Design of Machine Elements-II

Introduction
A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir which stores energy during
the period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement and releases
it during the period when the requirement of energy is more than supply.
The flywheel absorb excess energy developed in power Stroke and its
speed increases.
The flywheel release the energy to the crankshaft during the non-power
stroke and its speed deceases.
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stroke and its speed deceases.
Examples
Steam Engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Reciprocating Compressor
Pumps
Machine Tools
Design of Machine Elements-II
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed
The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called
coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
C
s
= N
1
N
2
/ N
=
1

2
/
= v
1
v
2
/ v
Where
N1 = Maximum speed in !p!m! duing the c"cle#
N2 = Minimum speed in !p!m! duing the c"cle# and
N = Mean speed in !p!m! = $
1
% $
2
/2
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2
= v
1
v
2
/ v
N = Mean speed in !p!m! = $
1
% $
2
/2
Design of Machine Elements-II
Fluctuation of Energy
& tuning moment diagam fo single c"linde dou'le acting steam engine and a fou
sto(e intenal com'ustion engine is sho)
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Design of Machine Elements-II
Fluctuation of Energy
Consider diagram for four stroke engine, in this diagram, there are two revolutions
for four strokes of the engine as explained following.
In the first stroke internal pressure of the cylinder is low than atmospheric
pressure so air fuel mixture enters. This work is done on the engine so in the
turning moment diagram, it is represented by negative.
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In the next stroke this mixture compresses which means that large energy is
required to compress it and is shown by large negative loop.
In the third stroke mixture burns and large amount of energy is produced which
is used to run our engine.
After that exhaust gases leaves cylinder which also demands some energy.
In the whole mechanism there are two positives loops exists one is made in
suction stroke and the other one is made in exhaust stroke, both are produced
due to inertia.
Design of Machine Elements-II
Mai!u! Fluctuation of Energy
Turning Moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine
Let the energy in the flywheel at A = E,
then from Fig.
we have
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we have
Energy at B = E + a1
Energy at C = E + a1 a2
Energy at D = E + a1 a2 + a3
Energy at E = E + a1 a2 + a3 a4
Energy at F = E + a1 a2 + a3 a4 + a5
Energy at G = E + a1 a2 + a3 a4 + a5 a6 = Energy at A
Maximum fluctuation of energy= E = Maximum energy Minimum energy
Design of Machine Elements-II
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy
It is defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done
per cycle. It is usually denoted by C
E
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Design of Machine Elements-II
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy
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Design of Machine Elements-II
Energy Stored in a Fly"#eel
K.E of the Flywheel
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K.E of the Flywheel
m = Mass of the flywheel in kg,
k = Radius of gyration of the flywheel in meters,
I = Mass moment of inertia of the flywheel about the axis of rotation in kg-m
2
= m.k
2
,
N
1
and N
2
= Maximum and minimum speeds during the cycle in rpm.,
Design of Machine Elements-II
Energy Stored in a Fly"#eel
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.hee
/he adius of g"ation 0k1 ma" 'e ta(en e2ual to the mean adius of the im 0R1# 'ecause the
thic(ness of im is 3e" small as compaed to the diamete of im! /heefoe su'stituting k = R
in e2uation# )e ha3e
Design of Machine Elements-II
Energy Stored in a Fly"#eel
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Design of Machine Elements-II
Energy Stored in a Fly"#eel
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Design of Machine Elements-II
Stresses in Fly"#eel $i!
Flywheel consist of :
Rim at which major weight of the flywheel is concentrated
Hub that connect the flywheel to the shaft
Arms connect Rim to the Hub
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Design of Machine Elements-II
Stresses in Fly"#eel $i!
Tensile/hoop Stress due to the centrifugal force:
The tensile stress in the rim due to the centrifugal force, assuming that the rim
is unstrained by the arms
b = Width of rim,
t = Thickness of rim,
A = Cross-sectional area of rim = b t,
D = Mean diameter of flywheel
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where is in kg / m3 and v is in m / s, then t will be in N / m2 or Pa.
R = Mean radius of flywheel,
= Density of flywheel material,
= Angular speed of flywheel,
v = Linear velocity of flywheel, and

t
= Tensile or hoop stress.
Design of Machine Elements-II
Stresses in Fly"#eel $i!
Tensile Bending Stresses caused by restraint arms:
/he tensile 'ending stess in the im due to the estaint of the ams

b
=
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Total Stress in the Rim
=
t
+
b
n = $um'es of ams
Design of Machine Elements-II
Fly"#eel

b
=
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Design of Machine Elements-II
Stresses in Fly"#eel %r!
Tensile Stresses due to centrifugal force:
Due to the centrifugal force acting on the rim, the arms will be subjected to
direct tensile stress whose magnitude is experimentally found as of Tensile
stress in rim

t1
=
t
= v
2
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1+

t1
=
t
= v
Design of Machine Elements-II
Stresses in Fly"#eel %r!
Bending Stresses due to the Torque transmitted:
Due to the torque transmitted from the rim to the shaft or from the shaft to the
rim, the arms will be subjected to bending, because they are required to carry
the full Torque load
T = Maximum torque transmitted by the arm,
R = Mean radius of the rim,
r = Radius of the hub,
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Eng! $i4a 5han 06I/E7 8$I9E:;I/<1
1,
r = Radius of the hub,
n = Number of arms, and
Z = Section modulus for the cross-section of arms
M = Maximum Bending Moment which lies on arm at the hub
Design of Machine Elements-II
Stresses in Fly"#eel %r!
Total Stress in the Arm
=
t1
+
b1
&esign of Fly"#eel %r!
The cross-section of the arms is usually elliptical with major axis as twice the
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a
1
= Major axis, and
b
1
= Minor axis.
The cross-section of the arms is usually elliptical with major axis as twice the
minor axis
Design of Machine Elements-II
&esign of s#aft' (u) and *ey
The diameter of shaft for flywheel is obtained from the maximum torque
transmitted. We know that the maximum torque transmitted
Shaft
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Hub
The hub is designed as a hollow shaft, for the maximum torque transmitted. We
know that the maximum torque transmitted
The diameter of hub is usually taken as twice the diameter of shaft and length from 2 to 2.5
times the shaft diameter. It is generally taken equal to width of the rim.
Design of Machine Elements-II
&esign of s#aft' (u) and *ey
Key
A standard sunk key is used for the shaft and hub. The length of key is obtained
by considering the failure of key in shearing. We know that torque transmitted by
shaft
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Design of Machine Elements-II
%ssign!ent
Example : 22.10 and 22.11
Problem: 5 and 12
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Problem: 5 and 12