O! Lsas 'ein%
Flooded Into The -an And Puts E/tra De&ands On The Routers
"onnectin% To The N+&a Netork#
@ In A Hu+BAndBS0oke N+&a Netork, It (akes Sense To Assi%n The
Hu+ Netork As Area 6 -ith The Other Re&ote Sites And The N+&a
Netork As Other Areas# This Is A 1ood Desi%n I! The Satellite Areas
Are Stu+ Areas 'ecause It (eans That The Routin% In!or&ationAAnd,
Thus, Netork O.erheadAIs 9e0t To A (ini&u& O.er The N+&a
"loud# De0endin% On The Desi%n, The Rest O! The Netork (i%ht
"onstitute One Other Area Or (ulti0le Areas# This -ill De0end On The
SiEe And 1roth E/0ectations O! The Os0! Do&ain#
sa ,roup Pacing
Ios 77#2aa Introduced A (echanis& 9non As "sa #roup $acing To
Reach A "o&0ro&ise 'eteen The Pro+le&s O! Indi.idual Re!resh
Ti&ers And A Sin%le (onolithic Ti&er# Each Lsa Has Its On Re!resh
Ti&er, 'ut As The Indi.idual Re!resh Ti&ers E/0ire, A Dela) Is
Introduced 'e!ore The Lsas Are Flooded# ') Dela)in%
The Re!resh, (ore Lsas "an 'e 1rou0ed To%ether 'e!ore 'ein%
Flooded, So That 80date Packets Are "arr)in% A Lar%er Nu&+er O!
Lsas# ') De!ault, The 1rou0BPacin% Inter.al Is 3=6 Seconds *= (inutes,,
And It "an 'e "han%ed -ith The "o&&and %i$ers sa!,roup!
Pacing# I! The Data+ase Is Ver) Lar%e, Decreasin% The 1rou0 Pacin%
Inter.al Is 'ene!icialC I! The Data+ase Is S&all, Increasin% The Inter.al
"an 'e 8se!ul# The Ran%e O!
The 1rou0 Pacin% Ti&er Is 76 To 7?66 Seconds
Router Sla *T)0e 7,
Ls A%e: I22
O0tions: *No TosB"a0a+ilit), Dc,
Ls T)0e: Router Links
Link State Id: 76#7#=#7 HHRouter Id
Ad.ertisin% Router: 76#7#=#7
Ls Se; Nu&+er: ?666666=
"hecksu&: 6/e6d!
Len%th: =?
Nu&+er O! Links: 3
Link "onnected To: A Transit Netork HH"onnected Netork T)0e
*Link Id, Desi%nated Router Address: 76#7#=#3
*Link Data, Router Inter!ace Address: 76#7#=#7
Nu&+er O! Tos (etrics: 6
Tos 6 (etrics: 7
Link "onnected To: A Transit Netork
*Link Id, Desi%nated Router Address: 76#7#3#3
*Link Data, Router Inter!ace Address: 76#7#3#3
Nu&+er O! Tos (etrics: 6
Tos 6 (etrics: 7
Netork Sla *T)0e 3,
Routin% 'it Set On This Lsa
Ls A%e: 47=
O0tions: *No TosB"a0a+ilit), Dc,
Ls T)0e: Netork Links
Link State Id: 76#7#3#3 *Address O! Desi%nated Router,
Ad.ertisin% Router: 76#7#=#7 HH Peer That Ad.ertised The Route
Ls Se; Nu&+er: ?6666667
"hecksu&: 6/?e>d
Len%th: 23
Netork (ask: <3=
Attached Router: 76#7#=#7 HH Router Id:s O! Drouters A Dr Router
Attached Router: 76#7#2#7 HH Has A Relationshi0 -ith L Len%th
O!
HH Netork (ask
To Fi%ure Out -hat Netorks Are Attached To -hat Routers First Look
80 The Router Sla * Sho I0 Os0! Data+ase Router MRidM,# This -ill
Sho "onnected Links, Fro& There Look 80 The Netork Sla 'ased
O!! The Desi%nated Router Address, This "ontains The Pre!i/ Len%th#
Su&&ar) Net Link States *Area >,
Ls A%e: 7755
O0tions: *No TosB"a0a+ilit), Dc, 80ard,
Ls T)0e: Su&&ar) Links*Netork,
Link State Id: 76#7#7#6 *Su&&ar) Netork Nu&+er,
Ad.ertisin% Router: 76#7#5#2
Ls Se; Nu&+er: ?6666667
"hecksu&: 6/4e++
Len%th: 3?
Netork (ask: <3=
Tos: 6 (etric: 3
Prett) Sel! E/0iator) Ad.ertisin% Router Is A+r


T)0eB4 As E/ternal Link States
T)0e 3
Routin% 'it Set On This Lsa
Ls A%e: 334
O0tions: *No TosB"a0a+ilit), Dc,
Ls T)0e: As E/ternal Link
Link State Id: 7#3#2#6 *E/ternal Netork Nu&+er ,
Ad.ertisin% Router: 333#333#333#333
Ls Se; Nu&+er: ?6666667
"hecksu&: 6/?2I+
Len%th: 2>
Netork (ask: <3=
(etric T)0e: 3 *Lar%er Than An) Link State Path,
Tos: 6
(etric: 36
Forard Address: 6#6#6#6
E/ternal Route Ta%: 6
T)0e 7
Routin% 'it Set On This Lsa
Ls A%e: ?
O0tions: *No TosB"a0a+ilit), Dc,
Ls T)0e: As E/ternal Link
Link State Id: 7#3#2#6 *E/ternal Netork Nu&+er ,
Ad.ertisin% Router: 333#333#333#333
Ls Se; Nu&+er: ?6666663
"hecksu&: 6/>323
Len%th: 2>
Netork (ask: <3=
(etric T)0e: 7 *"o&0ara+le Directl) To Link State (etric,
Tos: 6
(etric: 26
Forard Address: 6#6#6#6
E/ternal Route Ta%: 6
Su&&ar) As+ Link States *Area 7,
Ad. Router Is NotBReacha+le
Ls A%e: ==>
O0tions: *No TosB"a0a+ilit), Dc, 80ard,
Ls T)0e: Su&&ar) Links*As 'oundar) Router,
Link State Id: 333#333#333#333 *As 'oundar) Router Address,
Ad.ertisin% Router: 76#7#2#7
Ls Se; Nu&+er: ?6666667
"hecksu&: 6/7aI2
Len%th: 3?
Netork (ask: <6
Tos: 6 (etric: =
First The T)0e 4 Is Looked 80, The Ad.ertisin% Router
*333#333#333#333, Address Is Then 8sed To Looku0 The Link State For
As+r# T)0e 3 Dust Look At "ost To The As+r -hen "hoosin% -hich
Router To Forard To# T)0e 7 Looks At Total "ost#