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This document discusses the use of folk theatre strategies in the plays of Indian playwright Girish Karnad. It notes that Karnad was influenced by various forms of Indian folk theatre from his childhood, and that he absorbs folk forms into mainstream drama to comment on contemporary issues. The document provides details on several forms of folk theatre from different Indian states, describing their themes, characters, and storytelling techniques. It argues that Karnad consciously draws from these folk theatrical traditions to make his plays relevant to modern audiences.
This document discusses the use of folk theatre strategies in the plays of Indian playwright Girish Karnad. It notes that Karnad was influenced by various forms of Indian folk theatre from his childhood, and that he absorbs folk forms into mainstream drama to comment on contemporary issues. The document provides details on several forms of folk theatre from different Indian states, describing their themes, characters, and storytelling techniques. It argues that Karnad consciously draws from these folk theatrical traditions to make his plays relevant to modern audiences.
This document discusses the use of folk theatre strategies in the plays of Indian playwright Girish Karnad. It notes that Karnad was influenced by various forms of Indian folk theatre from his childhood, and that he absorbs folk forms into mainstream drama to comment on contemporary issues. The document provides details on several forms of folk theatre from different Indian states, describing their themes, characters, and storytelling techniques. It argues that Karnad consciously draws from these folk theatrical traditions to make his plays relevant to modern audiences.
IN THE PLAYS OF KARNAD Raj Rekha Shukla* Abstract : Indian Folk Theatre is reckoned as just not a theatre form but is now-a-days a lot more. It unfurls the saga of the voyage of Indian drama from the eposes to the modish theatre pattern. It is the chronicle of Indian drama where for the very first time theatre broke the barrier of orchestra and pits and reached the mask in a whole new way through the exotic brilliance of music, song and folklores.The use of folk theatre strategies, the contours of fresh, innovative and flexible dramatic form have gradually emerged, enabling Karnad and his contemporaries to telescope different points in time and space, to bring in many levels of reality simultaneously, or to negotiate them freely in any order. The new form promises to restore the essential imaginative character of drama suitable for presenting complex human experience. Karnad employs in his plays the techniques of classical and folk theatre of India. He makes use of the devices of culture to expose its retrogressive values. Keywords: Emergence, Kinds, Forms, Types, Natyasastra, Influence, Conventions, Motifs, Technique Folk plays provide a valuable insight into the local dialect, dress, attitude, humour and wit of the regions in which they are staged. Although mythological and medieval romances are their main thrust, folk theatre acquires a timeless appeal by improvising with symbolic relevance to the current socio- political happenings. - Amrita Gupta Folk Theatre plays a significant role in educating and entertaining the audience. It had been a vital means of communication during ancient times owing to its interpersonal Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011 179 and interactive appeal. The role of Folk Theatre is a widely acclaimed fact today. Literary campaigns and several issues such as adult education, environment, child labour, population control, women abuse and the problemof dowry have been skillfully dealt with through the mediumof Folk theatre. It represents traditional theme enacted in the formof dramatic representation of the myths, legends, beliefs and tradition of a particular community. Various forms of this distinct theatrical mediumexists in the world representing various cultures and nationalities and their rich heritage. Themost traditional and popular theatreof Czechoslovakia, Russia, Turkey etc. are a pivotal document of 20 th Century theory of Puppet Theatre. India has the longest and richest tradition in theatre going back to atleast 5000 years. The emergence of Indian Folk theatre is basically fromBharata Munis Natya Shastra (2000 BC to 4th Century AD), theearliest and most elaboratetreatiseon dramaturgy written anywhere in the world. The Indian theatre can be divided into threekinds: the Classical or the Sanskrit theatre, theTraditional or theFolk theatre and theModern theatre. The Sanskrit language splintered into vernaculars and took root in the formof regional languages after the tenth century. In other word, it was replaced by the growing folk theatre which emerged forcefully in different regions, using the language of the region where it emerged during thefifteenth -sixteenth century . For themes, it looked at theSanskrit epics and thePuranas, historical tales, folk stories of romance, valour and biographical accounts of local heroes. The various Folk theatre forms are Nautanki ,Ramlila and Raslila fromUttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Punjab, Swang fromHaryana, Jatra from Bengal, West Bengal and Orissa, Therukuttu fromTamilnadu, Bayalata fromKarnataka, Kalapam fromAndhra Pradesh, Teyyam, Kakkarissi NatakamfromKerala, Tamasha fromMaharashtra, Bhavai fromGujarat and Rajasthan, Nupipaalaa fromManipur, Chhau fromSikkim, Siamsa Tire from Ireland, and Cheo fromVietnamfeature a wide range of make-up, Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011 180 song, dance, mime, improvised repartee, slapstick or stylized acting and even acrobatics. The Bayalata of Karnataka is based on mythological plays. The themes arereligious and begin with an invocation of thedivine. The five types of Bayalata are - Dasarata, Sannatas, Doddates, Parijata and Yakshagana. The Dasarata is performed by a group of dasas (mela) men and women. Every mela has atleast one leading lady who is a highly talented singer and dancer. She interprets the emotions with vivid gestures providing the audience immense entertainment, information and humour by enacting the themes of Radha and Krishna. Sannata or the small play has a full length story that lasts for about six hours. The troupes performin villages on weddings, birth of a male child, religious festivals and even to tempt the rain gods in times of drought. The Sannata is divided into three kinds - the Vaishnava (in which Radha and Krishna are invocated); the Shaiva (Shiva and Parvati are invocated); and the social plays that begin with the Kathabija (the core of the story), being outlined, and the story is then woven around it. In contrast to the other types of plays like Yakshagana, Doddata Puppet plays and Sannata bring the folk theatre to the social plane. It reflects the native intelligence, wit and sharp response of the villagers. Like the Sannata the Parijata is also an opera where the actor summarizes and explains the song. The essential character in the Parijata is the Bhagavata who plays the dual role of narrator and clown. But before the characters appear on stage there is an invocation by the Bhagavata - an invocation of Ganesha. This is followed by the prelude - the story of Radha and Krishna. The main story is based on the myth of the romance of Krishna and Rukmani-Satyabhama. Like the Parijata, the Doddata begins with an invocation to Ganesha. The Sarathi offers prayers to the deity before the story begins. The composition of the play is a mixture of verse and prose. The performances are on an elaborate scale with rich Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011 181 costumes, wide stage, a number of characters and a lot of sound and fury with all the male characters shouting shabaash! The Doddata does not have the facility for display of delicate emotion. In Parijata and Yakashagana a single narrrator (Sutradhar) controls the story whereas the other has a chorus of four or five narrators - aided by a Vidhushaka or a clown who adds the local colour. The word Yakshagana derives fromYaksha, which means demi-gods and gana, which means song. Texts are written in Kannada, the language of Karnataka, prefaced by asung prologue, often in Sanskrit, the high castelanguage of classical Indian theatre. Throughout the evocation of rasa, the aesthetic flavour or emotional quality derived fromthe performance by the audience as specific to the episode being performed, is aimed at by the performers. The rasa or moods of Yakshagana are often of a passionate or violent kind. Yakshagana begins with invocatory rituals to Ganesha, a garlanded statue of whomis kept in the green room by the actors throughout the performance followed by a sung prologue. After the invocation a comic character known as the Hanumanyaka arrives on the stage, and after a dialogue with the Bhagavata - the music director, subsequently remains to irreverently quiz the other characters as they arrive. The main characters are introduced with an introductory dance called an Oddolaga and reveal themselves gradually frombehind a curtain (originally known as a Yavanika) held up by two stage hands, emphasizing the dramatic quality of therevelation. Folk theatres have existed since centuries and their relevance has not dimmed in any way at this present age. This continuing attraction and effectiveness is proven by the fact that many of the contemporary dramatists make use of the style and techniques of Folk Theatre in their plays. Karnad is the first Indian dramatist to reflect really typical Indian characteristic in his plays, as hehas consciously resisted the influence of the Western theatre, Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011 182 which fails to take cognizance of the Indian milieu in its entirety. (Dhanavel 2000: 98) Girish Karnad is a dramatist who has acknowledged the influence of the Folk theatrical tradition of Indiain his various plays to make themrelevant in the modern context. He tries to evolve a symbolic formout of atension between thearchetypal and mythical experience, and a living response to life and its values. Since his childhood days he was greatly influenced by the native theatre modes like Yakshagana, the folk theatre of Karnataka, Sutradhara, Shallow and Deep scenes fromParsi theatre, comic scenes from Company Natak Theatre and other Folk Formsand revived them using their artistic ambiguity to comment on the current problems. Infact, he has absorbed folk forms into the main streamdrama and has used folk technique and folk philosophy to speak to the contemporary audience. In hisThree Plays, Karnad says, the mask merely presents in enlarged detail its essential moral nature.And so a character represents not a complex psychological entity but an ethical archetype. (Karnad 1994 : 13) In relation to Girish Karnads worth it is important to consider the prominence given by Bharata in theNatyasastra to the role played by the Sutradhara. Though commonly translated as stage manager, the Sutradhara fulfilled a very different role from that conjured up by a contemporary understanding of this title. The Sutradhara means literally the string holder, translated as puppet master or manipulator, though he was almost certainly an actor himself and played not merely an impresarios role. He predates the Bhagavata of Yakshagana with whomhe bears many similarities as controller of stageaction, orchestrator of themusicians, director and choreographer of theactor-dancers and fundamentally, during the performance itself a story-teller. In many ways the Sutradhara is the story itself. It is also important to remember the prevalence of stock characters in Sanskrit drama to which theNatyasastra refers, like the king, Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011 183 queen, bride, bridegroom, sage, wise woman, clown and villain. Such characters appear frequently in Karnads plays. Karnad uses the conventions and motifs of folk theatre like masks, mime, songs, dances, curtains, the commentator- narrator, the actor-manager, puppets, dolls, horseman, the story- within-a-story, facilitating amixtureof thehuman and thenon-human to createa queer magical world, Kannada folktales, story of cobra, a play within the play, the prologue, an epilogue, monologues and the actor-manager, in all his plays to show the absurdity of lifewith all its elemental passions and conflicts, and mans eternal struggle to achieve perfection. In Yayati, Karnad uses the character of Sutradhara at the beginning to informthe audiencethat it is amythical play, in Tughlaq, he uses the announcer, who carries out numerous functions, especially that of a narrator or commentator, to reformIndia politically and socially. He has used the Company Natak convention of thecomic pairs, Aziz and Azam. Theatre, as explained by the actor-manager, in The Fire and the Rain is to get away fromthe dreariness of reality, boredomof modern life; it is ameans of entertainment. The actor-manager talks about the profession of acting and also talks to Arvasu about the mask and says: This is a mask of Vritra, the demon. Now, surrender to the mask. Surrender and pour life into it. But remember, once you bring a mask to lifeyou haveto keep a tight control over it,otherwise itll try to takeover. Itll begin to dictateterms to you and you must never let that happen. (Karnad, The Fire and the Rain: 52) The Deep scene fromParsi theatre is used to show the interiors of palaces in Yayati whereas both the Deep and Shallow scenes are used in Tughlaq like interiors of palaces, royal parks, other such visually opulent sets and theexterior of thestreet. Karnad is aware of the importance of stage-lighting which has a style and character of its own. Light paints multiple pictures and ebbs and flows with the action of the drama. The use of dimmers, gently Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011 185 Karnad employs the ingenious folk device of masks which is a typical feature of Yakshagana to project the personalities of different characters. In the play, Yayati, Puru is shown wearing the mask of Yayati accepting the old age of his father with a great sense of responsibility, respect and sacrifice. Whereas, in Tughlaq, Role-playing is a kind of mask. As a king, the Sultan has to play many roles in his life. Tughlaq stabs Shihab-Ud-Din to his hearts content and orders to behead the Amirs, stuff their bodies with straw and hang themup in the palace-yard. (Karnad: Tughlaq: 43). When Barani spreads a silken cloth on Shihab-Ud-Dins corpse, theSultan says villaineously, Dont cover him. I want my people to see his wounds (Karnad: Tughlaq: 45). Muhammad has already killed his father and brother while they were praying. But when his step-mother accepts that she has killed Najib, Tughlaq finds fault with her action. At thesame time, hejustifies his murders: I killed them- Yes - but I killed themfor an ideal (Karnad: Tughlaq: 65). The role that he plays is that of a visionary, a tyrant, a forgiver, a self-realising person, and also a devotee. Thus, role- playing and disguise are alternatives to mask. In the beginning of the play, Hayavadana, Lord Ganesha wears an elephant-headed mask. Lord Ganesha is considered a mixture of human, animal and divine forms. He is a God who has an elephants head with a human body. Though Lord Ganesha is called Lord and Master of Success and Perfection, Image of Purity and Holiness, and Mangalamoorthy. Heis, as Bhagavatha says, the embodiment of imperfection (Karnad, Hayavadana: 1). Later on, Devadatta appears on the stage wearing a pale coloured mask and Kapila a dark mask and Kali wearing a terrible mask. The colour of the masks worn by Devadatta and Kapila represent their basic trait. Since they live with One mind, One heart (Karnad: Hayavadana: 2), the two friends make thepeople of Dharamapura remember Lava and Kusha, Rama and Lakshmana, Krishna and Balarama (Karnad, Hayavadana: 2). Initially Hayavadana appears wearing the mask of horse-head. In Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011 184 fading the lights in or out, provides immense scope for magical possibilities in Tughlaq. Half-curtains and painted curtains carried by stage hands are used to convey some facts. For instance, when Padmini performs sati, the curtain has a blazing fire painted on it and as it is lifted, the flames seemto leap up. The front curtain is totally absent and there is no elaborate set up in Hayavadana. He has used an amalgamation of scenic and act divisions in Tale-Danda which explores the Company Natak formbeyond the Deep and Shallow scenes. In the Shallow scenes, a painted curtain depicting a street - as the backdrop is used, while the Deep scenes shows the interiors of palaces, the Brahmins quarter, the queens chamber, the gods room, the inner chamber, the courtesans quarters and the front yard of the palace. Music, mime and exotic imagery create vast opportunities for colourful improvisation. Each scene has a limited purpose with regard to the overall dramatic action. Sometimes he uses chorus or song in order to suspend the flow of dramatic action and provide multiplicity of themes in Tughlaq. Karnad has employed all other conventions of Yakshagana in Hayavadana, like : songs, music, the Bhagavata, Ganesha pooja at the opening, the Bhagavada Vakyamat the end, stylized actions and others. For example, the Bhagavata, accompanied by musicians, sings verses in praise of Ganesha and narrates the story with a formalistic expression in the manner of a folk-tale. Karnad depicts Padminis unrepressed nature and inner feelings through theuseof a folk devicethat is thefemale chorus. In this play, Karnad brings back poetry, music, a sense of gaiety and celebration traditionally associated with a theatrical event. In Naga-Mandala, theuseof chorus and music are the notable features in which all the songs are sung by the Flames. The action of the play in Hayavadana is mimed, for example, when the three characters proceed to Ujjain, a cart does not appear on the stage, rather, Kapila followed by Padmini and Devadatta enter miming a card ride. Kapila is driving the cart (Karnad:Hayavadana: 25). The play is replete with instances of miming. For all these techniques Karnad owes a great deal to folk theatre. Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011 186 The Fire and The Rain, Arvasu wearing the mask of Vritra loses control over himself. He attacks and chases the Actor-Manager who plays Indra, saying, you can elude me, Indra. But you cant escape me. Even if you fly like a falcon across ninety-nine rivers, Ill find you. Ill destroy you. Ill raze your befouled sacrifice to the ground (Karnad: The Fire and the Rain: 57). Hence, the Actor-Manager shouts Its the mask, its the mask, come alive. Restrain him-or therell be chaos (Karnad, The Fire and the Rain: 57). A play within the play begins with the Prologue in Naga- Mandala. It is used to set the tone and mood of the play. He uses the story to play the role of Bhagavata and Story is a woman character in the play. She narrates certain incidents and conducts the play, while the Man and the Flames are used very much like the Hayavadana and the Dolls of Hayavadana. He has used cobra with magical powers. The Naga summons his magical powers and becomes as thin and small as the size of Ranis tresses. The use of mask becomes a necessity for Rani to escape fromthe reality. In The Fire and the Rain, the play-within-the play is an attempt to link the ritual and theatre.Thus, through the use of folk theatre strategies, the contours of fresh, innovative and flexible dramatic formhave gradually emerged, enabling Karnad and his contemporaries to telescope different points in time and space, to bring in many levels of reality simultaneously, or to negotiate them freely in any order. The new formpromises to restore the essential imaginative character of drama suitable for presenting complex human experiences. Karnad does not merely borrow the character of the Bhagavata fromatypical Yakshagana play. He increases thescope of the role by making the Bhagavata not merely a commentator- narrator but also by making himone of the characters. He has used the Female Chorus which is absent in the Yakshagana play. Karnads Bhagavata is different fromthe Bhagvata in the Yakshagana. The Bhagvata of the Yakshagana sings, and male Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011 187 chorus is employed in Yakshagana whereas Karnad has used male and female chorus. Karnads contribution is that he introduces a relatively unknown and partly original story which a folk formwould normally avoid. Indian Folk Theatre is therefore reckoned as just not a theatre formbut is now-a-days a lot more. It unfurls the saga of the voyage of Indian drama fromthe eposes to the modish theatre pattern. It is the chronicle of Indian drama where for the very first time theatre broke the barrier of orchestra and pits and reached the mask in a whole new way through the exotic brilliance of music, song and folklores. Karnad employs in his plays the techniques of classical and folk theatre of India. He makes use of the devices of culture to expose its retrogressive values. So he argues, the energy of folk theatre comes fromthe fact that although it seems to uphold traditional values, it also has themeans of questioning these values, of making themliterally stand on their head (Karnad: Naga- Mandala: Blurb). REFERENCES Dhanavel, P. 2000.The Indian Imagination of Girish Karnad. New Delhi: PrestigeBooks. Gargi, Balwant.2008.FolkTheatreof India. http:// www.yakshagana.com/remar02.htm. 27 Aug. 1. Karnad, Girish.1994. Authors Introduction. Three Plays. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp.1-18. (All parenthetical references of thetext are to this edition.) Karnad, Girish.1975.Tughlaq, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, (All parenthetical references of thetext are to this edition.) Karnad, Girish.1975. Hayavadana, Chennai: Oxford University Press, (All parenthetical references of thetext are to this edition.) Karnad, Girish.1998. The Fire and the Rain. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, (All parenthetical references of thetext areto this edition.) Karnad, Girish. 1990.Back Cover. Naga-Mandala. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. *Assistant Professor,Department of English, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh) Vol.III.5-6 Jan-Dec,2011