1

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Wireless technologies have evolved remarkably since Guglielmo
Marconi first demonstrated radio's ability to provide continuous contact with
ships sailing in the English Channel in 18!" #ew theories and applications of
wireless technologies have been developed by hundreds and thousands of
scientists and engineers through the world ever since" Wireless
communications can be regarded as the most important development that has
an e$tremely wide range of applications from %& remote control and cordless
phones to cellular phones and satellite'based %& systems" (t changed people's
life style in every aspect" Especially during the last decade) the mobile radio
communications industry has grown by an e$ponentially increasing rate)
fueled by the digital and *+ ,radio fre-uency. circuits design) fabrication and
integration techni-ues and more computing power in chips" %his trend will
continue with an even greater pace in the near future"
1.1.WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS:
/ wide variety of different wireless data technologies now e$ist) some
in direct competition with one another) others designed to be optimal for
specific applications" Wireless technologies can be evaluated by a variety of
different metrics" 0f the standards evaluated) these can be grouped as
1"Wireless 1ersonnel /rea #etwork ,W1/#. systems 2"Wireless 3ocal /rea
#etwork ,W3/#. systems 4"Wireless Metropolitan /rea #etworks ,WM/#."
1.2. OFDM SYSTEMS:
0rthogonal +re-uency 5ivision Multiple$ing ,0+5M. has grown to be
the most popular communications systems in high speed communications"
0+5M technology is the future of wireless communications" 0+5M is a
2
multicarrier transmission techni-ue) which divides the bandwidth into many
carriers each one is modulated by a low rate data stream" (n term of multiple
access techni-ue) 0+5M is similar to +5M/ in that the multiple user access is
achieved by subdividing the available bandwidth into multiple channels that
are then allocated to users" 6owever) 0+5M uses the spectrum much more
efficiently by spacing the channels much closer together" %his is achieved by
making all the carriers orthogonal to one another) preventing interference
between the closely spaced carriers" %he difference between +5M and 0+5M
is as shown in the figure 1"1"
Figure 1.1 Frequen! "#e$ru% &' FDM "ign() (n* OFDM "ign()
0+5M is simply defined as a form of multi'carrier modulation where
the carrier spacing is carefully selected so that each sub carrier is orthogonal to
the other sub carriers" %wo signals are orthogonal if their dot product is 7ero"
%hat is) if you take two signals multiply them together and if their integral over
an interval is 7ero) then two signals are orthogonal in that interval"
0rthogonality can be achieved by carefully selecting carrier spacing) such as
letting the carrier spacing be e-ual to the reciprocal of the useful symbol
3
period" /s the sub carriers are orthogonal) the spectrum of each carrier has a
null at the centre fre-uency of each of the other carriers in the system" %his
results in no interference between the carriers) allowing them to be spaced as
close as theoretically possible" Mathematically) suppose we have a set of
signals then)
,1"1.
%he signals are orthogonal if the integral value is 7ero over the interval
8a a9%:) where % is the symbol period" ;ince the carriers are orthogonal to
each other the nulls of one carrier coincides with the peak of another sub
carrier" /s a result it is possible to e$tract the sub carrier of interest"

Figure 1.2 Ti%e (n* Frequen! *&%(in +ie, &' OFDM "ign()
4
1.2.1. OFDM -ener($i&n (n* Ree#$i&n
+igure 1"4 shows the block diagram of a typical 0+5M transceiver"
%he transmitter section converts digital data to be transmitted) into a mapping
of subcarrier amplitude and phase" (t then transforms this spectral
representation of the data into the time domain using an (nverse 5iscrete
+ourier %ransform ,(5+%." %he (nverse +ast +ourier %ransform ,(++%.
performs the same operations as an (5+%) e$cept that it is much more
computationally efficiency) and so is used in all practical systems" (n order to
transmit the 0+5M signal the calculated time domain signal is then mi$ed up
to the re-uired fre-uency" %he receiver performs the reverse operation of the
transmitter) mi$ing the *+ signal to base band for processing) then using a +ast
+ourier %ransform ,++%. to analy7e the signal in the fre-uency domain" %he
amplitude and phase of the subcarriers is then picked out and converted back
to digital data" %he (++% and the ++% are complementary function and the
most appropriate term depends on whether the signal is being received or
generated" (n cases where the signal is independent of this distinction then the
term ++% and (++% is used interchange
"
Figure 1.. /)&0 *i(gr(% &' OFDM $r(n"%i$$er (n* reei+er
5
%he high data rate serial input bit stream is fed into serial to parallel
converter to get low data rate output parallel bit stream" (nput bit stream is
taken as binary data" %he low data rate parallel bit stream is modulated in
;ignal mapper" Modulation can be <1;=) >1;=) and >/M etc" %he
modulated data are served as input to inverse fast +ourier transform so that
each subcarrier is assigned with a specific fre-uency" %he fre-uencies selected
are orthogonal fre-uencies" (n this block) orthogonality in subcarriers is
introduced" (n (++%) the fre-uency domain 0+5M symbols are converted into
time domain 0+5M symbols" Guard interval is introduced in each 0+5M
symbol to eliminate inter symbol interference ,(;(." /ll the 0+5M symbols
are taken as input to parallel to serial data" %hese 0+5M symbols constitute a
frame" / number of frames can be regarded as one 0+5M signal" %his 0+5M
signal is allowed to pass through digital to analog converter ,5/C." (n 5/C
the 0+5M signal is fed to *+ power amplifier for transmission" %hen the
signal is allowed to pass through additive white Gaussian noise channel
,/WG# channel."
/t the receiver part) the received 0+5M signal is fed to analog to digital
converter ,/5C. and is taken as input to serial to parallel converter" (n these
parallel 0+5M symbols) Guard interval is removed and it is allowed to pass
through +ast +ourier transform" 6ere the time domain 0+5M symbols are
converted into fre-uency domain" /fter this it is fed into ;ignal demapper for
demodulation purpose" /nd finally the low data rate parallel bit stream is
converted into high data rate serial bit stream which is in form of binary"
1.2.2. OFDM SYSTEM:
%he following block diagram shows 0rthogonal +re-uency 5ivision
Multiple$ing ,0+5M. system consists of various blocks as in figure 1"?"%he
input data bits are mapped by the modulation >1;= where the bits are
6
grouped as symbols and (nverse +ast +ourier transform is taken" #ow the
training se-uences and cyclic prefi$ are inserted which is passed through the
/WG# and +ading channel" With the help of synchroni7ation) the 0+5M
symbols are mapped to the original position if any offset occurs due to the
channel behavior" /fter that removal of cyclic prefi$) training se-uences and
++% is taken for the 0+5M symbols" #ow the symbols are decoded into bits"

Figure 1.1 /)&0 *i(gr(% &' OFDM S!"$e% ,i$2 S!n2r&ni3($i&n
1... ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE RECEI4ER SU/-SYSTEM:
0+5M systems are very sensitive to timing synchroni7ation) fre-uency
offset synchroni7ation and fre-uency'selective fading channels" Carrier
fre-uency offset ,C+0. estimation and compensation are critical in 0+5M
communications) since the orthogonality of subcarriers makes a simple 0+5M
receiver feasible" 6owever) C+0 destroys the orthogonality between active
users) and causes inter'carrier interference ,(C(. and multiple'access
interference ,M/(." %ime synchroni7ation is another issue involves finding the
DATA /ITS
SYNCHRONI5A
TION
6PS7
MAPPIN-
IFFT
CYCLIC
PREFI8
AW-N 9
FADIN-
CHANNEL
REMO4E
CYCLIC
PREFI8:TR
AININ-
SE6UENCE
FFT E6UAILI5A
TION
SYM/OL
DETECTIO
N
TRAININ-
SE6UENCE
7
best possible time instant for the start of received 0+5M frame" ;o it is
necessary to mitigate the above two issues associated with the receiver sub'
system"
1.1. LITERATURE SUR4EY:
(n 81:) the authors discussed about synchroni7ation using training
se-uences" Estimation of timing offset) fre-uency offset are done in this
report"
(n 82:) symbol detection using one training se-uence for two symbols"
%he algorithm use Cram@erA*ao lower bound for fre-uency offset"
(n 84:) describes about Ma$imum 3ikelihood Estimation ,M3E. of
symbol and carrier fre-uency offset with the help of Cyclic prefi$"
(n 8?:) describes optimal M3 estimator of time and fre-uency offset
using window" %he correlation residing in cyclic prefi$ samples and
useful data samples"
1.;. SCOPE OF THE WOR7:
(t is aimed to study the receiver synchroni7ation algorithm of 0+5M
systems which is shown in figure 1"? by simulating a transceiver model" With
the help of design specification chosen) the algorithm in 81: was carried out
with the help of M/%3/< simulation considering the effects of multipath
channel impairments) Carrier +re-uency 0ffset ,C+0. and synchroni7ation of
0+5M symbol"
8
+ollowing to this introduction) Chapter 2 describes various multipath
channel and provides generation of training se-uence" Chapter 4 e$plains the
techni-ues involved in synchroni7ation of 0+5M receiver over time) carrier
fre-uency and phase offsets" %he simulation specifications and observed
results are discussed in Chapter ?" Chapter B concludes the work carried out in
phase'(( proCect work"
9
CHAPTER-2
MULTIPATH CHANNELS AND -ENERATION OF
TRAININ- SE6UENCE

(n this chapter we will first describe fading and multipath) the
performance'limiting phenomena that occur in wireless atmospheric radio
channels) and then turn our attention to modeling and simulation of these
channels" +ading and Multipath occur in many radio communication systems"
%hese effects were first observed and analy7ed in troposcatter systems in the
1BDs and early 1EDs" (n any wireless communication system there could be
more than one path over which the signal can travel between the transmitter
and receiver antennas" %he presence of multiple paths is due to atmospheric
scattering and refraction) or reflections from buildings and other obCects" (n a
multipath situation) the signals arriving along different paths will have
different attenuations and delays and they might add at the receiving antenna
either constructively or destructively" (f the path lengths andFor the geometry
change due to changes in the transmission medium or due to relative motion of
the antennas) as in the mobile case) the signal level might be subCected to wild
fluctuations" Multipath fading affects the signal in two waysG dispersion ,time
spreading or fre-uency selectivity. and time'variant behavior"
Mobile communication is affected) in addition to multipath ,or small-
scale fading.) to another type of fading which is referred to as shadow or large'
scale fading" ;hadow fading reveals itself as an attenuation of the average
signal power" ;hadow fading is induced by prominent terrain contours ,hills)
buildings) etc". between transmitter and receiver" %he receiver is said to be
shadowed by these obCects"
10
2.1. WIRELESS CHANNELS:
Wireless channels operate through electromagnetic radiation from the
transmitter to the receiver" (n principle) one could solve the electromagnetic
field e-uations) in conCunction with the transmitted signal) to find the
electromagnetic field impinging on the receiver antenna" %his would have to
be done taking into account the obstructions caused by ground) buildings)
vehicles) etc" in the vicinity of this electromagnetic wave"
/ good understanding of the wireless channel) its key physical
parameters and the modeling issues) lays the foundation for simulating a
wireless channel" %he defining characteristic of the mobile wireless channel is
the variations of the channel strength over time and over fre-uency" %he
variations can be roughly divided into two types
Large-scale fading) due to path loss of signal as a function of
distance and shadowing by large obCects such as buildings and
hills" %his occurs as the mobile moves through a distance of the
order of the cell si7e) and is typically fre-uency independent"
Small-scale fading) due to the constructive and destructive
interference of the multiple signal paths between the transmitter
and receiver" %his occurs at the spatial scale of the order of the
carrier wavelength) and is fre-uency dependent"
2.1.1. R(!)eig2 2(nne):
*ayleigh channel is also a kind of slow fading channel" (n a radio link)
the *+ signal from the transmitter may be reflected from obCects such as hills)
buildings) or vehicles" %his gives rise to multiple transmission paths at the
receiver" %he relative phase of multiple reflected signals can cause
constructive or destructive interference at the receiver" %his is e$perience over
11
very short distances ,typically at half wavelength distances.) thus is given the
term fast fading" %he *ayleigh distribution is commonly used to describe the
statistical time varying nature of the received signal power"
2.1.2. Di"re$e %u)$i#($2 2(nne) %&*e):
(f a multipath channel is composed of a set of discrete resolvable
components that originate as reflections or scattering from smaller structures)
e"g") houses) small hills) etc") it is called a discrete multipath channel" %he
model in its most general form has) in addition to variable tap gains) variable
delays and a variable number of taps" %his model is applicable mostly to
rapidly changing environments" %he low pass'e-uivalent impulse response of a
discrete multipath channel is given in the following e-uation 2"1)
H ,2"1.
With the corresponding output is given by)
H ,2"2.
+or many channels it can be assumed as a reasonable appro$imation that
the number of discrete components is constant and the delay values vary very
slowly and can also be assumed constant" %he model then simplify
H ,2"4.
%his multipath channel model can be reali7ed by means of multi tap +(*
filter) where the number of taps depends on number of reflected paths"
12
2.2. INTRODUCTION OF SYNCHRONI5ATION:
;ynchroni7ation is the method which synchroni7es the transmitter and
receiver of the 0+5M symbols" %here are two categories of synchroni7ation
in generalG
D($(-Ai*e* %e$2&*": / known data se-uences is to be transmitted and
which has to be known to both transmitter and receiver" %he drawback
of the data'aided scheme is the leakage of the bandwidth efficiency due
to redundancy overhead"
%wo methods are used namely)
1ilot based
%raining se-uence based
(n #i)&$ <("e*) the data symbols is known to both transmitter and
receiver" %he pilots are inserted in between of 0+5M symbols" Generally it is
comple$ form and operated in the fre-uency domain"
(n $r(ining <("e*) a block of data symbols is known to both transmitter
and receiver" %his block of data symbol is inserted either at the starting of
0+5M symbols or at the end of the 0+5M symbols " 5ue to this information
rate is reduced"
N&n-D($(-Ai*e* %e$2&*": #on'data'aided methods or called blind
relying on the cyclostationarity and virtual sub'carriers) etc" %he blind
estimation re-uires a large amount of computational comple$ity"
13
Te2nique" in S!n2r&ni3($i&n:
Correlation based
(n &rre)($i&n <("e* method) the main idea is to perform correlation
between the data symbols and to find which position is having correlation
peak"
%wo approaches are used namely
Correlation is done between the received data and its delayed
parts
Correlation is performed with the received data and with the local
se-uences"
%he different types of synchroni7ation errors are given by a tree diagram
shown in figure 2"1"
;ynchroni7ation Errors
%iming Errors +re-uency Errors
;ampling clock S!%<&) $i%ing RF O"i))($&r 5oppler effect
%iming 0ffset +re-uency offset
14

Figure 2.1 T!#e" &' "!n2r&ni3($i&n err&r
2... -ENERATION OF TRAININ- SE6UENCE:
/ 1seudo'random #oise ,1#. se-uence is a se-uence of binary
numbers) e"g" I1) which appears to be randomJ but is in fact perfectly
deterministic" %he se-uence appears to be random in the sense that the binary
values and groups or runs of the same binary value occur in the se-uence in
the same proportion they would if the se-uence were being generated based on
a fair Kcoin tossingK e$periment" (n the e$periment) each head could result in
one binary value and a tail the other value"
/ 1# se-uence is generated and used as a training se-uence" 6ere
assumed order H ) the generator polynomial used is $

9$
?
9 1" (n the
simulation we used training se-uenceH2BE) so it will produce B11 symbols"
0ut of that the first 2BE symbols are used as training se-uence" 1# se-uence is
constructed by linear shift back registers and e$clusive 0* gate as shown in
figure 2"2"
Figure 2.2 -ener($i&n &' PN "equene
We consider the effects of ;ymbol timing and *+ mismatch oscillator which
leads to timing offset and fre-uency offset respectively are e$plained in the
future chapters
15
CHAPTER-.
OFDM RECEI4ER DESI-N CONSIDERATIONS
(n digital radio communication systems information symbols are
transmitted by means of suitably chosen waveforms that modulate a carrier
signal with a suitably chosen fre-uency" 5ue to the radio environment)
imperfections generate fluctuations in these waveforms actually are received"
<ecause of these fluctuations) the receiver's knowledge of the
transmitterLs carrier fre-uency and waveform constellation is not always
sufficient to assure reliable detection" (n order to detect the information
symbols reliably) the receiver may need to counteract the channel
uncertainties"
%he re-uirements on the synchroni7ation depend) among other factors)
on the type of modulation" %his chapter is concerned with how channel
uncertainties are estimated in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
,0+5M. transmission systems" (t addresses the estimation of symbol time
offsets) carrier fre-uency offsets and phase offsets"
<efore an 0+5M receiver can demodulate the subcarriers) it has to
perform two synchroni7ation tasks" +irst it has to find where the symbol
boundaries are and what the optimum timing instants are to minimi7e the
effect of inter carrier interference ,(C(. and inter symbol interference ,(;(."
16
;econd it has to estimate and correct for the carrier fre-uency offset of the
received signal because any offset which introduces (C(" (n this chapter we
discuss timing synchroni7ation techni-ues) fre-uency offset estimation
techni-ues and phase offset estimation techni-ues in detail in order to nullify
the effects of (C(" %he baseband modulated signal s(n) ) after parallel to serial
conversion and (++% is e$pressed as)
,4"1.
%he received comple$ signal that is transmitted over a multipath channel
with impulse response h,n)l.) $,n. is the output signal which is e$pressed as
$,n.H ,4"2.
%he received signal is corrupted by /WG# noise and fading by
channel" %he offsets between the transmitter and receiver is modeled in
received signal with schematic shown in figure 4"1" %he received is modeled
with e-uation ,4"4."
9 w,n. ,4"4.
Where)
' Mnknown arrival time of the received symbol
' +re-uency offset"
' /WG# channel
17
Figure ..1 /)&0 *i(gr(% &' $i%e: 'requen!: #2("e &''"e$ in"er$i&n in
$r(n"%i$$e* "ign() ,i$2 AW-N 2(nne)
%he estimated offsets are used to correct the received signal before
passing the same to the detector" %he process carrier out in the course is
depicted in figure 4"2"
Figure ..2 In$ern() <)&0" &' S!n2r&ni3($i&n
..1. SYM/OL SYNCHRONI5ATION OF OFDM SYSTEM:
0+5M is a well known multi'carrier modulation techni-ue which can
provide significant robustness to channels with long delay spreads at the cost
of a loss in spectral efficiency" 0+5M efficiently modulates N parallel sub'
carriers by performing an N'point inverse discrete +ourier transform ,(5+%. on
N comple$ data symbols" %he output of the (5+% consists of N samples which
are referred to as an 0+5M symbol"
18
6ence) 0+5M needs to employ time and fre-uency synchroni7ation"
%ime synchroni7ation is to decide for the symbol boundaries" Commonly) a
se-uence of known symbols' preamble ,training se-uence. is used to detect the
symbol boundaries" (t has less sensitivity to timing offset as compared with
single'carrier systems) since timing offset does not violate the orthogonality of
subcarriers in 0+5M system) but causes (;( in single'carrier systems"
%he 0+5M symbol is added with training se-uences and cyclically
e$tended and transmitted over the air" (f the channel is static during the
duration of one 0+5M symbol and if the receiver is perfectly synchroni7ed)
the sub'carriers orthogonality is maintained at the receiver" %herefore) the data
transmitted on each sub'carrier can be recovered by means of a 5+%"
6owever) the receiver has to be synchroni7ed with the transmitter both in
fre-uency and time domain"
%he method uses the training se-uence to detect the beginning of the
0+5M symbol" %he frame structure of the 0+5M structure is shown in
figure4"4"+or every 1DD 0+5M symbols) one training se-uence is used"
%raining se-uence of length of B12 is used"
%raining
se-uence
;ym1 ;ym2 N" N" ;ym
1DD
%raining
se-uence
;ym1 ;ym2 N ;ym
1DD
Figure ... S$ru$ure &' OFDM "!%<&)" ,i$2 $r(ining "equene
..1.1. S!n2r&ni3($i&n u"ing $r(ining "equene %e$2&*:
(n this work) the training se-uence of B12 symbols is generated and
inserted at appropriate position as shown in figure 4"4" (nstead of correlating
the cyclic prefi$ in the conventional method) the local copy of the training
19
se-uence is correlated with the received signal to achieve timing
synchroni7ation" (n a buffer having a length of one subframe containing the
received signal) the samples over training se-uences length are collected from
their reference locations in the transmitted se-uence and correlated with the
local copy of training se-uence" %he algorithm is described by e-uation ,4"?.)

arg min O ,4"?.
Where)
HEstimated %iming point
#H 3ength of training se-uence
..2. CARRIER FRE6UENCY OFFSET:
0ne of the principal disadvantages of 0+5M is sensitivity to fre-uency
offset in the channel" %here are two deleterious effects caused by fre-uency
offsetJ one is the reduction of signal amplitude in the output of the filters
matched to each of the carriers and the second is introduction of (C( from the
other carriers which are now no longer orthogonal to the filter" <ecause) in
0+5M systems) the carriers are inherently closely spaced in fre-uency
domain"
..2.1 C(rrier 'requen! &''"e$ e"$i%($i&n (n* &rre$i&n:
%he received signal spectrum is shifted from its optimum location by the
offset between the local and transmitter carrier" %he offset reflected in the
sampling leads to addition of interference from the symbols transmitted on
other subcarriers to the desired subcarrier" %his interference is called
intercarrier interference ,(C(." %his is illustrated in figure 4"?"
20
/ fre-uency offset estimate may be generated at the receiver with the
aid of known training se-uences to the receiver" /n algorithm based on
correlating the cyclic prefi$ is presented to estimate fre-uency offset from the
demodulated data signals in the receiver" %he techni-ue involves repetition of
a data symbol and comparison of the phases of each of the carriers between the
successive symbols" ;ince the modulation phase values are not changed) the
phase shift of each of the carriers between successive repeated symbols is due
to the fre-uency offset" %he fre-uency offset is estimated using a ma$imum
likelihood estimate ,M3E. algorithm as in e-uation ,4"B."
Figure ..1 C(rrier Frequen! O''"e$ in OFDM "#e$ru%
%he procedure for obtaining fre-uency offset is obtained by leaving the
training se-uences) considers only the 0+5M symbols which include C1" %he
correlation of cyclic prefi$ with the tail of the 0+5M symbols yields the
estimated value of fre-uency offset) provided by e-uation ,4"B. and this
method is called as ma$imum likelihood estimate ,M3E. "
,4"B.
21
.... P2("e &''"e$ :
+re-uency estimation alone could not complete the carrier
synchroni7ation) additionally it re-uires estimating and correcting the phase
offset also" 3et the C+0 corrected signal is represented is d,k.) then the
resultant fre-uency offset corrected signal r,k.) which is represented as
,4"E.
/ll the symbols are phase rotated by a constant " %o estimate the
phase) received signal is r,k. is multiplied with conCugate of training se-uence)
which is represented as
,4"!.
%he angle of y,k. provides the estimate of the phase" With this) the
phase corrected signal is obtained as 7,k. given by)
,4"8.

%his 7,k. is synchroni7ed signal which is passed through a 0+5M
demodulator for further processing to retrieve the information from the signal"
22
CHAPTER 1
OFDM RECEI4ER SIMULATION
%he block diagram of 0+5M system shown in figure has been carried
out with the following design specifications with anomalies described in the
earlier chapters like %ime offset) Carrier +re-uency offset and phase offset"
1.1. DESI-N SPECIFICATIONS:
(n this work) the simulation parameters have taken as stated in 81:" %his
used 2BE point fast +ourier transform ,++%. with 2?D active subcarriers) 1B
guard subcarriers) 1? cyclic prefi$) sample fre-uency of 1"EM67) subcarriers
spacing of E"2Bk67) training se-uences of 2BE" %hese have been summari7ed
in table ?"1,a.) ,b."
T(<)e 1.1=(> De"ign "#ei'i($i&n =I>
PARAMETERS 4ALUE
#fft 2BE
#Msed Carriers 2?D
#umber of lower fre-uency guard sub carriers 8
#umber of higher fre-uency guard sub carriers !
Cyclic prefi$ 1?
T(<)e 1.1 =<> De"ign "#ei'i($i&n =II>
PARAMETERS 4ALUE
;ample fre-uency 1"EM67
;ample time ,%
s
. E2Bns,1F1"EM67.
0+5M symbol interval 1E8"!BPs, 2!D Q %
s
.
C1 length 8"!BPs , 1?Q%
s
.
;ub carrier spacing E"2B=67,1"EM67F2BE.
#umber of training se-uences 2BE symbols
Modulation >1;=
23
1.2. SIMULATION OF OFDM SYSTEM IN RAYLEI-H CHANNEL:
%he simulation of 0+5M system is carried out with the help of
following design specification in *ayleigh multipath channel
T(<)e 1.2 De"ign "#ei'i($i&n
;ampling %ime D"1ns
1ath delays in ns D !81 1BE 24??
1ath gains in d< D '4 'E '
5elay spread 24??ns
5oppler shift D
+ading type +re-uency selective R slow fading
1... SYM/OL SYNCHRONI5ATION OF OFDM SYSTEM:
/ well'known drawback of 0+5M is that it re-uires accurate symbol
synchroni7ation because the 0+5M signal is demodulated based on symbol
structure and the arriving time of the received signal is unknown" Wrong
symbol synchroni7ation would cause the inter'symbol interference ,(;(.) and
then bring up an increase of bit error rate ,<E*.) so it is essential to achieve
accurate and fast symbol synchroni7ation for 0+5M system"
%he following graph shows that when offset H 2D and estimated timing
is B4?) the 0+5M system gets synchroni7ed to the estimated timing"
24
5933 5933.2 5933.4 5933.6 5933.8 5934 5934.2 5934.4 5934.6 5934.8 5935
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
PROBABILITY VS ESTIMATED TIMING
estimated timing
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Figure 1.1 Pr&<(<i)i$! &urrene &' e"$i%($e* $i%ing
1...1. O<"er+($i&n":
+rom the simulation it has been inferred that after an ;#* value greater
than D d< 0+5M system is properly synchroni7ed"
+or different value of offsets) simulation confirms that the system gets
e$actly synchroni7ed for positive ;#*"
1.1. CARRIER FRE6UENCY OFFSET ESTIMATION:
/s we saw in the earlier chapters C+0 is due to the mismatch of the *+
oscillator in the transmitter and receiver side of the 0+5M system"
(n the figure ?"2 as ;#* value increases) M;E of estimated C+0
decreases under *ayleigh channel"
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
x 10
-5
SNR in dB
M
S
E

f
o
r

C
F
O
MSE plot for delw=0.0025
Figure 1.2. SNR 4" MSE '&r ?@A0.0025
(t is observed that the offset is possible to estimate e$actly while the channel is
/WG#" (f the noise increases or channel becomes highly faded) the error in
the estimate becomes larger beyond the values"
1.1. PHASE OFFSET ESTIMATION
(n figure ?"4 as ;#* increases) M;E of 1hase offset estimation,in
radian. decreases"
26
Figure 1.. SNR 4" MSE &' #2("e &''"e$=B.;2.; in
r(*i(n>
%he following table shows estimation of phase for different values of
offset shown in %able ?"?
T(<)e 1.. P2("e e"$i%($i&n in AW-N: R(!)eig2
2(nne)=SNRA2B*/>
P2("e
&''"e$=in
r(*i(n>
E"$i%($e*
&''"e$=AW-N
2(nne)>
E"$i%($e*
&''"e$=R(!)eig2
2(nne)>
D"B24E D"B2?1 D"B4E
D"E1D D"E1D! D"E1!D
D"E8 D"ED D"EB4
D"!8B? D"!8BD D"!1E
D"8!2! D"8!4D D"88B?
D"B D"BE D"EB8
1"D?!2 1"D?E8 1"D4?D
1"14?B 1"14?8 1"1BD4
1"221! 1"2218 1"2!4
27
/s in the case of fre-uency estimation) the phase estimate also works
well in the higher ;#* and deviates from the e$pected while the noise
increases as well as fading increases"
CHAPTER- ;
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WOR7
;.1. CONCLUSION:
%hus in this proCect 0+5M system is simulated based on the selected
specifications and receiver algorithm was verified with the help of M/%3/<
by considering the receiver design anomalies like timing offset) Carrier
+re-uency 0ffset) phase offset" %iming synchroni7ation is done with the help
of training se-uences inserted between the 0+5M symbols" Carrier fre-uency
offset is cancelled by means Ma$imum 3ikelihood Estimate ,M3E. and 1hase
offset is estimated and corrected with the help of training se-uence
%he insertion of training se-uence aids the synchroni7ation with
minimum estimation error"
(t has been inferred that for ;#* value of greater than Dd<) the
0+5M system is properly synchroni7ed with the aid of training
se-uence"
28
(n C+0 and 1hase estimation) it is observed that for ;#* value
greater than 1Dd<) M;E values reduces and errors are obtained in
"

;.2. FUTURE WOR7:
6ere the training se-uence is generated by 1# se-uence" +urther the
se-uence can be also generated by different methods such as Gold se-uence)
combination of 1# and Gold se-uence"
29
REFERENCES
81:" Shang *ong'tao Tie Tian'7hong Wang Ti) U ;ynchroni7ation /lgorithm
for 0+5M based on %raining Cyclic 1refi$V' (nternational Conference on
Communication %echnology (CC%) May 2DDE"
82:" ;chmidl % M) Co$ 5 C) U *obust fre-uency and timing synchroni7ation
for 0+5M"V' (EEE %ransactions on Communications) &olume ?B #o"12
pp"1E14 A 1E21)Wune 2DD2"
84:" &an de <eek W W) ;andell M) <oriesson 1) U M3 estimation of time and
fre-uency offset in 0+5M ;ystemsV ' (EEE %ransaction on ;ignal
1rocessing) volume ?B #o"! pp"18DD A 18DB)Wan 1!"
8?:" 3ee" W) 3ou) 6 and %oumpakaris) 5) UMa$imum likelihood estimation of
time and fre-uency offset for 0+5M systemsV' Electronics 3etters" &olume
?D) (ssue 22) 28 1age,s.G1?28 A 1?2) 0ct 2DD?"
30
8B:" Michele Morelli) Member (EEE) C"'C" Way =uo) +ellow (EEE) and
Man'0n 1un) Member (EEE A U;ynchroni7ation %echni-ues for 0rthogonal
+re-uency 5ivision Multiple /ccess ,0+5M/.VG / %utorial *eview
8E:" 6ung #guyen'3e and %ho 3e'#goc) U 1ilot'/ided Woint C+0 and 5oubly'
;elective Channel Estimation for 0+5M %ransmissions U(EEE transactions on
broadcasting) vol" BE) no" ? 1age #oG 4?B'4E2) 0ct 2DDD"
PU/LICATION
Cee+(r(D(.R U ;%M5X 0+ ;X#C6*0#(S/%(0# %EC6#(>ME; (# 0+5M
;X;%EMV) #ational Conference on *ecent %rends in (nformation and
Communication %echnology *%(C%L12) <annari /mman (nstitute of
%echnology) (;<#'!8'81'88?2'BD'2)11" ?D'?4) D2'D4 /pril 2D12"