MATEMATIKA TEKNIK

Integration
Estimate area with finite sum
o Dividing interval [a,b] of graph by n subintervals of equal width
o Width of each subintervals: ! " #b$a%&n
o 'um of estimate area: ( ) f#c
*
% ! + f#c
,
% ! + f#c
-
% ! + ... + f#c
n
% ! " !#f#c
*
%
+ f#c
,
% + f#c
-
% + ... + f#c
n
%% " !/
% f#c
n
* i
i
=
, where for:
*. 0pper sum: f#c
i
% is the ma!imal value on each interval
,. 1ower sum: f#c
i
% is the minimal value on each interval
-. 2iddle sum: f#c
i
% is the middle value on each interval
Definite integral
o 1imits of !/ % f#c
n
* i
i
=
when n $3 4
o % f#c ! lim f#!%d!
n
* i
i
b
a
!

=

=
o 5heorem of integral:
*. E!istence of definite integral: if a function f is continuous on an interval [a,
b], then its definite integral over [a, b] e!ists.
,. 2ean value theorem: if f#!% is integrable then at some point c on this
interval

=
b
a
f#!%d!
a b
*
f#c%
-. 6undamental theorem of 7alculus: If f is continuous on [a, b] then 6#!% "

b
a
f#!%d!
is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on and its derivative
is f#!%, and

b
a
f#!%d!
" 6#b% 8 6#a%
Indefinite integration
o Definite integral applied for all intervals
o 'ymbol:

f#!%d!
o 'ubstitution rule: If u"g#!% is a differentiable function whose range is an
interval I and 9 is continuous on I, then

= f#u%du #!%d! f#g#!%%g:
, and

=
g#b%
g#a%
b
a
f#u%du #!%d! f#g#!%%g:
(pplication
o ;olume of slicing area:
*. '<etch the solid and a typical cross$section.
,. 6ind a formula for (#!%, the area of a typical cross$section.
-. 6ind the limits of integration.
=. Integrate (#!% using the 6undamental 5heorem.
o ;olume by cylindrical shells
*. Draw the region and s<etch a line segment across it parallel to the a!is of
revolution. 1abel the segment>s height or length #shell height% and
distance from the a!is of revolution #shell radius%.
,. 6ind the limits of integration for the thic<ness variable.
-. Integrate the product ,?#shell radius% #shell height% with respect to the
thic<ness variable #! or y% to find the volume.
o 1ength of plane:
*. @arametric curve:
[ ] [ ] dt #t% g: #t% f:
b
a
, ,

+
,. f#!% curve:
[ ] dt #t% f: *
b
a
,

+
o (rea of revolution surface
*. f#!% curve:
[ ] dt #t% f: * f#!% ,
b
a
,

+
, f#y% curve:
[ ] dt #t% f: * f#y% ,
b
a
,

+
,. @arametric curve:
[ ] [ ] dt #t% g: #t% f: g#!% ,
b
a
, ,

+
#about !$a!is%,
[ ] [ ] dt #t% g: #t% f: f#!% ,
b
a
, ,

+
#about y a!is%
-. @appus 5heorem: If an arc of a smooth plane curve is revolved once
about a line in the plane that does not cut through the arc>s interior, then
the area of the surface generated by the arc equals the length of the arc
times the distance traveled by the arc>s centroid during the revolution. If is
the distance from the a!is of revolution to the centroid, then ' " ,?A1
o Wor<done: 5he wor< done by a variable force 6#!% directed along the x$a!is
from !"a to !"b is

b
a
6#!%d!
6irst$Brder Differential Equation
'tandard form:
y% 6#!,
d!
dy
=
5here are two solution:
o Ceneral solution: ... + 7
o @articular solution: ... + D, ... + -, etc.
'tandard form of first$order linear differential equation:
E#!% @#!%y
d!
dy
= +
'olution:
o 'et ;#!% "

@#!%d!
e
o 2ultiply both side with ;#!%
o 5hen we get
;#!%
;#!%E#!%d!
y

=
5rancendental 6unction
Invers function
o f
$*
#!% " y if f#y% " !
o Derivatives of inverse:
#!%% #f: f:
*
#!% %: #f
*
=

Fatural logarithm
o if e
!
" y then ! " ln y
o c ! ln d!
!
*
then ,
!
*
d!
!% d#ln
+ = =

o c u#!% ln d! #!% u:
u#!%
*
then #!%, u:
u#!%
*
d!
u#!%% d#ln
+ = =

E!ponential function:
o e
!
" ln
$*
!
o a
!
" e
! ln a
o
! !
e e
d!
d
= , 7 e d! e
! !
+ =

o
d!
du
e e
d!
d
u u
= , 7 e du e
u u
+ =

o
d!
du
a ln a a
d!
d
u u
= , 7
a ln
a
d! a
u
u
+ =

o
d!
du
a ln u
*
logu
d!
d
a

=
o E!ponential growth and decay: y"y
G
e
<t
, < is rate constant
Inverse trigonometric function
o Derivatives:

d!
du
u *
*
d!
u% d#sin
,
*

,
d!
du
u *
*
d!
u% d#cos
,
*

, HuH I *

d!
du
u *
*
d!
u% d#tan
,
*

+
=

,
d!
du
u *
*
d!
u% d#cot
,
*

+
=

d!
du
* u u
*
d!
u% d#sec
,
*

,
d!
du
* u u
*
d!
u% d#csc
,
*

, HuH 3 *
o Integration:

7
a
u
sin du
u a
*
*
, ,
+ =
+

, for a J G and u
,
I a
,

7
a
u
tan
a
*
du
u a
*
*
, ,
+ =
+

7
a
u
sec
a
*
du
a u u
*
*
, ,
+ =
+

, for HuH3 a 3 G
Kyperbolic function
o Lasic

,
e e
! sinh
! !

= ,
,
e e
! cosh
! !
+
=

! !
! !
e e
e e
! tanh

= ,
! !
! !
e e
e e
! coth

+
=

! !
e e
,
! sech

+
=
,
! !
e e
,
! csch

=
cosh
,
! 8 sinh
,
! " *
sinh ,! " ,.sinh !.cosh !
cosh ,! " cosh
,
! + sinh
,
!
o Derivatives

! cosh ! sinh
d!
d
=
,
! sinh ! cosh
d!
d
=

! sech ! tanh
d!
d
,
=
,
! csch ! coth
d!
d
,
=

! tanh ! sech ! sech

d!
d
=
,
! coth ! csch ! csch
d!
d
=
o Inverse

!
*
sinh ! csch
* *
=
,
!
*
cosh ! sech
* *
=
,
!
*
tanh ! coth
* *
=
'eries and sequences
7onverges and diverges
o Matio test:
n
* n
n
a
a
lim A
+

=
o Moot test:
n
n
n
a lim A

=
o A 3* dinverges, A I* converges, A "* inconclusive
5aylor$2aclaurin 'eries
o 5aylor series generated by

G <
<
#<%
a% #!
<N
#a% f
for any a in the interval
o 2aclaurin series generated at a"G

=G <
<
#<%
!
<N
#G% f
o 5aylor polynomial of order n: @
n
#!% "

G <
<
#<%
a% #!
<N
#a% f
o Euler identity: e
iO
" cos O $ i sin O
6ourrier 'eries
o

=
+ +
* <
< < G
<!% sin b <! cos #a a
o a
G
"

,?
G
f#!%d!
,?
*
, a
<
"

,?
G
d! <! f#!%cos
?
*
, b
<
"

,?
G
d! <! f#!%sin
?
*
7omple! Fumber
i " * #can also denotate by P%
7omple! number: Q " a + bi
o if b"G, Q is real number
o if a"G, Q is pure imaginary number
7omple! conPugate: if Q " a + bi, then QR " a$ bi
Mectangular form: a + bi
@olar form: r#cos O + i sin O% " re
PO
o r " magnitude "
R Q Q b a
, ,
= +
o O " argument "
a
b
tan
*
Bperation
o Q
*
+ Q
,
" #a
*
+ a
,
% + P#b
*
+ b
,
%, Q
*
$ Q
,
" #a
*
+ a
,
% $ P#b
*
+ b
,
%
o Q
*
/Q
,
" #r
*
/r
,
%e
P#O*+O,%
o
,
*
Q
Q
"
,
*
r
r
e
P#O*$O,%
o Q
F
" r
F
e
PFO
o
%
F
,n? O
P#
F
*
F
e r Q
+
=