PROTON

is a very small piece of atom.

has a positive electrical charge.
.. has charge +1.
.. was discovered by Rutherford in 1918
is found in the nucleus of all atoms.
In addition to in the nucleus of atoms are neutrons.
The number of in the atomic nucleus is what determines the atomic number of an element, as outlined in
the periodic table of the elements.
MATTER
has many definitions.
The most common is that it is any substance which has mass and occupies space.
All physical objects are composed of matter, in the form of atoms, which are in turn composed of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
are the physical substances that exist in the universe
MOLECULE
is the simplest unit of a chemical substance.
is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Examples of molecules include water H
2
O, oxygen, gas, O
2

For example, oxygen atoms always have two bonds with other atoms. It was a simple molecule.
ATOM
is the smallest unit of any chemical element.
Sonsisting of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons.
can combine to form a molecule.
Some of the atoms in nature exist as single atoms (the noble gases).
DENSITY
Density is the relationship between the mass of a substance and its size.
The symbol most often used for density is .
Mathematically, is defined as mass divided by volume.
of a material varies with temperature and pressure.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
of a substance are those properties that you can see.
are contrasted with chemical properties which determine the way a material behaves in a chemical reaction
Examples of include mass, density, color, boiling point, temperature, and volume.
Changes of that do not change the chemical nature of matter.
MELTING POINT
. is the temperature at which a substance melts.
of water isnt always the same as the freezing point of water!
For most purposes, you can consider of water to be 0C or 32F.
Different substances have different
TEMPERATURE
is a physical quantity serving to describe the matter.
is the property of matter.
It reflects the quantity of energy of motion of the component particles.
There are several scales used to measure this value (e.g., Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit).
The degree of heat in the body of a living organism, usually about 37C in humans.
SOLID
One of four main states of matter.
A substance that is solid is not a liquid or a gas.
is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma).
It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume.
STATES OF MATTER
In physics, is one of the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on.
Matter occurs in four states: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.
Often of a substance may be changed by adding or removing heat energy from it.
For example, the addition of heat can melt ice into liquid water and turn water into steam.
Four are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

PARTICLES
is also any of the smallest pieces of matter that make up atoms or the parts of atoms.
is a small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical or chemical properties such as volume
or mass.
are very often represented as dots.
This figure could represent the movement of atoms in a gas, people in crowds or stars in the night sky.
ISOTOPE
is a form of an atom.
It has a different atomic weight from other forms of the same
atom
have the same chemical structure.
Hydrogen has three : protium (
1
H) with zero neutrons,
deuterium (
2
H) with one neutron, and tritium (
3
H) with two
neutrons.
The element technetium hasnt any ...
FORCE OF GRAVITY
Gravity is a natural phenomenon by which all physical bodies attract each other.
The force that makes objects fall toward the earth, or toward some other large object such as a planet or a star
It is most commonly recognized and experienced as the agent that gives weight to physical objects, and causes
physical objects to fall toward the ground when dropped from a height.
is a 3D science fiction thriller and space drama film. The film is set in outer space.
The Space is smaller than on Earth
FORCE
In physics, is any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change, either concerning its
movement, direction, or geometrical construction.
It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F.
are also described as a push or pull on an object.
They can be due to phenomena such as gravity, magnetism or anything that might cause a mass to accelerate.
PERIODIC TABLE
It is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements.
Elements in its are presented in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus).
It can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the
d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that.
Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
At the beginning of 2010 were 118 known elements.
All elements have their place in the periodic table.
ELEMENT
A chemical element is a substance that cant be broken down by chemical means.
They are defined by the number of protons they possess.
Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table of the elements.
At the beginning of 2010 were 118 known elements.
In 1919, the list of elements had 89 items.
Only 92 elements are naturally on Earth.
Elements with atomic numbers above 92 are radioactive.
Elements in periodic table are presented in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the
nucleus).
GRADUATED CYLINDER
It is a piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid.
It can be made of glass or plastic.
It has other names: measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder.
Typical volume of it are between 5 ml and 2000 ml.
They are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers.
However, they are less accurate than volumetric glassware, such as a volumetric flask or volumetric
pipette.
VOLUME
It is an amount of space having length, height and width.
The standard unit of volume is the cubic metre (m
3
).
Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas.
In chemistry, a volume meter is used, for example, graduated cylinder.
The volume is not the same as the capacity.

EARTH
Earth is the third planet in order of distance from the Sun.
Earth is situated between Venus and Mars.
Earth is the world on which we live.
The Earth takes approximately 365 1/4 days to go round the Sun.
Earth formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago.
Life appeared on its surface within its first billion years.
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
At the centre of an atom is a nucleus containing protons and neutrons.
Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in energy levels or shells.
The word 'atom' comes from the Greek for indivisible.
We now know that atoms arent the smallest particles of matter.
Atoms are made from smaller subatomic particles.