Couplers and Hybrid Rings P y G: .Donelli@disi - Unitn.it .Donelli@disi - Unitn.it

ELEctromagnetic DIAgnostics Lab.
DIT Universit di Trento DIT - Universit di Trento

Via Sommarive 14, I-38050 Trento Italia
E-mail: massimo.donelli@disi.unitn.it E mail: massimo.donelli@disi.unitn.it
Couplers and Hybrid Rings p y g
Master Master Degree Degree Electronic and Telecommunication Electronic and Telecommunication
A.A. A.A. 2012 2012--2013 2013
Couplers and Hybrid Rings
The waveguide directional coupler, Bethe single
h l l hole coupler.
Bethe skewed single hole coupler.
The two holes directional coupler.
The multi-holes coupler The multi holes coupler.
The 180 Hybrid ring (rat race).
Th d t H b id i The quadrature Hybrid ring.
Couplers and hybrid rings are four ports devices. Power
incident at port 1 is directed (coupled) with port 2 (called the incident at port 1 is directed (coupled) with port 2 (called the
througt port) with port three the coupled port, but not with
port 4 (called isolated port). Similarly power at port 2 will be p ( p ) y p p
coupled with ports 1 and 4 but not 3. Ports 1 and 4 are
decoupled as ports 2 and 3.
Couplers
P
1
P
2
P
4
P
3
The following slide shows two commonly used symbols for directional
couplers, and power flow conventions.
The scattering matrix of a four ports network matched at all ports has the
following form:
In particular considering a lossless device we can have two different
kinds of scattering matrix the symmetric and the anti symmetric kinds of scattering matrix the symmetric and the anti-symmetric
scattering matrix reported below:
symmetric anti-symmetric
It should be noticed that the two couplers differs only in the choice of the
reference planes and that the amplitude of the two terms and are not
independent but they must satisfy the following relation: p y y g
Because for a lossless device the sum of the terms along the rows or
columns must gives 1 as result columns must gives 1 as result.
The following three quantities are generally used to characterize a
directional coupler:
dB
P
P
C Coupling log 20 log 10
1
= = =
P
2
dB
S P
P
D y Directivit
3
log 20 log 10

= = =
S P
14 4
dB S
P
I Isolation
14
1
log 20 log 10 = = = d S
P
solation
14
4
og 0 og 0
Lossless Junction The T-Junction power splitter
The coupling factor indicates the fraction of the input power that is
coupled to the output port. p p p
The directivity is a measure of the couplers ability to isolate forward and
backward waves.
These quantities are then relates as: These quantities are then relates as:
dB C D I + = dB C D I + =
An ideal directional coupler have an infinite directivity and isolation (S
14
= 0).
Waveguide coupler: the Bethe Coupler,
single hole waveguide coupler g g p
The structure of the Bethe coupler is reported in the following, it is made
with two segments of waveguide connected together by means of a g g g y
single hole.
C id i th b t t ith i id t TE d i t t 1 Considering the above structure with an incident TE
10
mode into port 1
we are able to completely describe the different field components
Waveguide coupler: the Bethe Coupler, single hole
waveguide coupler waveguide coupler
The field components are given by the following : The field components are given by the following :
Where Z
10
is the wave impedance of the TE
10
mode.
The equivalent polarization currents at the aperture are: The equivalent polarization currents at the aperture are:
Considering x=s, y=b, z=0. And the amplitude of the direct and reflected
waves we obtain:
Where is the power polarization constant from the first Where is the power polarization constant from the first
previous formula we obtain the following condition useful to estimate the
parameter s :
The radius of the aperture could be obtained considering the following
relations:
Where r
0
is the radius of the aperture.
0
p
The coupling factor and the directivity of the single hole Bethe waveguide
coupler are given by the following relations:
Waveguide coupler: the Bethe Coupler, skewed
single hole waveguide coupler single hole waveguide coupler
The geometry of the skewed single hole Bethe waveguide coupler is given
below:
In this case the aperture is centered at s=a/2 being a the waveguide width.
The skewed angle is used to slightly change the transverse magnetic field The skewed angle is used to slightly change the transverse magnetic field.
Example 2: T-Junction power splitter design
single hole waveguide coupler
For this geometry the amplitude of the direct and back-waves are given by
single hole waveguide coupler
the following relations:
If we set A
+
=0 we obtain the following condition for the skewed angle: If we set A
10
=0 we obtain the following condition for the skewed angle:
single hole waveguide coupler single hole waveguide coupler
The coupling factor is given by the following relation:
The geometry of the skewed Bethe hole coupler is often a disadvantage in
terms of fabrication and application. The single hole Bethe couplers work
well only at the design frequency they are narrowband devices well only at the design frequency, they are narrowband devices.
Waveguide coupler: the two holes directional coupler
The geometry of the two holes directional coupler is reported below it
consists of two waveguide segments soldered together and two circular
holes placed at a distance of quarter wavelength each other holes placed at a distance of quarter wavelength each other.
Waveguide coupler: the two holes directional coupler
A similar geometry could be designed also with planar technology
(microstrip). The behavior of the device is the following, the two small
apertures spaced quarter wavelength each other couple the two waveguide apertures spaced quarter wavelength each other couple the two waveguide
sections. A wave enter at port 1 is mostly transmitted at port two, but a little
amount of power is coupled trough the two apertures.
The multi-holes coupler
This is a narrowband device, because the structure is composed by two
sections of rectangular waveguides moreover the two circular holes are
placed at quarter wavelength each other. In order to obtain a wideband p q g
device we can introduce different couples of holes.
Hybrid ring: the quadrature (90) hybrid ring
Q d t h b id i 3 dB di ti l l ith 90 h Quadrature hybrid rings are 3 dB directional couplers with a 90 phase
difference at the output ports. Usually the hybrid rings are often made in
microstrip or stripline form. As reported in the following figure:
This type of hybrids are also known as branch line couplers Other 3 dB This type of hybrids are also known as branch line couplers. Other 3 dB
couplers, such as coupled line couplers or Lange couplers can also be
used as quadrature couplers, we discuss these other devices later.
Lossy Junction The Three resistors power splitter
The hybrid ring is a symmetrical device and it can be analyzed
considering the even odd analysis. It is worth noticed that any port can
be used as input or output piort. We first starts with a circuital schema of
the normalized branch line (normalization obtained considering the
characteristic impedance Z
0
of the transmission lines connected with the p
0
device.).
Normalized circuital schema of the 90 ring
The following schema report the even decomposition:
For the even part we introduce two sources generators with the same For the even part we introduce two sources generators with the same
amplitude and the same phase. In this way we can split the device into
two different circuits.
For the even analysis the lateral transmission line can be considered as y
two open stubs. In this way port s1 and 4 are connected with quarter
wavelength line connected with open stubs and matched load.
The following schema report the odd decomposition:
For the odd analysis we consider two sources generators with the same For the odd analysis we consider two sources generators with the same
amplitude and a phase shift od 180. Also in this case we can split the
device into two different circuits.
The following relations summarize the amplitude of the reflected wave at
the device ports considering the even/odd mode analysis.
The analysis of the devices since it is a chain of two ports devices the
best way to analyzed it is using the ABCD matrix in particular we observe
th t that :
First the estimation of the reflection and transmission coefficients of the
even mode have to be considered. This can be done with the above
chain matrix. In particular the admittance of the shunt open circuit stub (
/8 length ) is Y=jtan(l)=j /8 length ) is Y jtan(l) j
The ABCD parameters can be used to convert the ABCD matric into S
parameters which are equivalent to the reflection and transmission
ffi i t Th coefficients. Thus:
Similarly for the odd mode we obtain a chain matrix that consider the
concatenation of the short circuit stub. The ABCD matrix for the odd
d i i b l mode is given below:
The reflection and transmission coefficients can be obtained converting
th ABCD i t th S t i i d t bt i th fl ti d the ABCD into the S matrix in order to obtain the reflection and
transmission coefficents.
Considering the transmission and reflection coefficients for the even and
odd modes we obtain the following:
0
1
= B
As can be observed the two ports
B and B the amplitudes of the
0
2
1
=
j
B
B
B
1
and B
4
the amplitudes of the
electromagnetic wave at the two
ports is 0 this means that the two
t t h d C id i
1
2
2
B
ports are matched- Considering
the amplitude at ports 2 and 3 we
observe that at port B
2
we obtain
0
2
3
=
B
B half power with a 90 phase shift
while on port 3 we have half
power but with a phase shift of
0
4
= B
p p
180 degrees.
The scattering matrix of this device is reported in the following:

0 1 0 j
[ ]

1 0 0
1
j
j
S [ ]

=
0 0 1
2
j
j
S
0 1 0 j
j

An example of application of Hybrid ring is to obtain the the circular
polarization in patch antennas. In particular the following schema is
usually consider: usually consider:
0
Z 0
/ 2 Z
0
Z
g
/4
feed
0
Z
g
50 Ohm load
0
g
/4
50 Ohm load
30
Even/Odd analysis of the Wilkinson power splitter
The Hybrid ring is a narrowband device since it is composed by four
quarter wavelenght transmission lines. For this reason techniques to
enhance the bandwidth of such kind of device have been developed In enhance the bandwidth of such kind of device have been developed. In
particular multi arms hybrid ring can be considered to improve the
bandwidth of the device.
Even/Odd analysis of the Wilkinson power splitter
Hybrid ring: the multi arms quadrature (90) hybrid ring
First arm
Second arm
SMA coax connectors
Hybrid ring: the multi arms quadrature (90) hybrid ring
In the following the design formula for the multi arms branch line are
reported in particular a two arms branch line has been considered.
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
2Z
Port 1 Port 2
g
/4
0
2Z
0
) 1 2 ( Z +
0
) 1 2 ( Z +
g
/4
0
Z
Z
g
Port 4 Port 3
0
Z
0
Z
Wilkinson power splitter with lumped elements
Hybrid ring: the single/multi arms quadrature (90) hybrid
ring with lumped elements
Also the quadrature hybrid ring could be reduced in size considering
lumped elements. In particular the four quarterwave transmission lines p p q
could be simulated with a Pi-Greca networks realized with two capacitors
and one inductor:
2
1
Z f
C
eq
=
0
2 f
Z
L
eq
=
0 0
2 Z f
0
2 f
This technique could be used also for low frequencies and high power.
Hybrid ring the 180 hybrid ring (rat-race)
The 180 hybrid junction is a four ports network with a 180 phase shift
between the two output ports. The schema of the 180 hybrid is reported p p y p
below:
A signal applied at port 1 will be equally split into two components with a
180 phase difference at port 2 and 3 and port 4 wuill be isolated When 180 phase difference at port 2 and 3, and port 4 wuill be isolated. When
the Hybryd operated as a combiner, with input signals applied at ports 2
and 3, the sum of the inputs will be formed at port 1, while the difference
t t 4 P t 1 d 4 f d t th d diff t at port 4. Port 1 and 4 are referred to as the sum and difference ports
respectively.
The scattering matrix of an ideal hybrid 180 junction is reported in the
following: g
A signal applied at port 1 will be equally split into two components with a g pp p q y p p
180 phase difference at port 2 and 3, and port 4 wuill be isolated. When
the Hybryd operated as a combiner, with input signals applied at ports 2
and 3, the sum of the inputs will be formed at port 1, while the difference and 3, the sum of the inputs will be formed at port 1, while the difference
at port 4. Port 1 and 4 are referred to as the sum and difference ports
respectively.
The hybrid ring can be fabricated in several forms, waveguide microstrip.
Since the geometrical structure is symmetrical we can use the even odd g y
analysis to analyze the behavior of this device. The following photo
shows the geometry of a rat-race fabricated with microstrip.
The schema of the rat-race is reported below:
Now the even and odd analysis of the rat-race will be used to analyze the device
behavior Let us first consider a unit amplitude wave incident at port 1 (the sum behavior. Let us first consider a unit amplitude wave incident at port 1 (the sum
port). At the ring junctions this wave will be divided into two components. These
two components arrive in phase at ports 2 and 3, and 1port 4 is isolated. If the
signal is applied at port 4 it will be splitted at ports 2 and 3 with a phase signal is applied at port 4 it will be splitted at ports 2 and 3 with a phase
difference of 180. Using the even odd analysis we can decompose this case into
a superposition of two simpler circuits considering the symmetry of the structure.
Even odd analysis of the (rat-race)
For the even mode two identical power sources (same phases and amplitudes)
have to be considered at ports 1 and 3, and considering the horizontal symmetry
we obtain the following schema:
is like an
open circuit
The horizontal line of symmetry in the middle is like an open circuit so we obtain
a quarter wavelength line connected with two open stubs.
For the odd mode two power sources with a 180 phase shift have to be
considered at ports 1 and 3, and still considering the horizontal symmetry we
obtain the following schema:
is like a
short circuit
The horizontal line of symmetry in the middle is like a short circuit so we obtain a
quarter wavelength line connected with two short circuited stubs.
The amplitude of the signals at the input output ports is given by the following
relations:
We first calculate the chain matrix for the upper or lower section of the device
then we will transform it into the scattering matrix in order to obtain the
transmission and the reflection coefficients for the even and odd analysis.
The ABCD matrices of the upper lower device section are reported in the
following:
After the conversion we obtain:
Now consider a unit amplitude wave incident at port 4 (the difference
port). The two waves arrive at ports 2 and 3 with a net phase difference
of 180 between these ports of 180 between these ports.
As in the previous case we first consider the even source
Now consider we must consider the odd source s obtaining:
The amplitude of the scattered waves could be obtained considering the
reflection and transmission coefficients: reflection and transmission coefficients:
This is the typical narrowband behavior of a rat race.
Wilkinson power splitter with lumped elements
Question: It is possible to simulate a rat-race with
lumped elements ?
In this way we can obtain a more compact layout. Unfortunately it is not
possible because only four quarter wave transmission lines could be
lumped elements ?
possible because only four quarter-wave transmission lines could be
simulated with a Pi-Greca networks realized with two capacitors and one
inductor:
2
1
Z f
C
eq
=
0
2 f
Z
L
eq
=
0 0
2 Z f
0
2 f
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
when two unshielded transmission lines are close
t th b l d b t th li together, power can be coupled between the lines
W
h
S C12 S
d
C12
C11
C22
d
C11 and C22 are the self capacitance in the
absence of the other line
C12 is the mutual capacitance between the two p
lines in the absence of the ground plane
for the even mode, the electric field has even
symmetry and the field lines of one transmission line symmetry and the field lines of one transmission line
repel those of the other line, therefore, C12 is
effectively open-circuited effectively open circuited
C C C
e 11 22
C C C
e 11 22
the characteristic impedance for the even mode
is: is:
Z
L
C vC
oe
e e
= =
1
C vC
e e
for the odd mode, the electric field have an odd
symmetry about the symmetry plane and a
voltage null exists between the two strip
conductors
this is effectively putting a ground plane between
the conductors
the effective capacitance between either strip
conductor and ground is conductor and ground is
C C C C C
o
= + = + 11 2 12 22 2 12
the characteristic impedance for the odd mode is
C C C C C
o
+ + 11 2 12 22 2 12
p
Z
L
= =
1
Z
C vC
oo
o o
= =
the transmission lines are assumed TEM lines,
this is true for stripline but only approximately true
for microstrip line
a single-section coupled line coupler is shown
below below
33
4
isolated
coupled
isolated
coupled
1
2
i t
through
input
through
3
4 Zo
V3
V4
I1
I2
I3
I4
Zoe, Zoo
1
2
V1
V2 V
the input impedance at Port 1 of the coupler
is given by g y
Z
V V V
in
e o
= =
+
1 1 1
Z
I I I
in
e o
+
1 1 1
the input impedance for the even and odd
modes are given by modes are given by
Z jZ + tan
Z Z
Z jZ
Z jZ
in
e
oe
o oe
oe o
=
+
+
tan
tan
,
Z jZ
oe o
+ tan
Z Z
Z jZ
in
o
oo
o oo
=
+ tan
Z Z
Z jZ
in oo
oo o
+ tan
by voltage division, we have
V V
Z
V V
Z
in
o
in
e
1 1
= = V V
Z Z
V V
Z Z
o
in
o
o
e
in
e
o
1 1
=
+
=
+
, ,
V V
I
V
Z Z
I
V
Z Z
o
in
o
o
e
in
e
o
1 1
=
+
=
+
, ,
in o in o
the input impedance is given by
Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
i
in
o
in
e
o in
e
in
o
o
=
+ + + ( ) ( )
Z
Z Z Z
in
in
e
in
e
o
=
+ + 2
Z Z Z
o e
( ) 2
2
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
o
in
o
in
e
o
e e
= +

+ +
( ) 2
2
2
Z Z Z
in in o
+ + 2
note that the input impedance should be note that the input impedance should be
matched to Z
o
, we have to choose
and so that this condition is satisfied
Z
in
o
Z
in
e
and so that this condition is satisfied
Z
in
Z
in
Let , the even and odd
d h t i ti i d b
Z Z Z
o oe oo
=
mode characteristic impedances become
Z Z
Z j Z
Z j Z
in
e
oe
oo oe
=
+
+
tan
tan
,
Z j Z
oe oo
+ tan
Z Z
Z j Z
in
o
oo
oe oo
=
+ tan
Z Z
Z j Z
in oo
oo oe
+ tan
It can be shown that
Z Z Z Z Z
in
e
in
o
oe oo o
= =
2
which leads to
Z Z
in o
=
Port 1 is matched, due to symmetry, all other
ports are matched ports are matched
the voltage at Port 3 is given by:
V V V V V V
Z Z
e o e o
in
e
in
o
3 3 3 1 1
= + = =
Z Z Z Z
Z jZ Z jZ
e o e o
in
e
o in
o
o
o oe o oo
3 3 3 1 1
+ +
+ + tan tan
V
Z jZ
Z j Z Z
Z jZ
Z j Z Z
o oe
o oe oo
o oo
o oe oo
3
2 2
=
+
+ +

+
+ +
tan
( ) tan
tan
( ) tan
j Z Z ( ) tan
V
j Z Z
Z j Z Z
oe oo
o oe oo
3
2
=

+ +
( ) tan
( ) tan

we can now define a coupling factor C so that
Z Z
C
Z Z
Z Z
oe oo
oe oo
=

+
The voltage at 3 is given by
V V
jC
C j
3
2
1
=
+
tan
tan
j
At Port 4, we have
V V V V V
e o e o 4 4 4 2 2
0 = + = =
At Port 2, we have
V V V V
C
e o 2 2 2
2
2
1
= + =

C j
e o 2 2 2
2
1 + cos sin
when q is small, virtually all the power will be
d li d t P t 2 l d t P t 3 delivered to Port 2. none coupled to Port 3,
Port 4 is always isolated
for q = p/2, the coupler is l/4 long and V V C
3
/ = q p , p g
and
3
V V j C
2
2
1 / =
the results satisfy power conservation, there
i 90 h hift b t th t t t is a 90
o
phase shift between the two output
port voltages which can be used as a
d t h b id quadrature hybrid
if the characteristic impedance and the
coupling coefficient are specific we use the coupling coefficient are specific, we use the
design formulas to obtain the even and odd
mode characteristic impedance mode characteristic impedance
Z Z
C
Z Z
C
oe o oo o
=
+
=
1 1
, Z Z
C
Z Z
C
oe o oo o
+ 1 1
,
we have assumed that the even and odd
modes have the same propagation velocities modes have the same propagation velocities
which is not valid at higher frequencies for
microstrip lines microstrip lines
the coupling of a single-section coupled line
l i li it d i b d idth d t th coupler is limited in bandwidth due to the
quarter-wave length requirement, we can
i th l f improve the couplers performance vs
frequency by using multisections
for weak coupling, i.e., C << 1, q = 90
o
we have
V jC jC
jC
j
3

tan tan
i

V
V
jC
C j
jC
j
jC e
j
3
1
2
1
1
=
+

+
=
tan
tan
tan
tan
sin

V
V
C
C j
e
j
2
1
2
2
1
1
=

i

V
C j
1
2
1 + cos sin
using these results, we can cascade the multi-
sections so that sections so that
V jC e V jC e V e
j j j
3 1 1 2 1
2
= +

( sin ) ( sin )

+
V jC e V jC e V e
3 1 1 2 1
+ ( sin ) ( sin )
jC e V
j
1
+

( sin )

+
jC e V
N
j
1
+( sin ) L
assuming that the coupler is symmetric so assuming that the coupler is symmetric so
that , etc., for an odd number of segments,
we have we have
V jV e C N C N
jN
3 1 1 2
2 1 3 = + +
sin [ cos( ) cos( )
V jV e C N C N
3 1 1 2
2 1 3 = + + sin [ cos( ) cos( )
N 1 1 +
+
At at center frequency, we can define a
N 1
2
1
2
+
+
( )]
q y,
coupling factor
C
V
3
C
V
V
o
=
=
3
1
2 /
Example of coupled line directional coupler
The Lange Directional Couplers
Generally in the coupled line directional coupler it is very
difficult reach a coupling factor of 3 dB or 6 dB. To increase
the coupling between edge coupled line wires are used to the coupling between edge-coupled line, wires are used to
connect several lines so that fringing fields at both edges of
a line contribute to the coupling . p g
The most practical implementation of this idea is the lange The most practical implementation of this idea is the lange
coupler.
This coupler is quite expensive, and it can hand only low
power.
The Lange Directional Couplers
Example of lange directional coupler:

Couplers and Hybrid Rings P y G: .Donelli@disi - Unitn.it .Donelli@disi - Unitn.it

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ELEctromagnetic DIAgnostics Lab.

DIT Universit di Trento DIT - Universit di Trento

Coupled Line Directional Couplers

sin [ cos( ) cos( )

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