PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous

Have/has + past participle Have + been + -ing
Something has happened on several occasions over a
period of time and may happen again
Something which has been happening repeatedly in
the very recent past
With for or since only if the verb is one which is not
commonly used in continuous tenses
With for or since to say hoe long an action has been
in progress
Recent action that is now complete Recent action that is ongoing

VERB PATTERNS
Verbs which are only followed by an infinitive: afford, agree, appear, decide, excpect, fail, happen,
hope, manage, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want
Verbs which are only followed by an ing form: admit, apperciate, avoid, can't stand, consider,
contemplate, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, face, feel like, finish, forgive, mention, miss,
practise, put off, resent, risk, suggest, understand
Some verbs are followed by both an infinitive or an ing form with little or no change in their
meaning: begin, like, love, hate, prefer, start
Some verbs are followed by both an infinitive or an ing with a chanfe in their meaning: forget, go
on, try, regret, remember, stop.
When a verb is followed by another verb, the infinitive or ing form can include the passive, perfect
and continuous forms.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS
Some comparatives can be used with the to say that two changes happen at the same time or are
linked.
We can use two comparatives to express the idea of continuing change.
We use the following words to modify comparatives: very much, a lot, lots, any, rather, a little, a
bit.
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
In a reduced relative clause we drop the relative pronoun and auxiliary verb that hepls torm the
verb tense.
Reduced relative clauses cannot be used if the relative pronoun is not the object of the verb in the
relative clause.
CONDITIONALS
Zero conditional
We form the zero conditional by using the present simple in both the conditional if clause and
result clause
We use the zero conditional to say that one thing follows automatically or naturally from another.


First conditional
If + present simple, will + base form
We use the first conditional to make predictions about the future.
The modal verbs may, might and could can be used instead of will or won't in the result clause.

Second conditional
If + past simple, would + base form
We use the second conditional to talk about an imaginary situation or event, and it's result.
You can use were instead of was in the conditional clause with I, he and she. Both was and were are
generally acceptable, although using were is considered more correct, especially in formal
situations.

Third conditional
If + past perfect, would have + past participle
We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary results od things that didn't happen.
We often use it to express criticism or regret
Short form of both had and would is 'd.

PRESENT
2nd If + past simple Would + base form
PAST
3rd If + past perfect Would have + past participle