Chapter 5

Organizational Behavior, 15e (Robbins/Judge)
Chapter 5 Personality and Values

1) According to Gordon Allport, ________ is defined as the dynamic organization within the individual
of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.
A) cognitive dissonance
) heredity
!) personality
") descent
#) genealogy
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) &he definition of personality we most frequently use was produced 'y Gordon Allport
nearly () years ago. *e said personality is +the dynamic organization within the individual of those
psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.+
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1uest. !ategory$ !oncept
/earning 0utcome$ #%plain the relationship 'etween personality traits and individual 'ehavior
2) 3ho defined personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment4
A) /eon 5estinger
) "r. 6igmund 5reud
!) Gordon Allport
") A'raham 7aslow
#) 8van ,avlov
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) &he definition of personality most frequently used was produced 'y Gordon Allport
nearly () years ago. *e said that personality is +the dynamic organization within the individual of those
psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.+
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.) ________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
A) &alent
) 69ill
!) :nowledge
") *eredity
#) ,ersonality
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) ,ersonality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with
others.
1
!opyright ; 2)1. ,earson #ducation, 8nc. ,u'lishing as ,rentice *all
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<) #sther /ugo has gone for an interview at an advertising firm in 7anhattan and has 'een as9ed to
complete a self=report survey to help interviewers understand if she is the right candidate for the jo'.
5rom the interview, they have found that she is e%troverted, empathic, scrupulous, and cooperative in
nature, which are 9ey characteristics needed for the jo'. &hese characteristics a'out /ugo indicate her
________.
A) talent
) s9ill
!) 9nowledge
") genealogy
#) personality
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) ,ersonality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with
others.
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1uest. !ategory$ Application
>) 3hich of the following is the most common means of measuring personality4
A) in=depth interviews
) self=report surveys
!) career portfolio
") reference interviews
#) stress interviews
Answer$
#%planation$ ) &he most common means of measuring personality is through self=report surveys. 8n
such surveys, individuals evaluate themselves on a series of factors, such as +8 worry a lot a'out the
future.+
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?) 3hich of the following is a draw'ac9 of self=report surveys4
A) 8t can hold only a limited num'er of questions.
) 8t involves a large num'er of people in the evaluation process.
!) 8t may have 'iased results if the surveyor@s judgement is 'iased.
") 8t comprises of a large num'er of comple% statistical data.
#) 8t may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression.
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) &he most common means of measuring personality is through self=report surveys.
&hough self=report measures wor9 well when well constructed, one wea9ness is that the respondent
might lie or practice impression management to create a good impression.
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/earning 0utcome$ "efine organizational 'ehavior and identify the varia'les associated with its study
() 8n ________, a co=wor9er or another o'server does an independent assessment of personality, with or
without the su'ject@s 9nowledge.
A) o'server=ratings surveys
) paid surveys
!) 9nowledge surveys
") deviation surveys
#) cadastral surveys
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) 0'server=ratings surveys provide an independent assessment of personality. 8n such
surveys, a co=wor9er or another o'server does the rating, with or without the su'ject@s 9nowledge.
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A) &racy 3inter wor9s at a pu'lishing firm in /ondon and recently received an e=mail from the human
resource department of her company, as9ing her to study a colleague, !indy !amp@s 'ehavior and
attention toward her wor9 without her 9nowledge. 3inter now needs to scrutinize her 'ehavior and
notice if she is free from distractions and pays sufficient importance to her tas9s. 3hich of the following
is 3inter conducting4
A) o'server=ratings survey
) informational interview
!) 9nowledge survey
") participant o'servation
#) focus group survey
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) 0'server=ratings surveys provide an independent assessment of personality. 8n such
surveys, a co=wor9er or another o'server does the rating, with or without the su'ject@s 9nowledge.
.
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B) 3hich of the following terms refers to factors such as one@s 'iological, physiological, and inherent
psychological ma9eup determined at conception4
A) social identity
) heredity
!) 'ehavioral contagion
") self=concordance
#) social loafing
Answer$
#%planation$ ) ,ersonality appears to 'e a result of 'oth hereditary and environmental factors.
*eredity refers to factors determined at conception. ,hysical stature, facial attractiveness, gender,
temperament, muscle composition and refle%es, energy level, and 'iological rhythms are generally
considered to 'e either completely or su'stantially influenced 'y one@s 'iological, physiological, and
inherent psychological ma9eup.
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1)) 3hich of the following statements is true a'out personality4
A) ,ersonality is free from the influence of the environment.
) ,ersonality remains constant over time.
!) ,ersonality can 'e measured solely through personal interviews.
") ,ersonality is influenced 'y hereditary factors.
#) ,arents highly influence the development of our personality.
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") ,ersonality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with
others. ,ersonality appears to 'e a result of 'oth hereditary and environmental factors and it changes
over time. -esearch suggests that parents don@t add much to our personality development.
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11) 3hich of the following does the heredity approach state4
A) An individual@s personality is determined 'y the the social 'ac9ground one is 'rought up in.
) An individual@s personality is determined 'y molecular structure of the genes.
!) An individual@s personality is influenced 'y the economic settings he is surrounded 'y.
") A person@s personality traits are created 'y the company he 9eeps i.e., his friends and family.
#) A person@s personality traits are largely influenced 'y glo'al trends and characteristics.
Answer$
#%planation$ ) *eredity refers to factors determined at conception. &he heredity approach argues that
the ultimate e%planation of an individual@s personality is the molecular structure of the genes, located in
the chromosomes.
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12) &he ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 1))=questions where respondents are
classified as e%traverted=introverted, sensing=intuitive, thin9ing=feeling, and judging=perceiving.
A) 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator
) ir9man 7ethod
!) :arolins9a 6cales of ,ersonality
") :eirsey &emperament 6orter
#) &aylor=Cohnson &emperament Analysis
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) &he 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) is the most widely used personality
assessment instrument in the world. 8t is a 1))=question personality test that as9s people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations. -espondents are classified as e%traverted or introverted,
sensing or intuitive,thin9ing or feeling, and judging or perceiving.
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1.) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, people 'elonging to the
________ type are practical and prefer routine and order and focus on details.
A) sensing
) e%traverted
!) feeling
") perceiving
#) intuitive
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator classification, people 'elonging to the
sensing type are practical and prefer routine and order and focus on details.
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1<) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, people 'elonging to the
________ type are fle%i'le and spontaneous.
A) thin9ing
) judging
!) introverted
") sensing
#) perceiving
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, people 'elonging
to the perceiving type are fle%i'le and spontaneous. 5eeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions while handling pro'lems. #%traverted individuals are outgoing, socia'le, and assertive.
8ntroverts are quiet and shy. &hin9ing types use reason and logic to handle pro'lems.
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1>) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, people 'elonging to the
judging type ________.
A) are quiet, shy and introverted
) rely on unconscious processes
!) prefer their world to 'e ordered
") are fle%i'le and spontaneous
#) rely on personal values and emotions
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, people 'elonging
to the judging type want control and prefer their world to 'e ordered and structured.
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1?) 3hich of the following are characteristics of the intuitive type of people according to the 7yers=
riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification4
A) preferring routine and order and focusing on details
) outgoing, socia'le, and assertive in nature
!) relying on unconscious processes and loo9ing at the overall picture
") using reason, rationality, and logic to handle pro'lems and situations
#) relying on their personal values and emotions to ma9e decisions
Answer$ !
to the intuitive type rely on unconscious processes and loo9 at the +'ig picture.+
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1() #llen Athers wor9s as a communication e%ecutive at a travel house. 6he is 9nown to 'e friendly with
her colleagues and interacts with them regularly to 'uild strong wor9 relationships. 6he 9nows that her
rapport with her co=wor9ers is a crucial part of her wor9 and invests time in these relationships. 8n
addition, while ma9ing decisions, she is assertive and colleagues ta9e her decisions seriously. 3hich of
the following personality types is Athers most li9ely to 'e characterized 'y according to the 7yers=
riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification4
A) perceiving
) 'rooder
!) e%traverted
") introverted
#) solitary
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, e%traverted
people are outgoing, socia'le, and assertive whereas introverted people are quiet and shy.
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1A) #llaine !ham'erlain wor9s as a research e%ecutive at an environmental organization. &hough her
colleagues are helpful and friendly, 'ecause of her shy nature, she often eats her lunch at her des9 and
has limited interactions with them. 6he is glad that her nature of wor9 does not require her to interact
with her co=wor9ers to a high e%tent. 3hich of the following personality types is !ham'erlain most
li9ely to 'e characterized 'y according to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification4
A) social
) introverted
!) e%hi'itionist
") gregarious
#) e%traverted
Answer$
#%planation$ ) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, e%traverted
people are outgoing, socia'le, and assertive whereas introverted people are quiet and shy.
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1B) Ealerie 6inclair, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, invaria'ly uses rationale to
ma9e decisions for project implementation. 6he 'elieves that the right decisions can 'e made only
through scrutinization and analysis. #ach time she needs to ma9e a decision, she weighs all options
'efore ta9ing action. 3hich of the following is 6inclair@s personality type according to the 7yers=riggs
&ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification4
A) intuitive
) introverted
!) thin9ing
") feeling
#) perceiving
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, thin9ing types of
people use reason and logic to handle pro'lems.
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2)) Am'er "owning, a human resource e%ecutive, is in charge of the recruitment process in her
organization. "uring the hiring process, she often needs to coordinate with prospective employees. &he
organizational process does not require her to inform employees who do not get through the selection
process. *owever she 'elieves that it is rude not to give them an update. 6he thus ma9es sure that she
send them e=mails informing them all a'out the selection process. 3hich of the following personality
types is "owning characterized 'y according to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification4
A) sensing
) judging
!) thin9ing
") feeling
#) introverted
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, feeling types of
people rely on their personal values and emotions.
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A
21) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, introvertedF intuitiveF
thin9ingF judging type of people are ________.
A) visionaries
) organizers
!) conceptualizers
") e%ecutors
#) methodists
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, people 'elonging
to the 8G&C D8ntroverted, 8ntuitive, &hin9ing, Cudging) type are visionaries with original minds and great
drive. &hey are s9eptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stu''orn.
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22) ,eople 'elonging to the #6&C type are characterized as ________ according to the 7yers=riggs
&ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification.
A) irrational
) perple%ed
!) decisive
") disoriented
#) emotional
Answer$ !
to the #6&C category are organizers. &hey are realistic, logical, analytical, and decisive and have a
natural head for 'usiness or mechanics.
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2.) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, the #G&, type of people are
most li9ely to 'e ________.
A) illogical
) innovative
!) intuitive
") s9eptical
#) stu''orn
Answer$
#%planation$ ) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, the #G&, type
of people are conceptualizers, innovative, individualistic, versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial
ideas. 6uch 9inds of people tend to 'e resourceful in solving challenging pro'lems 'ut may neglect
routine assignments.
B
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2<) 3hat does the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator classification of +# or 8+ stand for4
A) enthusiasticFingenious
) emotionalFimpulsive
!) e%travertedFintroverted
") emotiveFillustrative
#) empatheticFinnovative
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) 8n the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator, individuals are classified as e%troverted or
introverted D# or 8), sensing or intuitive D6 or G), thin9ing or feeling D& or 5), and judging or perceiving
D C or ,).
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2>) 3hat does the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator classification of 6 versus G stand for4
A) sensingFintuitive
) socialFperceiving
!) sta'leFnegligent
") sympatheticFthin9ing
#) shrewdFfeeling
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) 8n the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator, individuals are classified as e%troverted or
introverted D# or 8), sensing or intuitive D6 or G), thin9ing or feeling D& or 5), and judging or perceiving
D C or ,).
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2?) 3hat is the major pro'lem with the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator as a measure of personality4
A) 8t has an e%cess of classifications which tends to confuse a person.
) 8t forces a person to 'e categorized as either one type or another.
!) 8t does not have a clear demarcation 'etween different personality types.
") 8t tends to overemphasize intuitive traits over analytical traits.
#) 8t indicates results related e%clusively to jo' performance.
Answer$
#%planation$ ) A pro'lem with the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator is that it forces a person into one type
or another. 5or instance, if one is not introverted or e%traverted, there is no in='etween, though in reality
people can 'e 'oth e%traverted and introverted to some degree.
1)
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2() &he ________ is a personality assessment model that taps 'asic dimensions which encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality, namely e%traversion, agreea'leness, conscientiousness,
emotional sta'ility, and openness to e%perience.
A) 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator
) ig 5ive 7odel
!) ir9man 7ethod
") :eirsey &emperament 6orter
#) 5ortH ,rofile
Answer$
#%planation$ ) &he ig 5ive 7odel is a personality assessment model that taps 'asic dimensions
which encompass most of the significant variations in human personality, namely e%traversion,
agreea'leness, conscientiousness, emotional sta'ility, and openness to e%perience.
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2A) 3hich dimension of the ig 5ive model refers to an individual@s propensity to defer to others4
A) conscientiousness
) agreea'leness
!) e%troversion
") openness to e%perience
#) emotional sta'ility
Answer$
#%planation$ ) &he agreea'leness dimension refers to an individual@s propensity to defer to others.
*ighly agreea'le people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. ,eople who score low on agreea'leness
are cold, disagreea'le, and antagonistic.
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2B) 3hich dimension of the ig 5ive model is a measure of relia'ility4
A) e%troversion
) agreea'leness
!) conscientiousness
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) &he conscientiousness dimension is a measure of relia'ility. A highly conscientious
person is responsi'le, organized, dependa'le, and persistent. &hose who score low on this dimension are
easily distracted, disorganized, and unrelia'le.
11
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.)) According to the ig 5ive 7odel, a highly conscientious person is most li9ely to 'e ________.
A) distracted, disorganized, and unrelia'le
) calm, self=confident, and secure
!) cold, disagreea'le, and antagonistic
") responsi'le, organized, and dependa'le
#) reserved, timid, and quiet
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") &he conscientiousness dimension is a measure of relia'ility. A highly conscientious
person is responsi'le, organized, dependa'le, and persistent.
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.1) According to the ig 5ive 7odel, a person who scores ________ is easily distracted, disorganized,
and unrelia'le.
A) low on emotional sta'ility
) low on openness to e%perience
!) high on agreea'leness
") high on e%traversion
#) low on conscientiousness
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) According to the ig 5ive 7odel, a person who scores low on conscientiousness is
easily distracted, disorganized, and unrelia'le.
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.2) 3hich of the following dimensions of the ig 5ive 7odel indicates a person@s a'ility to withstand
stress4
A) emotional sta'ility
) e%troversion
!) openness to e%perience
") agreea'leness
#) conscientiousness
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) &he emotional sta'ility dimension, often la'eled 'y its converse, neuroticism, taps a
person@s a'ility to withstand stress. ,eople with positive emotional sta'ility tend to 'e calm, self=
confident, and secure. &hose with high negative scores tend to 'e nervous, an%ious, depressed, and
insecure.
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..) According to the ig 5ive 7odel, the ________ dimension addresses a range of interests and
fascination with novelty.
A) emotional sta'ility
) e%troversion
!) openness to e%perience
") agreea'leness
#) conscientiousness
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) &he openness to e%perience dimension addresses range of interests and fascination with
novelty. #%tremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive.
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.<) 7arina /yon wor9s as a reservation e%ecutive at a travel and tourism company. &hough her jo'
requires her only to efficiently 'oo9 flight tic9ets for customers, she has also opted to undergo training
to learn the process of hotel reservations. 8n addition, every evening she reads travelogues to 'e aware of
upcoming travel destinations and trends. 6he loves the industry she wor9s in and is eager to learn as
much as she can. !onsidering the information given in this case, which dimension of the ig 5ive model
'est descri'es /yon@s personality 4
A) e%troversion
) agreea'leness
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") &he openness to e%perience dimension addresses range of interests and fascination with
novelty. #%tremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. &hose at the other end of
the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar.
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.>) ________ is as important for managers as for front=line employees and, among all ig 5ive 7odel
traits, is most consistently related to jo' performance.
A) #%troversion
) Agreea'leness
!) !onscientiousness
") #motional sta'ility
#) 0penness to e%perience
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) !onscientiousness is the ig 5ive trait most consistently related to jo' performance.
!onscientiousness is as important for managers as for front=line employees.
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.?) 3hich of the following is most li9ely to 'e a draw'ac9 of highly conscientious people according to
the ig 5ive 7odel4
A) &hey engage in numerous ris9y 'ehaviors such as smo9ing and drin9ing.
) &hey tend to indulge in irresponsi'le 'ehavior and 'e disorganized.
!) &hey do not adapt well to changing conte%ts.
") &hey focus on learning instead of performing a jo' efficiently.
#) &hey emphasize e%cessively on 'eing creative.
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) According to the ig 5ive 7odel, highly conscientious people are organized and
structured, and do not adapt well to changing conte%ts. &hey are generally performance oriented and
have more trou'le learning comple% s9ills early in the training process 'ecause their focus is on
performing well rather than on learning.
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.() Among the ig 5ive 7odel traits, ________ is most strongly related to life satisfaction, jo'
satisfaction, and low stress levels.
A) e%troversion
) agreea'leness
") emotional sta'ility
#) openness to e%perience
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") 0f the ig 5ive traits, emotional sta'ility is most strongly related to life satisfaction,
jo' satisfaction, and low stress levels. &his is pro'a'ly true 'ecause high scorers are more li9ely to 'e
positive and optimistic and e%perience fewer negative emotions.
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.A) 3ith reference to the ig 5ive 7odel, which of the following is a difference 'etween highly
agreea'le and less agreea'le people4
A) *ighly agreea'le people tend to do 'etter in interpersonally oriented jo's than less agreea'le people.
) *ighly agreea'le people are less compliant and less rule a'iding than less agreea'le people.
!) *ighly agreea'le people tend to 'e less satisfied in their jo's than less agreea'le people.
") *ighly agreea'le people engage in less organization citizenship 'ehavior than less agreea'le people.
#) *ighly agreea'le people have more tendency to engage in organizational deviance than less agreea'le
people.
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) Agreea'le individuals tend to do 'etter in interpersonally oriented jo's such as
customer service. &hey also are more compliant and rule a'iding and less li9ely to engage in
organizational deviance.
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.B) 3hich of the following differentiates introverts from e%traverts4
A) 8ntroverts tend to 'e happier in their jo's in comparison to e%troverts.
) 8ntroverts e%press feelings more freely compared to e%troverts.
!) 8ntroverts e%perience more positive emotions than e%traverts.
") 8ntroverts are generally more assertive than e%traverts.
#) 8ntroverts are less impulsive than e%traverts.
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) As compared to introverts, e%traverts tend to 'e happier in their jo's and in their lives
as a whole. #%traverts are more socially dominant than introverts and e%perience more positive emotions
than introverts. #%traverts are also more assertive than introverts and more impulsive than introverts.
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<)) ,eople scoring high on the ________ dimension of the ig 5ive 7odel are more li9ely to 'e a'sent
from wor9 and engage in ris9y 'ehavior than those who score low.
A) agreea'leness
) conscientiousness
!) openness
") e%traversion
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") #%traverts are more impulsive than introvertsI they are more li9ely to 'e a'sent from
wor9 and engage in ris9y 'ehavior.
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<1) ________ refers to 'ottom=line conclusions individuals have a'out their capa'ilities, competence,
and worth as a person.
A) !ore self=evaluation
) Authoritarianism
!) 6elf=monitoring
") 7achiavellianism
#) Agreea'leness
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) ,eople who have positive core self=evaluations li9e themselves and see themselves as
effective, capa'le, and in control of their environment. &hose with negative core self=evaluations tend to
disli9e themselves, question their capa'ilities, and view themselves as powerless over their environment.
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/earning 0utcome$ "escri'e the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values
<2) 3hich of the following statements is true a'out people with positive core self=evaluations 4
A) &hey are committed to their goals and set am'itious goals.
) &hey view themselves as powerless over their environment.
!) &hey tend to question their capa'ilities and capacities.
") &hey lac9 persistence to achieve goals.
#) &hey tend to 'e disli9ed 'y superiors and co=wor9ers.
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) ,eople with positive core self=evaluation set more am'itious goals, are more
committed to their goals, and persist longer in attempting to reach these goals. &hey are more popular
with co=wor9ers than those with negative core self=evaluation.
,age -ef$ 1.B
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
<.) 3hich of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a person is unemotional and
pragmatic and 'elieves that ends can justify means4
A) e%traversion
) machiavellianism
!) agreea'leness
") self=concordance
#) narcissism
Answer$
#%planation$ ) 7achiavellianism refers to the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains
emotional distance, and 'elieves that ends can justify means.
,age -ef$ 1<)
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
1?
<<) A high 7ach would 'e most productive in which of the following positions4
A) a manager who leads team mem'ers in different geographic locations
) an e%ecutive who has to follow stringent rules while closing a sale
!) a legal liaison who wor9s from home and coordinates with people through the phone
") a freelance researcher whose wor9 is free from interpersonal communication
#) a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) *igh 7achs flourish D1) when they interact face to face with others rather than
indirectly, D2) when the situation has a minimal num'er of rules and regulations, allowing latitude for
improvisation, and D.) when emotional involvement with details irrelevant to winning distracts low
7achs.
,age -ef$ 1<)
/0$ >
<>) ________ refers to the tendency to 'e arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self=importance, require
e%cessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.
A) Asceticism
) 6toicism
!) !ynicism
") Garcissism
#) 7achiavellianism
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") Garcissism refers to the tendency to 'e arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self=
importance, require e%cessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement. #vidence suggests that
narcissists are more charismatic and thus more li9ely to emerge as leaders, and they may even display
'etter psychological health.
,age -ef$ 1<)
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
<?) "uring an annual review, 7ichel Godfrey made the following assertion$ +3hen 8 loo9 at myself and
my performance, 8 see that what 8 have achieved is outstanding and something no one in the
organization has the capacity to underta9e. 6urprisingly, it has not won me the admiration of my
colleagues li9e it should have. 8 also 'elieve that 8 do not just deserve a raise, 'ut need one, since
without me, let@s face it, the place would simply fall apart.+ 3hich of the following personality traits
'est descri'es 7ichel@s personality4
A) minimalism
) monasticism
!) stoicism
") narcissism
#) machiavellianism
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") 7ichel is a narcissist. Garcissism is the tendency to 'e arrogant, have a grandiose sense
of self=importance, require e%cessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.
1(
,age -ef$ 1<)
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ *ard
<() 3hich of the following is true of a narcissist4
A) &hey go out of their way to 'e helpful to colleagues.
) &hey have an inferiority comple% a'out themselves.
!) &hey are more li9ely to emerge as leaders.
") &hey do not require admiration or importance of people.
#) &hey are mee9, timid, and shy in nature.
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) 8n psychology, narcissism descri'es a person who has a grandiose sense of self=
importance, requires e%cessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant. ecause
narcissists often want to gain the admiration of others and receive affirmation of their superiority, they
tend to +tal9 down+ to those who threaten them, treating others as if they were inferior. Garcissists also
tend to 'e selfish and e%ploitive and 'elieve others e%ist for their 'enefit. #vidence suggests that
narcissists are more charismatic and thus more li9ely to emerge as leaders.
,age -ef$ 1<)
/0$ >
<A) 8ndividuals scoring ________ have a strong a'ility to adjust his or her 'ehavior to e%ternal,
situational factors and can 'ehave differently in different situations.
A) low on openness
) high on narcissism
!) low on agreea'leness
") high on self=monitoring
#) low on conscientiousness
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") 6elf=monitoring refers to an individual@s a'ility to adjust his or her 'ehavior to e%ternal,
situational factors. 8ndividuals scoring high in self=monitoring show considera'le adapta'ility in
adjusting their 'ehavior to e%ternal situational factors. &hey are highly sensitive to e%ternal cues and can
'ehave differently in different situations.
,age -ef$ 1<1
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
1A
<B) 8ndividuals low in self=monitoring ________.
A) tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation
) are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and 'elieve ends can justify means.
!) have a grandiose sense of self=importance, require e%cessive admiration, and are arrogant.
") are easily distracted, disorganized, and unrelia'le.
#) tend to disli9e themselves and view themselves as powerless over their environment.
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) 8ndividuals low in self=monitoring tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes
in every situationI hence, there is high 'ehavioral consistency 'etween who they are and what they do.
,age -ef$ 1<1
/0$ >
/earning 0utcome$ "escri'e 'est practices for creating and sustaining organizational cultures
>)) As compared to high self=monitors, low self=monitors ________.
A) tend to 'e more adapta'le to e%ternal situations
) pay closer attention to the 'ehavior of others
!) have low consistency 'etween personalities and actions
") are less li9ely to emerge as leaders
#) show less commitment to their organizations
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") #vidence indicates high self=monitors pay closer attention to the 'ehavior of others and
are more capa'le of conforming than are low self=monitors. &hey also receive 'etter performance
ratings, are more li9ely to emerge as leaders, and show less commitment to their organizations. *igh
self=monitoring managers tend to 'e more mo'ile in their careers.
,age -ef$ 1<1
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
Conah is currently trying to decide whether or not to allow :ate to 'e part of a delegation that will
represent their company at an international 'usiness e%po. Apart from allowing the company to mar9et
its 'usiness to potential clients, the e%po will give the mem'ers of the delegation a chance to meet and
networ9 with various industry professionals and gain valua'le industry insights.
1B
>1) 3hich of the following, if true, would most wea9en :ate@s chances of 'eing selected4
A) :ate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation.
) :ate 'ehaves differently in different situations, and occasionally presents stri9ing contradictions
'etween her pu'lic persona and her private self.
!) :ate has a strong sense of independence and often gets wor9 done without any support from others.
") :ate is often in agreement with other@s ideas and opinions.
#) :ate is gregarious and comforta'le in changing conte%ts and am'iguous situations.
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) 8f :ate is socially inept and displays her true disposition and attitude in every situation,
then this would imply that she is a low self=monitor. !onsidering she cannot adjust her 'ehavior to
situational demands, she would not 'e a good choice for the team. 8f :ate is gregarious and comforta'le
in am'iguous situations, and if she gets wor9 done without any support from others, then this would
increase her chances of 'eing selected. 8f :ate conforms to other@s ideas and opinions then this would
suggest that she is high on agreea'leness, which would increase her chances of getting selected. 8f she
'ehaves differently in different situations, and occasionally presents stri9ing contradictions 'etween her
pu'lic persona and her private self, then this would imply that she is a high self=monitor and this would
ma9e her a suita'le choice for the delegation.
,age -ef$ 1<1
/0$ >
AA!6$ -eflective &hin9ing
"ifficulty$ *ard
1uest. !ategory$ !ritical &hin9ing
>2) 3hich of the following, if true, would most strengthen :ate@s chances of 'eing selected4
A) :ate generally considers herself to 'e 'etter than her colleagues.
) :ate is a go=getter J she is prepared to go to any length to get ahead.
!) :ate has a conventional mindset and focuses on 'eing efficient at her wor9.
") :ate often conforms to other@s ideas and opinions rather than come up with her own.
#) :ate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) 8f :ate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals then
this would strengthen her chances of 'eing selected as, at the e%po, she would have to mar9et her
company as well as meet with other industry professionals. 8f she considers herself to 'e 'etter than her
colleagues, then this would imply that she is narcissistic and hence, this would wea9en her chances of
'eing selected. 8f she is prepared to go to any length to get ahead, then this would imply that she is a
high=7ach and might even act unethicallyI hence, this would not strengthen her position. 8f she has a
conventional mindset and focuses on 'eing efficient at her wor9, then this would imply that she is not
very creative which would wea9en her chances of 'eing selected. /astly, if she often conforms to other@s
ideas and opinions rather than come up with her own, then this would imply that she is very agreea'le
'ut lac9ing in original thought, and hence this would wea9en her chances of 'eing selected.
,age -ef$ 1<1
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ *ard
2)
>.) Cohn *ardley recently joined as mar9eting director of *20, a water sports gear company. &hough in
the last five years the company has had a drastic dip in sales, ever since *ardley has joined he has turned
the figures around. 8n addition to revamping the loo9 of the 'rand, he has initiated several mar9eting
campaigns through 'roadcast media to increase customer 'ase for the company. *ardley has over the
past ? months managed to get the company to an all time high pea9 of sales. 3hich of the following
statements 'est descri'es *ardley4
A) *ardley is a low self=monitor.
) *ardley is a narcissist.
!) *ardley scores high in machiavellianism.
") *ardley has a proactive personality.
#) *ardley is a low ris9=ta9ing person.
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") ,eople with proactive personalities identify opportunities, show initiative, ta9e action,
persevere until meaningful change occurs. &hey create positive change in the environment regardless of
constraints or o'stacles.
,age -ef$ 1<2
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ *ard
><) &hose with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative, ta9e action, and persevere
until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations.
A) high self=monitoring
) proactive
!) high 7ach
") type A
#) narcissist
Answer$
#%planation$ ) &hose with a proactive personality identify opportunities, show initiative, ta9e action,
and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations.
,age -ef$ 1<2
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
/earning 0utcome$ "escri'e 'est practices for creating and sustaining organizational cultures
21
>>) 3hich of the following statements is most li9ely to 'e true regarding people with proactive
personalities4
A) &hey react passively to situations.
) &hey tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation.
!) &hey tend to 'e selfish and e%ploitive and 'elieve others e%ist for their 'enefit.
") &hey are more li9ely than others to 'e seen as leaders.
#) &hey are narcissistic in nature and require constant admiration.
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") ,eople with proactive personalities identify opportunities, show initiative, ta9e action,
persevere until meaningful change occurs. &hey create positive change in the environment regardless of
constraints or o'stacles. &hey are more li9ely than others to 'e seen as leaders and to act as change
agents.
,age -ef$ 1<2
/0$ >
>?) 3hich of the following is most li9ely to 'e true regarding people with a high level of other=
orientation4
A) &hey feel o'ligated to help people who have helped them.
) &hey help people when they e%pect to 'e helped in the future.
!) &hey tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation.
") &hey 'elieve that others e%ist for their 'enefit.
#) &hey tend to 'e selfish and e%ploitive in nature.
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) ,eople with other=orientation are concerned a'out other people@s well='eing and
feelings. &hose who are other=oriented feel more o'ligated to help others who have helped them,
whereas those who are more self=oriented will help others when they e%pect to 'e helped in the future.
,age -ef$ 1<.
/0$ >
22
7ara is loo9ing to send one of her team mem'ers on an international assignment to !hina, to train a
group of employees located at her company@s office in eijing. As part of the assignment, the chosen
employee will have to undergo a .=wee9 diversity training program to help them learn a'out their new
environment. ryan, one of 7ara@s colleagues, is interested in ta9ing up the assignment.
>() 3hich of the following, if true, would reduce the li9elihood that ryan will 'e selected4
A) ryan has had little e%posure to !hinese culture.
) ryan is proficient in !hinese.
!) ryan traveled to eijing last year on a different assignment.
") ryan does not cope very well in am'iguous situations.
#) ryan sometimes displays stri9ing contradictions 'etween his pu'lic persona and his private self.
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") 0f the ig 5ive traits, openness to e%perience would 'e most important to effectiveness
in international assignments. 0pen people are more li9ely to 'e culturally fle%i'le J to +go with the
flow+ when things are different in another country. 8f ryan is uncomforta'le in am'iguous situations
then he would most li9ely not 'e a'le to manage well in a foreign environment. 8f he is proficient in
!hinese or has traveled to eijing in the past, then it would only increase his chances of 'eing selected.
&he fact that he has had little e%posure to !hinese culture is not very relevant as he will have to attend a
diversity training program, if he is chosen for the assignment. &he fact that he sometimes displays
stri9ing contradictions 'etween his pu'lic persona and his private self does not influence his chances of
'eing selected.
,age -ef$ 1<.
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ *ard
>A) 3hich of the following, if true, would increase the li9elihood that ryan will 'e selected4
A) ryan@s application was rejected the last time he applied for an international assignment.
) ryan has trained several employees in the last si% months.
!) ryan has had little e%posure to !hinese culture.
") ryan displays stri9ing contradictions 'etween his pu'lic persona and his private self.
#) ryan is quite socia'le and can +thin9 on his feet.+
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) 0f the ig 5ive traits, openness to e%perience would 'e most important to effectiveness
in international assignments. 0pen people are more li9ely to 'e culturally fle%i'le J to +go with the
flow+ when things are different in another country. 8f ryan is socia'le and can +thin9 on his feet+ then
this would strengthen his chances of 'eing selected. Cust 'ecause his application was rejected the last
time he applied for an international assignment does not mean he will 'e given a chance this time
around. 6imilarly, it cannot 'e argued that he is the right person for this jo' just 'ecause he has trained
people in the past. &he fact that he sometimes displays stri9ing contradictions 'etween his pu'lic
persona and his private self does not influence his chances of 'eing selected.
,age -ef$ 1<.
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ *ard
2.
>B) 3hich of the following terms descri'es 'asic convictions that +a specific mode of conduct or end=
state of e%istence is personally or socially prefera'le to an opposite mode of conduct+4
A) values
) attitudes
!) emotions
") feelings
#) traditions
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) Ealues represent 'asic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end=state of
e%istence is personally or socially prefera'le to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end=state of
e%istence. Ealues contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individual@s ideas as to what is
right, good, or desira'le.
,age -ef$ 1<<
/0$ ?
"ifficulty$ #asy
?)) 3hen we ran9 an individual@s values in order of their ________, we o'tain the person@s value
system.
A) intensity
) content
!) conte%t
") fluidity
#) fle%i'ility
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) A value system is defined as a hierarchy 'ased on a ran9ing of an individual@s values in
terms of their intensity.
,age -ef$ 1<<
/0$ ?
"ifficulty$ #asy
?1) 3hich of the following is true of values 4
A) &hey are void of a judgmental element.
) &hey are invaria'ly fluid and fle%i'le in nature.
!) &hey have content and intensity attri'utes.
") &hey never change irrespective of e%ternal factors.
#) &hey are always esta'lished in a person@s later years.
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) Ealues contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individual@s ideas as to what
is right, good, or desira'le. Ealues have 'oth content and intensity attri'utes. Ealues tend to 'e relatively
sta'le and enduring. A significant portion of the values we hold is esta'lished in our early years. Ealues
may change, 'ut more often they are reinforced.
,age -ef$ 1<<
/0$ ?
2<
?2) 7ilton -o9each created the -o9each Ealue 6urvey D-E6) which consisted of two sets of values,
namely ________ values and ________ values.
A) instrumentalI terminal
) fluidI sta'le
!) fle%i'leI essential
") uniqueI general
#) fle%i'leI enduring
Answer$ A
#%planation$ A) 7ilton -o9each created the -o9each Ealue 6urvey D-E6). 8t consists of two sets of
values, namely, instrumental and terminal values.
,age -ef$ 1<>
/0$ ?
"ifficulty$ #asy
?.) According to the -o9each Ealue 6urvey, ________ values refer to desira'le end=states.
A) essential
) instrumental
!) critical
") fle%i'le
#) terminal
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) According to the -o9each Ealue 6urvey, terminal values refer to desira'le end=states.
,age -ef$ 1<>
/0$ ?
"ifficulty$ #asy
?<) According to the -o9each Ealue 6urvey, ________ values refer to prefera'le modes of 'ehavior.
A) terminal
) critical
!) instrumental
") essential
#) fle%i'le
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) According to the -o9each Ealue 6urvey, instrumental values refer to prefera'le modes
of 'ehavior.
,age -ef$ 1<>
/0$ ?
"ifficulty$ #asy
2>
?>) 3hich of the following is a terminal value according to the -o9each value survey4
A) personal discipline
) self=reliance
!) goal=orientation
") social recognition
#) self=improvement
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") According to the -o9each value survey, terminal values refer to desira'le end=states.
&hese are the goals a person would li9e to achieve during his or her lifetime. 6ocial recognition is an
end=state goal. &he other answers are means which a person could use to get to that goal.
,age -ef$ 1<>
/0$ ?
"ifficulty$ #asy
??) 3hich of the following is an instrumental value according to the -o9each value survey4
A) economic success
) social recognition
!) personal discipline
") world peace
#) meaning in life
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) 8nstrumental values refer to prefera'le modes of 'ehavior, or means of achieving the
terminal values. ,ersonal discipline is an instrumental value and all other options are terminal values.
,age -ef$ 1<>
/0$ ?
"ifficulty$ #asy
?() 3hich of the following is true of the 'a'y 'oomer generation4
A) &hey lead lives shaped mainly 'y glo'alization.
) &hey are more questioning and entrepreneurial than the other generations.
!) &hey give high importance to achievement and material success.
") &hey give the highest importance to fle%i'ility and life options.
#) &hey rate highest in friendship and pleasure on the -E6.
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) oomers entered the wor9force from the mid=1B?)s through the mid=1BA)s. &hey place
a great deal of emphasis on achievement and material success. &hey 'elieve that ends can justify means
and wor9 hard to enjoy the fruits of la'or.
,age -ef$ 1<?
/0$ (
2?
?A) Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory presents si% personality types. 3hich of the following is
one of these si% types4
A) analytic
) imaginative
!) practical
") investigative
#) intuitive
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory presents si% personality types. &hese types are
realistic, investigative, social, conventional, enterprising, and artistic.
,age -ef$ 1<B
/0$ (
"ifficulty$ #asy
?B) 3ith reference to Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, people 'elonging to the realistic type
will 'e most suita'le for the jo' of aDn) ________.
A) economist
) teacher
!) mechanic
") lawyer
#) 'iologist
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) -ealistic personalities prefer physical activities that require s9ill, strength, and
coordination. &hey thrive in jo's such as mechanics, drill press operators, assem'ly=line wor9ers, and
farmers.
,age -ef$ 1<B
/0$ (
"ifficulty$ #asy
()) *elp Aid, a non=profit organization in 8ndonesia, wor9s at providing education in underdeveloped
countries. &hey are now loo9ing to hire a teacher who can educate children in Gami'ia and help get into
jo's which can sustain themselves. According to *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, people 'elonging
to which of the following personality types will 'est suit *elp Aid@s requirement4
A) conventional
) realistic
!) enterprising
") artistic
#) social
Answer$ #
#%planation$ #) According to *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, social personalities are friendly,
socia'le, cooperative, and understanding. !areers for social personalities include social wor9er, teacher,
and counselor among others.
2(
,age -ef$ 1<B
/0$ (
"ifficulty$ *ard
(1) 3ith reference to Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, people 'elonging to the ________ type
prefer ver'al activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers.
A) realistic
) conventional
!) artistic
") enterprising
#) investigative
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") 3ith reference to Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, people 'elonging to the
enterprising type prefer ver'al activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain
powers.
,age -ef$ 1<B
/0$ (
"ifficulty$ #asy
(2) 3ith reference to Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, people 'elonging to the investigating
type prefer ________.
A) activities that involve helping and developing others
) activities that involve thin9ing, organizing, and understanding
!) physical activities that require s9ill, strength, and coordination
") am'iguous and imaginative activities that allow creative e%pression
#) activities in which there are opportunities to influence others
Answer$
#%planation$ ) 3ith reference to Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, people 'elonging to the
+investigating+ type prefer activities that involve thin9ing, organizing, and understanding.
,age -ef$ 1<B
/0$ (
"ifficulty$ #asy
2A
(.) 3ith reference to the *ofstede@s framewor9, a class or caste system that discourages upward
mo'ility is more li9ely to e%ist in a nation that scores ________.
A) high on individualism
) low on masculinity
!) high on power distance
") low on uncertainty avoidance
#) high on long=term orientation
Answer$ !
#%planation$ !) ,ower distance descri'es the degree to which people in a country accept that power in
institutions and organizations is distri'uted unequally. A high rating on power distance means that large
inequalities of power and wealth e%ist and are tolerated in the culture, as in a class or caste system that
discourages upward mo'ility.
,age -ef$ 1>)
/0$ A
AA!6$ 7ulticultural and "iversity
"ifficulty$ #asy
/earning 0utcome$ "iscuss the influence of culture on organizational 'ehavior
(<) Ale% was sent to eijing to help local managers solve the pro'lem of growing wor9er
dissatisfaction at their manufacturing facility located in the city. As part of his visit, he decided to have a
town hall meeting with the wor9ers to understand the pro'lems that they were facing and the reasons for
their discontent. &he turnout at the meeting was su'stantialI however, when as9ed for their opinions and
suggestions, the crowd fell silent. As a result, Ale% was una'le to determine the reason for employee
dissatisfaction.3hich of the following, if true, 'est e%plains this situation4
A) A small portion of the wor9ers at the facility 'elong to the a'y oomers generation.
) &here is an unequal distri'ution of power in the company.
!) &he employees are genuinely concerned a'out improving their lot.
") Ale% was sent to eijing as he was one of the few employees who were conversant in the local
language.
#) 0n previous occasions, the company has yielded to employee demands.
Answer$
#%planation$ ) 8f there is an unequal distri'ution of power within a company, then employees would
'e reluctant to do anything that would 'e considered an act of insu'ordination, such as voicing their
opinions. *ence, this would e%plain the employees@ silence. 8f the employees were genuinely concerned
a'out improving their lot, and the company had yielded to employee demands in the past, then the
wor9ers would have voiced their opinions. Additionally, if Ale% was conversant in the local language,
then this would imply that there were no language 'arriers 'etween him and the wor9ers and that they
could understand him, yet they chose not to respond. 8t is irrelevant that a small portion of the wor9ers at
the facility were a'y oomers.
,age -ef$ 1>)
/0$ A
"ifficulty$ *ard
2B
(>) 3ith reference to the *ofstede@s 5ramewor9 for Assessing !ultures, ________ emphasizes a tight
social framewor9 in which people e%pect others in groups of which they are a part to loo9 after them and
protect them.
A) uncertainty avoidance
) long=term orientation
!) masculinity
") collectivism
#) power distance
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") !ollectivism emphasizes a tight social framewor9 in which people e%pect others in
groups of which they are a part to loo9 after them and protect them.
,age -ef$ 1>)
/0$ A
"ifficulty$ #asy
/earning 0utcome$ "efine diversity and descri'e the effects of diversity in the wor9force
(?) According to *ofstede@s framewor9, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country
prefer structured to unstructured situations.
A) collectivism
) power distance
!) long=term orientation
") uncertainty avoidance
#) individualism
Answer$ "
#%planation$ ") According to *ofstede@s framewor9, the degree to which people in a country prefer
structured over unstructured situations defines their uncertainty avoidance. !ultures low on uncertainty
avoidance are more accepting of am'iguity, are less rule oriented, ta9e more ris9s, and more readily
accept change.
,age -ef$ 1>1
/0$ A
"ifficulty$ #asy
.)
(() A draw'ac9 of self=report surveys is the level of accuracy.
Answer$ &-K#
#%planation$ A draw'ac9 of self=report surveys is the level of accuracy. 5or instance, a good candidate
may 'e in a 'ad mood when ta9ing the survey, and that will ma9e the scores less accurate.
,age -ef$ 1..
/0$ 1
"ifficulty$ #asy
(A) As compared to o'server=ratings surveys, self=reporting surveys are a 'etter predictor of success on
the jo'.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ -esearch suggests that o'server=ratings surveys are a 'etter predictor of success on the
jo'.
,age -ef$ 1..
/0$ 1
"ifficulty$ #asy
(B) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator classification, people 'elonging to the feeling type
use reason and logic to solve pro'lems.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, people 'elonging to
the feeling type rely on their personal values and emotions. ,eople 'elonging to the thin9ing type use
logic and reason to solve pro'lems.
,age -ef$ 1.>
/0$ 2
"ifficulty$ #asy
A)) According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, people 'elonging to the
judging type prefer control and li9e their world to 'e ordered and structured.
Answer$ &-K#
#%planation$ According to the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classification, people 'elonging to
the +judging+ type want control and prefer their world to 'e ordered and structured.
,age -ef$ 1.>
/0$ 2
"ifficulty$ #asy
.1
A1) According to the ig 5ive 7odel, a person who scores high on the openness to e%perience
dimension is conventional and finds comfort in the familiar.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ According to the ig 5ive 7odel, a person who scores low on the openness to e%perience
dimension tends to 'e conventional and finds comfort in the familiar. 0n the other hand, e%tremely open
people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive.
,age -ef$ 1.?
/0$ .
"ifficulty$ #asy
A2) According to the ig 5ive 7odel, the agreea'leness dimension refers to an individual@s propensity to
defer to others.
Answer$ &-K#
#%planation$ According to the ig 5ive 7odel, the agreea'leness dimension refers to an individual@s
propensity to defer to others.
,age -ef$ 1.?
/0$ .
A.) &he conscientiousness dimension of the ig 5ive 7odel captures a person@s comfort level with
relationships.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ &he e%traversion dimension captures a person@s comfort level with relationships.
,age -ef$ 1.?
/0$ .
"ifficulty$ #asy
A<) According to the ig 5ive 7odel, a draw'ac9 of introverts is that they tend to 'e more impulsive
than e%traverts and engage in ris9y 'ehavior.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ According to the ig 5ive 7odel, a draw'ac9 of e%troverts is that they tend to 'e more
impulsive than introverts and engage in ris9y 'ehavior such as unprotected se%, drin9ing, and other
sensation=see9ing acts.
,age -ef$ 1.A
/0$ <
"ifficulty$ #asy
.2
A>) ,eople with positive core self=evaluations feel that they are powerless over their environment.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ ,eople with positive core self=evaluations li9e themselves, and see themselves as capa'le,
effective, and in control of their environment. 8n contrast, people with negative core self=evaluations
disli9e themselves, and view themselves as powerless over the environment.
,age -ef$ 1.B
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
A?) *igh 7achs do e%ceptionally well in jo's which are administrative in nature and do not involve
face=to=face communication.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ *igh 7achs flourish D1) when they interact face to face with others rather than indirectlyI
D2) when the situation has minimal rules and regulations, allowing latitude for improvisationI and D.)
when emotional involvement with details irrelevant to winning distracts low 7achs.
,age -ef$ 1<)
/0$ >
A() *igh 7achs perform 'etter when they interact face=to=face with others rather than indirectly.
Answer$ &-K#
#%planation$ *igh=7achs flourish when they interact face=to=face with others instead of indirectly.
&hey also do well when a situation has minimal rules and regulations, allowing latitude for
improvisation.
,age -ef$ 1<)
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
AA) 8ndividuals high in self=monitoring have a high 'ehavioral consistency 'etween who they are and
how they 'ehave.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ 8ndividuals high in self=monitoring have considera'le adapta'ility in adjusting their
'ehavior to e%ternal situational factors. 0n the other hand, people low in self=monitoring tend to display
their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation. *ence, they have a high 'ehavioral consistency
'etween who they are what they do.
,age -ef$ 1<1
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
..
AB) An individual@s willingness to ta9e a chance affects how much time and information he or she needs
to ma9e a decision.
Answer$ &-K#
#%planation$ ,eople differ in their willingness to ta9e chances, a quality that affects how much time and
information they need to ma9e a decision.
,age -ef$ 1<1
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
B)) ,eople who are more other=oriented will help others when they e%pect to 'e helped in the future.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ ,eople who are other=oriented feel more o'ligated to help others who have helped them,
whereas those who are more self=oriented will help others when they e%pect to 'e helped in the future.
,age -ef$ 1<.
/0$ >
"ifficulty$ #asy
B1) Ealues contain a judgmental element in which they carry an individual@s ideas as to what is right,
good, or desira'le.
Answer$ &-K#
#%planation$ Ealues represent 'asic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end=state of
e%istence. &hey contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individual@s ideas as to what is right,
good, or desira'le.Ealues contain a judgmental element in which they carry an individual@s ideas as to
what is right, good, or desira'le.
,age -ef$ 1<<
/0$ ?
"ifficulty$ #asy
B2) An individual@s value system is o'tained 'y ran9ing the person@s value in terms of their intensity.
Answer$ &-K#
#%planation$ Ealues represent 'asic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end=state of
e%istence. An individual@s value system is o'tained 'y ran9ing the person@s value in terms of their
intensity.
,age -ef$ 1<<
/0$ ?
"ifficulty$ #asy
.<
B.) 7illennials have high e%pectations, see9 meaning in their wor9, and have life goals oriented toward
'ecoming rich and famous.
Answer$ &-K#
#%planation$ 7illenials who are also 9nows as Generation Lers grew up during prosperous times. &hey
have high e%pectations, see9 meaning in their wor9, and have life goals oriented toward 'ecoming rich
and famous.
,age -ef$ 1<?
/0$ (
"ifficulty$ #asy
B<) According to Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, individuals 'elonging to the realistic type are
disorderly, impractical, and emotional.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ According to Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, individuals 'elonging to the
realistic type are shy, genuine, sta'le, conforming, practical, and persistent.
,age -ef$ 1<B
/0$ (
"ifficulty$ #asy
B>) According to Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, individuals 'elonging to the conventional
type prefer am'iguous activities that allow creative e%pression.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ According to Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory, individuals 'elonging to the
conventional type prefer rule=regulated, orderly, and unam'iguous activities.
,age -ef$ 1<B
/0$ (
"ifficulty$ #asy
B?) According to *ofstede@s framewor9, individualism descri'es the degree to which people in a country
accept that power in institutions and organizations is distri'uted unequally.
Answer$ 5A/6#
#%planation$ According to *ofstede@s framewor9, power distance descri'es the degree to which people
in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distri'uted unequally.
,age -ef$ 1>)
/0$ A
"ifficulty$ #asy
.>
B() According to *ofstede@s five value dimensions of national culture, people in a culture with long=
term orientation loo9 to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition.
Answer$ &-K#
#%planation$ According to *ofstede@s five value dimensions of national culture, people in a culture with
long=term orientation loo9 to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition.
,age -ef$ 1>1
/0$ A
"ifficulty$ #asy
BA) 3hat are the two main means of measuring personality4 "iscuss.
Answer$ &he most common means of measuring personality is through self=report surveys, with which
individuals evaluate themselves on a series of factors. 0n the other hand, o'server=rating surveys
provide an independent assessment of personality. An analysis of a large num'er of o'server=reported
personality surveys show that a com'ination of self=reports surveys and o'server=reports predict
performance 'etter than any type of information.
,age -ef$ 1..
/0$ 1
BB) "oes heredity determine a person@s personality4 #%plain.
Answer$ *eredity refers to factors determined at conception. ,hysical stature, facial attractiveness,
gender, and energy level are influenced 'y a person@s 'iological, physiological, and inherent
psychological ma9e=up. &he heredity approach argues that the ultimate e%planation of an individual@s
personality is the molecular structure of the genes, located in the chromosomes. -esearch tends to
support the importance of heredity over the environment in developing an individuals personality.
,age -ef$ 1.<
/0$ 1
1))) 3hat are the various categories in which the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) classifies
people4
Answer$ &he 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator D7&8) is a 1))=question personality test that as9s people
how they usually feel or act in particular situations. 0n the 'asis of their answers, individuals are
classified as e%traverted or introverted D# or 8), sensing or intuitive D6 or G), thin9ing or feeling D& or 5),
and judging or perceiving DC or ,). &hese categories are defined as follows$ a) #%traverted D#) versus
8ntroverted D8)$ #%traverted individuals are outgoing, socia'le, and assertive. 8ntroverts are quiet and
shy. ') 6ensing D6) versus 8ntuitive DG)$ 6ensing types are practical and prefer routine and order. &hey
focus on details. 8ntuitives rely on unconscious processes and loo9 at the +'ig picture.+ c) &hin9ing D&)
versus 5eeling D5)$ &hin9ing types use reason and logic to handle pro'lems. 5eeling types rely on their
personal values and emotions. d) Cudging DC) versus ,erceiving D,)$ Cudging types want control and
prefer their world to 'e ordered and structured. ,erceiving types are fle%i'le and spontaneous.
.?
,age -ef$ 1.>
/0$ 2
1)1) 3hat are the 7yers=riggs &ype 8ndicator@s categories of 8G&C, #6&C, and #G&, people4 #%plain.
Answer$ 8ntuitive, thin9ing, introverted, and judging people D8G&C) are visionaries with original minds
and great drive. &hey are s9eptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stu''orn. #6&Cs are
organizers, realistic, logical, analytical, and decisive. &hey have a natural head for 'usiness or
mechanics. 0n the other hand, the #G&, type of people are conceptualizers, innovative, individualistic,
and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. &hey tend to 'e resourceful in solving pro'lems 'ut may neglect
routine assignments.
,age -ef$ 1.>
/0$ 2
1)2) riefly descri'e the five 9ey traits in the ig 5ive personality model.
Answer$ &he five 9ey traits in the ig 5ive personality model are as follows$
a) #%traversion$ &he e%traversion dimension captures our comfort level with relationships. #%traverts
tend to 'e gregarious, assertive, and socia'le. 8ntroverts tend to 'e reserved, timid, and quiet.
') Agreea'leness$ &he agreea'leness dimension refers to an individual@s propensity to defer to others.
*ighly agreea'le people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. ,eople who score low on agreea'leness
are cold, disagreea'le, and antagonistic.
c) !onscientiousness$ &he conscientiousness dimension is a measure of relia'ility. A highly
conscientious person is responsi'le, organized, dependa'le, and persistent. &hose who score low on this
dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unrelia'le.
d) #motional sta'ility$ &he emotional sta'ility dimensionJoften la'eled 'y its converse, neuroticismJ
taps a person@s a'ility to withstand stress. ,eople with positive emotional sta'ility tend to 'e calm, self=
confident, and secure. &hose with high negative scores tend to 'e nervous, an%ious, depressed, and
insecure.
e) 0penness to e%perience$ &he openness to e%perience dimension addresses range of interests and
fascination with novelty. #%tremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. &hose at
the other end of the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar.
,age -ef$ 1.?
/0$ .
.(
1).) "escri'e conscientiousness and e%plain how it can predict 'ehavior at wor9.
Answer$ &he ig 5ive conscientiousness dimension is a measure of relia'ility. A highly conscientious
person is responsi'le, organized, dependa'le, and persistent. &hose who score low on this dimension are
easily distracted, disorganized, and unrelia'le. #mployees who score higher in conscientiousness
develop higher levels of jo' 9nowledge, pro'a'ly 'ecause highly conscientious people learn more.
*igher levels of jo' 9nowledge contri'ute to higher levels of jo' performance. 8t is important for
managers and for front=line employees. !onscientiousness, in the form of persistence, attention to detail,
and setting of high standards, is considered more important than any other personality trait for jo'
performance. 8t is the ig 5ive 7odel trait that is most consistently related to jo' performance.
,age -ef$ 1.?, 1.(
/0$ <
1)<) Ealerie !lar9 wor9s as a campaigner at the 0ceans ,rotection 5oundation in Capan. "uring
campaign implementation activities, she prefers to follow structured processes and ensures her team
underta9es activities in an orderly fashion. 8n addition, she ta9es responsi'ility for milestones to 'e
achieved and 9ey project activities. *er colleagues and team mem'ers find that they can depend on her
for support and guidance and admire her quality of never giving up on a challenge. #%plain the
categories of personalities !lar9 would most li9ely fit into according to the 7yers=riggs type indicator
and the ig 5ive model.
Answer$ !lar9@s characteristic of preferring to follow structure and order categorizes her into the
judging type of personality according to the 7yers=riggs type indicator. According to the ig 5ive
5actor 7odel, she is a highly conscientious person. &his is 'ecause she comes across as dependa'le,
responsi'le, organized and persistent. *er colleagues find that she never gives up on challenges and is
relia'le in nature.
,age -ef$ 1.>, 1.?
/0$ 2, .
"ifficulty$ *ard
1uest. !ategory$ 6ynthesis
1)>) !ompare and contrast the characteristics of e%traverts with those of introverts.
Answer$ #%traverts tend to 'e happier in their jo's and in their lives as a whole. &hey e%perience more
positive emotions than do introverts, and they more freely e%press these feelings. &hey also tend to
perform 'etter in jo's that require significant interpersonal interaction, perhaps 'ecause they have more
social s9ills. &hey also tend to have more friends and spend more time in social situations than
introverts. 8n addition, e%traversion is a relatively strong predictor of leadership emergence in groups.
#%traverts are more socially dominant, +ta9e charge+ sorts of people, and are generally more assertive
than introverts. 0ne downside of e%traversion is that e%traverts are more impulsive than introvertsI they
are more li9ely to 'e a'sent from wor9 and engage in ris9y 'ehavior such as unprotected se%, drin9ing,
and other impulsive or sensation=see9ing acts.
,age -ef$ 1.(, 1.A
/0$ <
.A
1)?) 7ichelle Loung, who wor9s as a sales manager at a 'an9, often has to deal with a lot of stress to
meet monthly targets for her team. *owever, irrespective of stressful situations, she manages to handle
pro'lems with ease and a smile on her face. *er team mem'ers are often surprised at how she deals with
such situations with so much confidence. &hey 'elieve the reason she manages to 'e such a good role
model of handling volatile situations is 'ecause she is confident of her capa'ilities and sees herself as an
effective manager. "escri'e Loung@s personality in terms of the ig 5ive 7odel and core self=
evaluation.
Answer$ Loung@s capa'ility to withstand stress and to remain calm, self=confident, and secure shows
that she has positive emotional sta'ility according to the 5ive 5actor 7odel. 6he also has a positive core
self=evaluation 'ecause she sees herself as a capa'le and effective manager. ,eople with positive self=
evaluations often perform 'etter than others 'ecause they set am'itious goals and are more committed to
their goals, and persist longer to reach these goals.
,age -ef$ 1.?, 1.B
/0$ ., >
"ifficulty$ *ard
1)() ,ercy !ollins wor9s as a life advisor at an insurance firm and often loo9s for constant admiration
from his manager every time he sells a policy. *e also feels that he is the 'est at his wor9 and no other
advisor in his company has the a'ility or the s9ills to sell the amount of policies that he can. 0ften
during meetings and team 'uilding e%ercises, colleagues find him rude, distant, and antagonistic. 3hat
categories according to the ig 5ive 5actor 7odel and other personality traits is !ollins most li9ely to
'e characterized 'y4
Answer$ !ollins is narcissistic. &he fact that he has overconfidence in himself and loo9s for e%cessive
admiration ma9es him a narcissist. Garcissists have a grandiose sense of self=importance, require
e%cessive admiration, have a sense of entitlement, and are arrogant in nature. !ollins also scores low on
agreea'leness according to the ig 5ive 5actor 7odel. *is colleagues see him as rude, distant, and
antagonistic. ,eople low on agreea'leness are 9nown to 'e cold and disagreea'le.
,age -ef$ 1.?, 1.B
/0$ >
1)A) #%plain the effect of core self=evaluation on jo' performance.
Answer$ ,eople who have positive core self=evaluations li9e themselves and see themselves as
effective, capa'le, and in control of their environment. &hose with negative core self=evaluations tend to
disli9e themselves, question their capa'ilities, and view themselves as powerless over their environment.
!ore self=evaluations relate to jo' satisfaction 'ecause people positive on this trait see more challenge in
their jo' and actually attain more comple% jo's. ,eople with positive core self=evaluations perform
'etter than others 'ecause they set more am'itious goals, are more committed to their goals, and persist
longer in attempting to reach these goals. 6uch people also provide 'etter customer service, are more
popular co=wor9ers, and have careers that 'oth 'egin on 'etter footing and ascend more rapidly over
time.
.B
,age -ef$ 1.B
/0$ >
1)B) ,ercy !ollins wor9s as a life advisor at an insurance firm and often loo9s for constant admiration
from his manager every time he sells a policy. *e also feels that he is the 'est at his wor9 and no other
advisor in his company has the a'ility or the s9ills to sell the amount of policies that he can. 0ften
during meetings and team 'uilding e%ercises, colleagues find him rude, distant, and antagonistic.
8dentify and descri'e the personality trait e%hi'ited 'y !ollins.
Answer$ !ollins is narcissistic. &he fact that he has overconfidence in himself and loo9s for e%cessive
admiration ma9es him a narcissist. A narcissist has a grandiose sense of self=importance, requires
e%cessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant in nature.
,age -ef$ 1<)
/0$ >
11)) "escri'e the personality characteristics of 7achiavellianism.
Answer$ &he personality characteristic of 7achiavellianism is named after Giccolo 7achiavelli, who
wrote in the si%teenth century on how to gain and use power. An individual high in 7achiavellianism is
pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and 'elieves ends can justify means. A considera'le amount of
research has related high= and low=7ach personalities to 'ehavioral outcomes. *igh 7achs manipulate
more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more than do low 7achs. Let high=7ach
outcomes are moderated 'y situational factors. *igh 7achs flourish D1) when they interact face=to=face
with others rather than indirectlyI D2) when the situation has a minimal num'er of rules and regulations,
allowing latitude for improvisationI and D.) when emotional involvement with details irrelevant to
winning distracts low 7achs. &hus, whether high 7achs ma9e good employees depends on the type of
jo'. 8n jo's that require 'argaining s9ills or that offer su'stantial rewards for winning, high 7achs will
'e productive.
,age -ef$ 1<)
/0$ >
<)
111) "escri'e the personality trait of self=monitoring.
Answer$ 6elf=monitoring refers to an individual@s a'ility to adjust his or her 'ehavior to e%ternal,
situational factors. 8ndividuals high in self=monitoring show considera'le adapta'ility in adjusting their
'ehavior to e%ternal situational factors. &hey are highly sensitive to e%ternal cues and can 'ehave
differently in different situations. *igh self=monitors are capa'le of presenting stri9ing contradictions
'etween their pu'lic persona and their private self. /ow self=monitors tend to display their true
dispositions and attitudes in every situationI hence, there is high 'ehavioral consistency 'etween who
they are and what they do.
#vidence indicates high self=monitors pay closer attention to the 'ehavior of others and are more
capa'le of conforming than are low self=monitors. &hey also receive 'etter performance ratings, are
more li9ely to emerge as leaders, and show less commitment to their organizations. 8n addition, high
self=monitoring managers tend to 'e more mo'ile in their careers, receive more promotions D'oth
internal and cross=organizational), and are more li9ely to occupy central positions in an organization.
,age -ef$ 1<1
/0$ >
112) "escri'e the typical characteristics associated with a proactive personality.
Answer$ ,eople with a proactive personality identify opportunities, show initiative, ta9e action, and
persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations.
,roactives create positive change in their environment, regardless of, or even in spite of, constraints or
o'stacles. Got surprisingly, they have many desira'le 'ehaviors that organizations covet. &hey are more
li9ely than others to 'e seen as leaders and to act as change agents. ,roactive individuals are more li9ely
to 'e satisfied with wor9 and help others more with their tas9s, largely 'ecause they 'uild more
relationships with others.
,roactives are also more li9ely to challenge the status quo or voice their displeasure when situations
aren@t to their li9ing. 8f an organization requires people with entrepreneurial initiative, proactives ma9e
good candidatesI however, they@re also more li9ely to leave an organization to start their own 'usiness.
As individuals, proactives are more li9ely than others to achieve career success. &hey select, create, and
influence wor9 situations in their favor. &hey see9 out jo' and organizational information, develop
contacts in high places, engage in career planning, and demonstrate persistence in the face of career
o'stacles.
,age -ef$ 1<2
/0$ >
<1
11.) "iscuss with e%amples terminal values and instrumental values as identified 'y the -o9each Ealue
6urvey.
Answer$ 7ilton -o9each created the -o9each Ealue 6urvey D-E6). 8t consists of two sets of values,
each containing 1A individual value items. 0ne set, called terminal values, refers to desira'le end=states.
&hese are the goals a person would li9e to achieve during his or her lifetime. #%amples of terminal
values are freedom and social recognition. &he other set, called instrumental values, refers to prefera'le
modes of 'ehavior, or means of achieving the terminal values. #%amples of instrumental values are
9indness and goal=orientation.
,age -ef$ 1<>
/0$ ?
11<) #%plain characteristics of a proactive personality who is of the investigative type according to
*olland@s typology.
Answer$ A person with a proactive personality identifies opportunities, shows initiative, ta9es action,
and and perseveres until meaningful change occurs. &hey create changes in the environment irrespective
of o'stacles or constraints. 8n addition, an investigative type of person according to *olland@s typology
prefers activities that involve thin9ing, organizing, and understanding. &he person is analytical, original,
curious, and independent in nature.
,age -ef$ 1<2, 1<B
/0$ >, (
11>) "iscuss Cohn *olland@s personality=jo' fit theory.
Answer$ &he effort to match jo' requirements with personality characteristics is 'est articulated in Cohn
*olland@s personality=jo' fit theory. *olland presents si% personality types and proposes that satisfaction
and the propensity to leave a position depend on how well individuals match their personalities to a jo'.
*olland developed the Eocational ,reference 8nventory questionnaire, which contains 1?) occupational
titles. -espondents indicate which they li9e or disli9e, and their answers form personality profiles.
&he personality=jo' fit theory descri'es si% personality types. &hese types are$
a) -ealistic$ ,refers physical activities that require s9ill, strength, and coordination
') 8nvestigative$ ,refers activities that involve thin9ing, organizing, and understanding
c) 6ocial$ ,refers activities that involve helping and developing others
d) !onventional$ ,refers rule=regulated, orderly, and unam'iguous activities
e) #nterprising$ ,refers ver'al activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain
power
f) Artistic$ ,refers am'iguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative e%pression
&he 9ey points of this model are that D1) there do appear to 'e intrinsic differences in personality among
individuals, D2) there are different types of jo's, and D.) people in jo's congruent with their personality
should 'e more satisfied and less li9ely to voluntarily resign than people in incongruent jo's.
<2
,age -ef$ 1<A, 1<B
/0$ (
11?) "escri'e the five value dimensions of national culture as identified 'y the *ofstede@s framewor9
for assessing cultures.
Answer$ &he five value dimensions of national culture as identified 'y the *ofstede@s framewor9 for
assessing cultures are$
a) ,ower distance$ 8t is the degree to which people accept that power in institutions and organizations is
distri'uted unequally.
') 8ndividualism versus collectivism$ 8ndividualism is the degree to which people prefer to act as
individuals rather than as mem'ers of groups and 'elieve in individual rights a'ove all else.
!ollectivism emphasizes a tight social framewor9 in which people e%pect others in groups of which they
are a part to loo9 after them and protect them.
c) 7asculinity versus femininity$ *ofstede@s construct of masculinity is the degree to which the culture
favors traditional masculine roles such as achievement, power, and control, as opposed to viewing men
and women as equals. A high femininity rating means the culture sees little differentiation 'etween male
and female roles and treats women as the equals of men in all respects.
d) Kncertainty avoidance$ &he degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured
situations defines their uncertainty avoidance.
e) /ong=term versus short=term orientation$ ,eople in a culture with long=term orientation loo9 to the
future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition. 8n a short=term orientation, people value the here and
nowI they accept change more readily and don@t see commitments as impediments to change.
,age -ef$ 1>), 1>1
/0$ A
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Organizational Behavior, 15e (Robbins/Judge)

Chapter 5 Personality and Values

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