Drive Testing (DT) & Optimization of GSM & CDMA Networks

DT OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Why we perform DT and What is DT.
Its for testing of different RF parameters required by the customer in the coverage area and to
determine where coverage is not fine. It is to verify planning requirement similarly to check
network quality from end user prospective and to analyze network problem.

Types of DT.
a. Indoor.
b. Outdoor.
The category of outdoor DT is sub divided into two types.
Single site DT.
Cluster Based DT (It is normally of 5 to 7 sites).

Modes of DT.
a. Idle call test.
It is performed by keeping the test phone in idle mode.
b. Short call test.
In Short call test the test phone is in dedicated mode multiple calls are made and duration of each
call should be from 30 to 45 seconds.
c. Long call test.
Long call test as the name suggests that test phone here is also in dedicated mode and a single
call is made of long duration.
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT TOOLS.

Planning Tool (Asset, Atoll)
Dimensioning Tool (Back hall, Codes)
Logging Tool/DT Tool (CNT, CAIT, Pilot panorama, Probe, Tems, Nemo)
Post processing Tool (Actix, Genex assistant, Tems investigation)
Spectrum analyzer (Tectonics, HP, Acterna)
DT KIT.
DT Tool software.
Laptop with charger and a battery of good health.
Handsets with charger.
Vehicle.
Car charger.
DT PARAMETERS.
Following are the DT parameters for CDMA and GSM which we need to mention in our DT
report.
a. Rxlevel (CDMA/GSM).
It is the receiving level of the signal and its unit is dBm. Best range of Rxlevel CDMA is from -
70dBm to -95dBm and for GSM is from -40dBm to -60dBm.
b. Txlevel (CDMA).
It is the transmit level of the signal its unit is also dBm
Maximum value is from -21dBm to -23dBm.
Basically Rx and Tx are vice versa because of close loop power control.
c. RxQuality (GSM).
Best range of RxQuality is from -40dBm to -60dBm.It is to determine the call quality of the
network.
d. Ec/Io (CDMA).
Ec stands for energy of the chip and Io stands for interface its unit is dB. Lower the value of
Ec/Io bad will be the quality. Value of Ec/Io is considered to be fine from -2dB to -10dB
e. PN Graph (CDMA/GSM).
PN graph shows the coverage area of the particular sector of the site.
f. FER (CDMA/GSM).
FER stands for Frame Error Rate. It is evaluated in percentage. If the value of FER is above
than 5 percent then we can say that there is some problem in the network.
g. HANDOFFS (CDMA/GSM).
In DT we monitor handoffs also.
h. SQI (GSM)
SQI stands for Speech Quality Index it is observed during our dedicated mode.
Events in DT.
Basic events in DT are,
Call drop.
GPS Disconnected.
Phone disconnected.
Handoffs.
Precautions kept in consideration.
Laptop should be fully charged.
All the required software should be working fine.
Enough space in hard drive.
Phone sets should be fully charged.
All the connectivity cables should be in working condition.
Enough credit for the DT.
Vehicle should have enough fuel to perform DT.
Drive route should be clear.
Sites in the selected cluster should be in working position.

VSAT Installation and Commissioning
Maftel is currently providing installation, commissioning and testing of VSAT with
following services:
What is a Drive Test?
Drive Test, as already mentioned, is the procedure to perform a test while driving. The vehicle
does not really matter, you can do a drive test using a motorcycle or bicycle. What matters is the
hardware and software used in the test.
A notebook - or other similar device (1)
with collecting Software installed (2),
a Security Key - Dongle - common to these types of software (3),
at least one Mobile Phone (4),
one GPS (5),
and a Scanner optional (6).
Also is common the use of adapters and / or hubs that allow the correct interconnection of all
equipment.
The following is a schematic of the standard connections.


The main goal is to collect test data, but they can be viewed / analyzed in real time (Live) during
the test, allowing a view of network performance on the field. Data from all units are grouped by
collection software and stored in one or more output files (1).


GPS: collecting the data of latitude and longitude of each point / measurement data, time,
speed, etc.. It is also useful as a guide for following the correct routes.
MS: mobile data collection, such as signal strength, best server, etc ...
SCANNER: collecting data throughout the network, since the mobile radio is a limited
and does not handle all the necessary data for a more complete analysis.
The minimum required to conduct a drive test, simplifying, is a mobile device with a software to
coleect data and a GPS. Currently, there are already cell phones that do everything. They have a
GPS, as well as a collection of specific software. They are very practical, but are still quite
expensive.

Drive Test Routes
Drive Test routes are the first step to be set, and indicate where testing will occur. This area is
defined based on several factors, mainly related to the purpose of the test.
The routes are predefined in the office.
A program of a lot of help in this area is Google Earth. A good practice is to trace the route on
the same using the easy paths or polygons. The final image can then be brought to the driver.


Some software allows the image to be loaded as the software background (geo-referenced). This
makes it much easier to direct routes to be followed.
It is advisable to check traffic conditions by tracing out the exact pathways through which the
driver must pass. It is clear that the movement of vehicles is always subject to unforeseen events,
such as congestion, interdicted roads, etc.. Therefore, one should always have on hand - know -
alternate routes to be taken on these occasions.
Avoid running the same roads multiple times during a Drive Test (use the Pause if needed). A
route with several passages in the same way is more difficult to interpret.

Drive Test Schedule
Again depending on the purpose, the test can be performed at different times - day or night.


A Drive Test during the day shows the actual condition of the network - especially in relation to
loading aspect of it. Moreover, a drive test conducted at night allows you to make, for example,
tests on transmitters without affecting most users.
Typically takes place nightly Drive Test in activities such System Design, for example with the
integration of new sites. And Daytime Drive Test apply to Performance Analysis and also
Maintenance.
Important: regardless of the time, always check with the responsible area which sites are with
alarms or even out of service. Otherwise, your job may be in vain.

Types of Calls
The Drive Test is performed according to the need, and the types of test calls are the same that
the network supports - calls can be voice, data, video, etc.. Everything depends on the technology
(GSM, CDMA, UMTS, etc. ...), and the purpose of the test, as always.
A typical Drive Test uses two phones. A mobile performing calls (CALL) for a specific number
from time to time, configured in the Collecting Software. And the other, in free or IDLE mode,
ie connected, but not on call. With this, we collect specific data in IDLE and CALL modes for
the network.
The calls test (CALL) can be of two types: long or short duration.
Short calls should last the average of a user call - a good reference value is 180 seconds. Serve to
check whether the calls are being established and successfully completed (being a good way to
also check the network setup time).
Long calls serve to verify if the handovers (continuity between the cells) of the network are
working, ie calls must not drop.

Types of Drive Test
The main types of Drive Test are :
Performance Analysis
Integration of New Sites and change parameters of Existing Sites
Marketing
Benchmarking


Tests for Analysis Performance is the most common, and usually made into clusters (grouping of
cells), ie, an area with some sites of interest. They can also be performed in specific situations, as
to answer a customer complaint.
In integration testing of new sites, it is recommended to perform two tests: one with the site
without handover permission - not being able to handover to another site - thus obtaining a total
visualization of the coverage area. The other, later, with normal handover, which is the final state
of the site.
Depending on the type of alteration of the site (if any change in EIRP) both tests are also
recommended. Otherwise, just perform the normal test.
Marketing tests are usually requested by the marketing area of the company, for example
showing the coverage along a highway, or at a specific region/location.
Benchmarking tests aims to compare the competing networks. If the result is better, can be used
as an argument for new sales. If worse, it shows the points where the network should be
improved.

Data Collecting (almost) Flawless
Who has done a Drive Test before already knows this: It looks as Murphy's sits in the back seat.
That's because a lot of problems - but preventable - always end up happening.


To avoid, or at least minimize, the occurrence of these problems, always make a checklist before
starting the Drive Test.
It is very frustrating to run a route, and only in order to realize that the data were not collected
properly.
So before you start, check all connections, always! Mainly, make sure that all equipment is
properly energized. You will not want to see a low battery warning on a busy road, will you?
When we say check, include making sure that the connections are tight and will not drop with
vehicle movements.
Also make sure the equipment is tied, or you will see a flying laptop in case you need to give a
halt.
When assembling the equipment, maintain a distance of at least a foot between each antenna,
thereby ensuring that we have no electromagnetic interference or distortion of the radiation
pattern of antenna that can affect measurements.
Making sure that all equipment involved are tied and connected to the power source, verify now
that all were identified by the collection software. This must be done using the program
interface, which displays each element on which port is connected properly.
Now with the equipment identified, make sure the GPS has acquired satellites it needs to
determine its position. You must be an open area with sight to the satellites. It is advisable to
configure the software to do the collection in Degrees, Minutes and Seconds. Familiarize
yourself with the concept.
Another fact that should be taken into account in relation to its GPS antenna. It should generally
stay in one place on the vehicle roof, where you can see the sky. If it is not waterproof, it is
necessary to protect it with plastic if it rain.
If everything is OK with GPS, start a test collection to verify that all data being written.
In the program main window, make it an indicator that tells if the data are being recorded. Also
note that the parameters of the network are visible on the window of each device - mobile, gps,
scanner, etc.. Some software also offers the facility to visualize this data without saving. It is
very important to make sure everything is OK before you start.
And now, finally, but certainly most important, remember that: first, you're driving!


It is recommended whenever possible to have one vehicle driver and one equipments operator. If
this is not possible, always start, stop or make changes to a collectionat a secure point of the
road.
And of course: always check the conditions of the vehicle, and always wear your seat belt!

Annotations
Most software offer the facility to add notes (Marker) during the Drive Test. Whether through it,
or using a piece of paper, always make notes.


Information related to the test should be recorded for future aid in the analysis. For example, how
is the weather (rain), if there is some very big obstacle in the area, possible sources of noise, etc
...


And what is collected?
Okay, but what is actually collected?
Well, before that, we must ensure that data is able to be recorded. Remember that we are using a
notebook, which arguably is subject to freeze the screen lock.
And if so, what to do? Unfortunately, there is much besides restarting the equipment.
But some practices can also minimize these errors.
A typical file size of Drive Test is from 30 minutes to an hour. Of course everything will depend
on the size of the file, which in turn depends on information being recorded.
Very large files suffer more risk of being corrupted - especially in case of malfunction of the
notebook - and are more difficult to move, load, and even to analyze.
Always leave a few GB free on your HD (Hard Drive) before beginning any data collection. And
use the least amount of RAM specified - required - the software collection.
Another important thing: do not open or use other programs when you are collecting data only
when strictly necessary.
Drive Test files are always big, and you're always moving them. So keep a daily basis - weekly
is appropriate - to perform a defragmentation of hard drive and a scan for errors.
Whenever you finish the collection, stop the ongoing calls, and only then stop collecting.
Otherwise, these calls may be interpreted erroneously as falls.


Now, yes. If the data were collected, we can talk about them. And to vary, depending on the
equipment used and the purpose of Drive Test.
In the case of mobiles, there are collected all the messages exchanged between the sites and it,
with all layers of information - even if you don't know much of it. It's because in most critical
cases, such data can be sent to better prepared laboratories for deep analysis.
If using a scanner, we also have information from sites that were not "seen" by the mobiles.
Of course, everything is configurable, but it's always good to use the default setting, and record
everything that is possible.
All information is stored with their respective data Date and Time as well as its geographical
position.
Typical example of data output is shown below.


Equipment and Collection Software
We have spoken enough of them. And what are the equipment and collection software
recommended?
Well, that question is not easy. Let's make an analogy: What is the car that you will buy next
year?
Got it? You'll have to check what your need, availability in the market, and the best cost benefit.
You may even continue by walking.
And with the equipment and software to collect and post-processing of Drive Test is the same.
You should verify if it is compatible with your network, what are the differential costs and
benefits, not least, support!
Remember that new tools and features are constantly emerging. Keep up to date on this subject.
Note: we could have listed here some equipment and software, for example, the one we use. But
we prefer not to quote any of them, to avoid the risk of eventually being somewhat unfair.


But anyway, whatever the equipment, software and procedures used, the end result is always the
same: reports and output files.
The vast majority of collection (or processing) software have in common some software which
also makes analysis. These are called post-processing software. Each post-processing software
has its specific analysis, and as data (measures) collected is huge, they can be of great help to
solve very specific problems. These tools present the data in tables, maps and comparison charts
that help in making decisions.
Regardless of what the post-processing software, all have the functionality to export data in
tabular form, in text format or CSV.
This may be an attractive option, especially if you have own tools, developed specifically for
your needs.
The following are examples of drive test data processed by Hunter GE Drive Test tool, created
entirely in VBA.


One advantage of working with the data this way is that no matter how they were collected, but
its content. So for example we can, even if a team has run half the route with a type of software,
and another team of drive test shot the rest with another software, we can plot the data from our
network on a single desktop. That's where for example the generic geo-referenced analyzing
softwares enters, such as Mapinfo and Google Earth.
Another advantage is that the analysis available in Mapinfo and Google Earth has often a better
use, since they are more familiar to most professionals, not just those who specific do/analyse
Drive Test. This can be understood as not having to purchase multiple software licenses for post-
processing: only one for cases of deeper analysis.

Conclusion
Today we had an overview of Drive Test, a common and efficient technique for evaluating the
network.
Analyses made through the information of data collected in the field represent a true picture of
network conditions, and can be used in decision making in several areas, from planning and
design through optimization and maintenance of the system, always with the goal of maximizing
Quality, Capacity and Coverage in the Network.

New Installation and Commissioning
Preventive Maintenance
Break Down Maintenance

Transmission Equipment Installation and Commissioning
Maftel is providing installation and commissioning service for SDH, DWDM 2.5G & 10G
equipment. Services Include:

DWDM Optix Equipment Installation & Commissioning.
SDH Equipment Installation & Commissioning.
Infrastructure Management.
Rectifiers, DCBD, Battery Bank Installation.
Testing and Documentation.