Bobby Glover

Astronomy Lec
April 15, 2014
Study Guide Two
1. Terms
!. "e#lection$ T%e !ct o# re#lectin& or t%e st!te o# bein& re#lected 're#. diction!ry.com(
b. "e#r!ction$ T%e tendency o# ! w!ve to bend !s is p!sses #ron one tr!nsp!rent medium
to !not%er
c. )m!&e *rocessin&$ T%e m!nipul!tion or modi#ic!tion o# ! di&iti+ed im!&e, esp in order
to en%!nce its ,u!lity 're#. diction!ry.com(
d.--. -%ips$ )nte&r!ted circuit etc%ed onto ! silicon sur#!ce #ormin& li&%t sensitive
elements c!lled pi/els.
e. Active 0ptics$ A system to compens!te #or !ny de#orm!tion c!used by &r!vity in t%e
sur#!ce !ccur!cy !nd !li&nment o# t%e mirrors o# !n !stronomic!l telescope by me!ns o#
!ctu!tors t%!t control t%e mov!ble mirror supports
#. 1ocus$ A point !t w%ic% r!ys o# li&%t or ot%er r!di!tion conver&e or #rom w%ic% t%ey
!ppe!r to diver&e
2. Telescope *!rts
!. "e#lectin& Telescope *rim!ry mirror
2yepiece
Second!ry mirror
*rime #ocus
b. "e#r!ctin& Telescope Lens
1ocuse
2yepiece
3. T%e prim!ry re!son pro#ession!l telescopes !re loc!ted on t%e %i&%est mount!intop is
to &et !w!y #rom city li&%ts, be !bove r!in clouds, reduce !tmosp%eric blurrin&, !nd
improve c%rom!tic !berr!tion
4. Active optics systems o#ten include improved dome desi&n to control !ir#low, precise
control o# mirror temper!ture, !nd t%e use o# !ctu!ttors'pistons( be%ind t%e mirror to
m!int!in it4s precise s%!pe !t !ll times.
5. 5!&ni#ic!tion o# ! telescope c!n be c!lcul!ted by dividin& t%e #oc!l len&t% o# your
telescope by t%e #oc!l len&t% o# t%e eyepiece. T%e #!rt%er ! telescope t%e more power#ul it
is. t%e less it see t%e we!6er it is.
7. T%e modern !tom is envisioned !s ! proton bein& surronded by !n electron sme!red out
into !n electron cloud.
!. T%e number o# protons is w%!t m!6es ! p!rticul!r type i# !tom
b. T%e di##erent isotopes o# !n !tom is t%e di##erence in number o# neutrons in t%e
nucleus.
c. 8eutrons %elp sp!ce out t%e positive c%!r&es !nd bind t%e nucleus to&et%er.
9. T%e 1our #orces o# n!ture
T%e stron& inter!ction is very stron&, but very s%ort$r!n&ed. )t !cts only over
r!n&es o# order 10
$13
centimeters !nd is responsible #or %oldin& t%e nuclei o# !toms
to&et%er. )t is b!sic!lly !ttr!ctive, but c!n be e##ectively repulsive in some circumst!nces.
T%e electrom!&netic #orce c!uses electric !nd m!&netic e##ects suc% !s t%e
repulsion between li6e electric!l c%!r&es or t%e inter!ction o# b!r m!&nets. )t is lon&$
r!n&ed, but muc% we!6er t%!n t%e stron& #orce. )t c!n be !ttr!ctive or repulsive, !nd !cts
only between pieces o# m!tter c!rryin& electric!l c%!r&e.
T%e we!6 #orce is responsible #or r!dio!ctive dec!y !nd neutrino inter!ctions. )t
%!s ! very s%ort r!n&e !nd, !s its n!me indic!tes, it is very we!6.
T%e &r!vit!tion!l #orce is we!6, but very lon& r!n&ed. 1urt%ermore, it is !lw!ys
!ttr!ctive, !nd !cts between !ny two pieces o# m!tter in t%e :niverse since m!ss is its
source.
;. Li&%t !s !...
!. <!ve$Li&%t c!n be described 'modeled( !s !n electrom!&netic w!ve. )n t%is
model, ! c%!n&in& electric #ield cre!tes ! c%!n&in& m!&netic #ield. T%is c%!n&in&
m!&netic #ield t%en cre!tes ! c%!n&in& electric #ield !nd you %!ve li&%t. :nli6e m!ny
ot%er w!ves li&%t does not need ! medium to =w!ve> in
b. *!rticle$Li&%t be%!ves li6e ! p!rticle in t%e sense t%!t it is !bsorbed !nd emitted
by m!tter in discrete p!c6ets o# ener&y 'p%otons(, !ll !t once.
?. .ecribe...
!. 1orce$! pus% or pull upon !n ob@ect resultin& #rom t%e ob@ect4s interaction wit%
!not%er ob@ect
b. 5omentum$ 5!ss in motion. All ob@ects %!ve m!ssA so i# !n ob@ect is movin&,
t%en it %!s momentum $ it %!s its m!ss in motion.
c.2ner&y$ 5e!sures t%e c!p!bility o# !n ob@ect or system to do wor6 on !not%er
system or ob@ect.
10. 8ewton4s ide!ls
!. 1irst l!w o# #orce <%en viewed in !n inerti!l re#erence #r!me, !n ob@ect eit%er
rem!ins !t rest or continues to move !t ! const!nt velocity, unless !cted upon by !n
e/tern!l #orce
b.Second l!w o# #orce 1 B m!. T%e vector sum o# t%e #orces on !n ob@ect is e,u!l
to t%e m!ss o# t%!t ob@ect multiplied by t%e !ccel!r!tion vector ! o# t%e ob@ect.
c.T%ird l!w o# #orce <%en one body e/erts ! #orce on ! second body, t%e second
body simult!neously e/erts ! #orce e,u!l in m!&nitude !nd opposite in direction on t%e
#irst body.
d. T%e l!w o# &r!vity Any two bodies in t%e universe !ttr!ct e!c% ot%er wit% !
#orce t%!t is directly porportion!lto t%e product o# t%eir m!sses !nd inversely proportion!l
to t%e s,u!re o# t%e dist!nce between t%em.