STUDY GUIDE

Introduction to Hunter Education p.3

History of Hunters Helping Wildlife p.4
The Future of Hunting and Shooting p.5
Hunter Ethics p.6
Wildlife Conservation p.7
Firearm Safety Rules p.8
Parts and Features of Firearms p.9
Types of Firearm Actions p.13
Ammunition p.15
Laws and Regulations p.17
Safe Handling of Firearms p.18
Making a Quick Clean Kill p.20
Care of Game p.21
Outdoor Safety p.22
Hunter Ed Course p.23
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Study Guide Outline
Hunter Education Certicate
A student who completes an approved
hunter education course earns a Hunter
Education Certicate that is recognized
by the IHEA-USA (International Hunter
Education Association). This certicate
allows a person to purchase a hunting
license in any state, province of Canada
and many other countries. There may be
other requirements depending on the
hunting regulations of various states,
provinces and countries.
HunterEdCourse.com
This e-book is not intended to replace
your state-approved hunter education
course, but is a study reference manual
for someone new to the sport so they
can learn the basics of rearms safety as
they prepare to become a safe, ethical
hunter.
This introductory manual provides a snapshot of the essential knowledge, skills and
attitudes a hunter needs for safe handling of rearms and other hunting equipment.
The basic purpose of hunter education is to train people to be safe, legal and ethical
hunters. Hunter safety training helps prevent hunting-related shooting incidents.
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Introduction to
HUNTER EDUCATION
3
Welcome to hunter education.
HunterEdCourse.com
is one of the leading
providers of online
hunter education and
is approved for use
in many states.
To nd specics on
your state access:
HunterEdCourse.com
Hunting is safe and getting safer.
During the last 30 years hunting-related
shooting incidents have decreased
dramatically. Today, hunting is one of
the safest outdoor activities, thanks to
hunter education.
Why is hunting getting safer?
Hunting Regulations: for example, laws
requiring hunters to wear uorescent
orange during some hunting seasons.
Hunter Education: now required in 49
states and 10 provinces of Canada.
(Alaska is currently considering
mandatory Hunter Education).
In North America 1981-2000
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10
8
6
4
2
0
1981 1986
Injuries per 100,000 hunters
1991 1996 2000
Hunting-Related
Shooting Injury Rate
During the early 1900s, many North
American species of wildlife were in
serious trouble. Destruction of habitat
and commercial exploitation through
unregulated market hunting had reduced
some populations to critical levels.
Licensed, lawful hunters were not the
cause of this decline.
In the early 1900s, farsighted people,
including President Theodore Roosevelt,
supported by hunters and sportsmen,
identified the real causes of the problem
with disappearing wildlife and worked
together with the United States Congress
to pass laws that would provide for
long-term use of natural resources.
The North America Model of Wildlife
Conservation had begun.
HELPING WILDLIFE
2
History of Hunters
North American Wildlife Conservation Model
This model has two basic principles:
Our fish and wildlife belong to all North American citizens
They are managed in such a way that their populations
will be sustained forever
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President Theodore Roosevelt
and
Every new hunter or target shooter
becomes part of a proud conservation
tradition in this country. The dollars
contributed by sportsmen and women
through hunting license fees and excise
taxes on firearms, ammunition and
archery equipment have helped bring
back many wildlife species from the
brink of extinction. These achievements
are largely due to this successful
funding model and the fact that wildlife
management is based on scientific
research.
Hunting and target shooting also
provide a major boost to our nations
economy. Hunters alone annually
contribute nearly $25 billion in retail
spending, support more than half
million jobs and provide billions of
dollars in local, state and federal taxes.
Many experts are worried about the future
of hunting as the number of active
hunters has declined since the early
1980s. This decrease in participation not
only jeopardizes the most important
source of funding for wildlife conservation
and habitat enhancement, it also
threatens a way of life that has shaped
this country since the beginning.
Hunter numbers have dropped because of
increased numbers of people living in
urban and suburban communities. Cities
and suburbs have expanded their areas
farther and farther into the countryside.
Wildlife habitat is lost to development.
Also, laws and regulations for hunting and
shooting are continuously changing, can
be difficult to interpret, and it can be hard
to locate a place to hunt and get
permission to hunt there.
HUNTING AND SHOOTING
3
The Future of
5
HunterEdCourse recognizes the importance of upholding our hunting and target
shooting traditions. Its website, HunterEdCourse.com helps visitors get started
and stay active in conservation, hunting and target shooting.
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Hunter
ETHICS
Hunter ethics is a code of conduct that
every hunter lives by when hunting.
They create this code of conduct when
they are rst introduced to hunting
and develop it throughout their lives.
Hunters abide by their code of
conduct for right and wrong in all
aspects of their lives.
A poacher is a person who kills or
takes wild game illegally. All hunters
should have zero-tolerance of bad
hunter behavior. They should report
any violations to conservation law
enforcement ofcers.
Begin developing your ideas of right and
wrong behavior for hunting by adopting
a personal code of conduct.
Respect and Responsibility
are the keys to ethical hunting.
Personal Code of Conduct
As an ethical hunter, I will:
Know and obey the laws and
regulations for hunting
Show respect for myself and other
people, including landowners
Show respect for all wildlife and the
environment that sustains them.
Take responsibility for my actions.
Report vandalism, hunting
violations or poaching to law
enforcement ofcials.
Actively support legal, safe
and ethical hunting.
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Wildlife
CONSERVATION
Wildlife refers to every kind of animal
that is not normally domesticated or
raised by humans. Wildlife includes all
mammals, birds, insects, amphibians,
reptiles, sh and all other creatures that
live in fresh water and salt water all over
the world.
Game animals, such as quail, rabbits and
deer, may be hunted. Non-game animals,
such as song birds, are protected by law.
Wildlife is renewable; it is a living
resource. These animals begin their
life in the wild, live there, and they will
die and be replaced by others. A non-
renewable resource, such as gas, coal
and oil, is not a living resource; once
used up it cannot be restored.
The denition of wildlife conservation
is the wise use of wildlife resources. The
various populations of game and non-
game animals are kept healthy through
scientic management, which allows for
human use and includes activities such
as hunting, trapping and shing.
Wildlife management is the science
of managing wildlife populations. A
wildlife biologist applies science to the
study of game and non-game animals to
help ensure that they can thrive in wild
places practically forever.
Hunters help with wildlife conservation
because they make use of individual
animals for food and clothing while
working to secure the wellbeing of all
wildlife populations now and in the future.
BOBWHITE QUAIL
May live less than a year but make up for
this short lifespan by producing around
12 eggs each year.
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Firearm
SAFETY RULES
When handling rearms always follow
these basic rules, think of ACTT.
ADDITIONAL SAFETY RULES
ASSUME
every gun is loaded.
CONTROL
the muzzle; keep the muzzle pointed
in a safe direction.
TRIGGER
keep your nger outside the trigger
guard until you are ready to shoot.
TARGET
be sure of your target and
what lies beyond.
1. Be sure the gun is safe to operate.
2. Know how to use the gun safely.
3. Dont trust safety devices.
4. Use only the ammunition that is
correct for the gun.
5. Wear hunter or blaze
orange clothing.
6. Use safety devices for ear
and eye protection.
7. Never use alcohol or drugs while
hunting or shooting.
8. Follow safety rules while
handling guns in the eld and
at shooting ranges.
9. Store rearms and
ammunition separately.
10. Different types of hunting and
shooting activities may require
additional safety procedures.
Never hunt with someone who does not respect these rules.
The result could be serious injury or death to you, another hunter or a non-hunter.
Once the trigger is pulled, the shot can never be taken back.
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A rearm can be equipped with the following parts:
Stock
Part of the rearm the other parts
are attached to and held against
the shoulder when ring the gun. A
handgun is a rearm, but does not have
a stock.
Barrel
Metal tube the shot or bullet travels
through when a cartridge is red.
Receiver
Back end of the barrel where
the cartridge is loaded in preparation
for ring.
Muzzle
Front end of the barrel where shot or
bullet exits when a cartridge is red.
Action
Set of moving parts to load, re and
unload the rearm.
Sight
A device on the barrel that guides the
shooters eye when aiming at a target.
Trigger Guard
A loop around the trigger to
help prevent unintended touching
of the trigger.
Trigger
Small lever that when pulled res
the gun.
Magazine
Storage device for holding
additional cartridges.
Safety
Mechanical device that can help
prevent unintended ring of the gun.
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Parts and Features
OF FIREARMS
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Barrel and Bore
The bore is the hole that is cut through
the center of the gun barrel, making it a
long metal tube (18 28 inches).
Riing
Riing is a term for the grooves cut
into the inside surface of a rie or
handgun barrel that make the bullet spin
when red, and keep the bullet stable in
ight to the target.
Caliber
The caliber of a rie or handgun barrel is
the measurement of the bore diameter
and also refers to the size of the bullet
for the gun. For example, a .30 caliber
barrel has a bore diameter slightly more
than 1/4 inch. The cartridge for this gun
is a .30 caliber.
Barrel Stamp
The caliber or gauge of the barrel and
gun manufacturer are stamped on the
outside surface of the gun barrel.
Always match the correct ammunition to
the rearm based on the barrel stamp.
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Parts and Features
OF FIREARMS
Land
Groove
Rie and Handgun Sights
Three types of sights commonly used
for ries and handguns are:
Telescopic sight or scope
Iron sights, or open sights
Peep sights
Land
Groove
Telescopic sight or scope
Open sights (front and rear)
Peep or Aperture sights
(front and rear)
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Key Features of the Shotgun
A shotgun is similar to a rie. It is a gun that has a
long barrel (18 32 inches) and a shoulder stock.
The shotgun is different than a rie because the
bore is smooth on the inside. There is no riing.
A shotgun res a cartridge loaded with either shot
or pellets, made of lead or steel, which are many
round projectiles or a single projectile called a
slug. A shotgun shell loaded with pellets is effec-
tive for hunting game birds in ight, like pheasants
and quail, and also rabbits and squirrels on the run,
whereas a shotgun shell loaded with a slug might be used for deer.
The size of shot and the material it is made of determine its use.
Gauge
The measure of a shotgun bore diameter
is its gauge. Gauge is determined by
the number of lead balls the same size
as the inside diameter of the barrel that
would weigh one pound. For example, 12
lead balls weighing one pound would be
a 12 gauge.
There is also a 410 shotgun, which is not
a gauge but a caliber measurement.
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Parts and Features
OF FIREARMS
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10 Gauge
.775
12 Gauge
.725
16 Gauge
.665
20 Gauge
.615
28 Gauge
.545
.410 Bore
.410
Standard gauges for shotguns:
largest to smallest
10 gauge 12 gauge 16 gauge
20 gauge 28 gauge
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Parts and Features
OF FIREARMS
12
The safety on a rearm is a
mechanical device designed to
help prevent the unintended
discharge of a rearm. The basic
purpose of the safety is to support
safe rearms handling.
However, because the rearm
safety is a mechanical device,
it can fail.
Choke
At the muzzle end of a shotgun barrel is a choke. The choke controls shot spread
for targets that are near or more distant. Four common choke sizes are:
Firearm Safeties: Their Use and Location Manually Operated Safety
The design and location of manually
operated safeties are different depending
on the manufacturer and type of gun.
The manually operated safety may be a button or knob
that the user must move from the safe position to the
re position to turn the safety off or on.
Cylinder bore (no choke)
Improved cylinder (slightly tighter pattern
than no choke)
Modied cylinder (an even
tighter pattern and increases
range)
Full choke (very tight shot
pattern and increases range
out to greater distances.
Chokes may be xed, variable
or interchangeable.
10 yards 20 yards 30 yards 40 yards
Manually operated safety
Cylinder Bore
Improved Cylinder
Modied Cylinder
Full Choke
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Types of
FIREARM ACTIONS
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The action of a gun is what makes a rearm work. It is the set of moving parts that
load, re and unload the rearm. This course recognizes ve types of rearm actions
most commonly used by hunters:
Hinged-Frame or Break-Open Action
Bolt Action
Lever Action
Slide Action or Pump Action
Semi-Automatic Action
To understand safe gun handling skills
when loading, ring and unloading
different rearm actions, the student
should obtain hands-on instruction from
a state or provincial certied hunter
education instructor. It is best to attend
a eld day with demonstrations and
practical activities, including live re.
BOLT ACTION
HINGED-FRAME OR
BREAK-OPEN ACTION
This rearm has one or two
barrels, side-by-side or over and
under, that pivot on the frame,
opening and closing the action
for loading, ring and unloading
cartridges. A lever on the frame is
pushed to open the action.
This rearm has a handle or bolt
that is pulled up and back to open
the action and pushed forward and
down to close the action, which
loads, unloads and ejects cartridges.
This rearm has one barrel and the
bolt action is designed for manual,
repeat ring with single cartridges
loaded one-by-one or from a
tubular or box magazine containing
additional cartridges.
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Types of
FIREARM ACTIONS
14
SEMI-AUTOMATIC ACTION LEVER ACTION
This rearm operates when a lever
under the receiver is pushed down
to open the action and remove a
cartridge.
Pushing up the lever loads a
new cartridge from the tubular
magazine. This rearm has one
barrel with an action designed
for manual, repeat loading, ring
and reloading of cartridges from
a tubular magazine containing
additional cartridges.
This rearm operates automatically
each time the trigger is pulled
to re, eject and load another
cartridge for repeat ring.
This type of rearm has one barrel
attached to the frame and uses
the pressure from the gas of the
red cartridge to activate a spring-
loaded mechanism to extract a
red cartridge and reload a new
cartridge from the tubular or
box magazine.
SLIDE ACTION
OR PUMP ACTION This rearm has a movable forend connected to
the bolt in the receiver. Moving the forend to the
rear opens the action and ejects a cartridge.
Moving the forend toward the muzzle loads a
new cartridge and closes the action. This rearm
has one barrel attached to the frame with an
action designed for manual repeat loading, ring
and reloading of cartridges from a tubular or box
magazine containing additional cartridges.
Parts of Ammunition
Rie and handgun cartridges
have four parts:
Case: a small cylinder made of
metal that holds all the other parts.
Primer: a chemical compound that
detonates when struck by the ring
pin.
Powder: a fast-burning chemical
compound that ignites when sparked
by the primer.
Bullet: the projectile that a
gun res at a target.
The shotgun cartridge, called a
shotshell, has one additional part,
called the wad.
The shotshell usually has a case or
hull made of plastic to contain the
other four parts.
The wad in a shot shell is a plastic
cup or a ber disk. It keeps the
powder and shot separate, and it
contains the shot as it travels
through the shotgun barrel.
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Types of
AMMUNITION
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Primer
Primer
Powder Powder
Case/Hull
Case/Hull Bullet
Wad
Shot
Primer
Primer
Powder Powder
Case/Hull
Case/Hull Bullet
Wad
Shot
Ries, handguns and shotguns re ammunition.
A single piece of ammunition is called a cartridge.
Rimre and Centerre Cartridges
Cartridges are classied into
two main types:
Rimre cartridge
Centerre cartridge
Rimre Cartridge
The rimre cartridge has the
priming compound located on
the inside of the rim, which is
a narrow edge on the outside
of the cartridge head. This
cartridge is red when the ring
pin strikes the rim, detonating
the priming compound, igniting the
powder and sending the bullet to
the target.
Rimre cartridges are made for ries
and handguns with .17 and .22 caliber
barrels. The .22s are made in short, long,
long rie and magnum loads.
Centerre Cartridge
The centerre cartridge is made
for ries, handguns and shotguns.
It has a primer in a small cap in
the center of the cartridge head.
When the ring pin strikes the
primer, it detonates the primer,
ignites the powder and sends the
bullet or shot to the target.
There are many varieties of centerre
cartridges for use in ries, handguns
and shotguns. Because some cartridges
are similar in size, shape and color, it
is very important to select the correct
ammunition for the rearm.
Shot
The shot is the projectile in a shotshell.
It consists of a number of pellets from
very small to as large as the diameter or
gauge of the bore.
Shot is made from lead, steel, bismuth
and tungsten. Federal and state hunting
regulations give the size and material
or type of shot that is legal for hunting
various kinds of game animals. For
instance, it is illegal to be in possession
of lead shot when hunting waterfowl.
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Types of
AMMUNITION
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Note: It is always very important
to be sure of using the correct
cartridge for a rearm, in terms
of its size, caliber and gauge.
Using the wrong cartridge in the
rearm can possibly cause
serious injury to the shooter or
others who are nearby.
Federal and state or provincial laws
provide guidelines for hunting. These
laws tell people what they can and
cannot do when hunting.
The purpose of these hunting laws and
regulations is to:
Manage hunting of non-migratory
game species, such as deer, wild
turkey, pheasants, etc.
Provide opportunities for hunters to
harvest game, which helps manage
wildlife populations.
Keep hunting safe for hunters
and non-hunters.
When planning a hunt, obtain a copy
of the hunting regulations booklet for
the state or province where the hunt
will take place. These are available from
the wildlife conservation agency, retail
outlets for hunting equipment, and the
website for the state or province.
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Laws and Regulations
FOR HUNTING
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Wearing hunter or blaze
orange makes hunters highly
visible to other hunters. In
the U.S., 40 states require
hunters to wear hunter orange
while hunting, with exceptions
for hunting game species
that have better color vision
than humans, such as wild
turkey or waterfowl. Wearing
hunter orange reduces the
chance of a hunting-related
shooting incident, which can
occur when a hunter mistakes
another person for game, does
not check in front or beyond
the target before shooting, or
res the gun in the direction of
another person while swinging
on game.
HUNTER ORANGE
Crossing Obstacles
Hunting involves making the right choices for personal safety at all times and
especially when crossing an obstacle, such as a fence, stream, downed tree, slippery
ground or rock wall. When encountering an obstacle while hunting alone, follow
these steps.
Unload the rearm.
Keep the action open.
Keep the safety on.
Lay the rearm on the ground on the
opposite side of the obstacle.
Cross the obstacle.
Be careful not to pull the rearm
toward you by the muzzle. While
keeping the muzzle pointed in a
safe direction, retrieve the rearm
and inspect it to be sure that the
barrel and action are clear of debris
and obstructions.
Reload the rearm and close
the action.
Keep the safety on until ready
to shoot.
When hunting with companions and
there is an obstacle, follow the steps
above, but instead of laying rearms
on the ground, take turns holding them
until everyone has crossed.
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Safe Handling of
FIREARMS
18
Take turns holding rearms, crossing and passing
rearms over the obstacle.
Keep the rearm action open when crossing an obstacle.
hunting area and within sight of one
another. Each hunter holds both arms
straight out from the chest with thumbs
up. The hunters then widen their arms until
each makes a 45 degree angle with their
arms. Each hunter can then see where his
or her zone of re is located and where it
intersects with the other hunters.
Hunters must keep in a straight line and
within sight of each other at all times.
When a game animal comes into the eld,
hunters take turns shooting until all bag
limits are reached or hunting ends.
Safe Zones of Fire
The zone of re is the area into which
a hunter may shoot safely.
In a safe zone of re there are:
No people.
No buildings that could be occupied
by people or, domestic animals.
Also, the game animal is
clearly identied, there are no
obstructions, such as tree
branches that could cause the
bullet to ricochet, and the
game animal is within the
range of the rearm.
When hunting with
companions, the zone of re
depends on the location of
each person in the group.
To determine zones of re, all
hunters form a line facing the
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Safe Handling of
FIREARMS
Safe Transport of Firearms
When transporting rearms in a motor vehicle, consult the rearms laws for
the states and provinces on the travel route to the hunt. When in doubt, follow
these safety rules. The rearm should be:
Unloaded
Locked with a trigger
or chamber lock
Enclosed in a case.
Stored in the trunk of the vehicle
or not accessible by anyone in the
passenger compartment.
Store ammunition in a separate
container.
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The hunter in the middle of the group has
a narrower zone of re because of the
intersecting zones of re.
When a hunter has the chance to take
a shot at wild game, the hunters goal
is to make a one-shot, clean kill. A
responsible hunter does not want to
miss or wound game.
A well placed shot puts the game down
almost immediately, which is the ethical
thing to do when harvesting game. In
this way the animal does not escape
wounded or suffer.
Also, when
making a good
shot, eld
dressing the
animal is
relatively easy.
There is little or
no damage to
meat, which will
be processed
later for the table.
To Make the Quick Clean Kill
The Hunter must:
Have a clear view and be able to
positively identify the animal.
Be within the guns shooting range
and within the range that the hunter is
capable of making a one-shot,
clean kill.
Avoid obstructions such as trees and
branches that may cause the bullet or
shot to ricochet.
Know the exact location of the
animals organs.
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Making A Quick
CLEAN KILL
20
The hunter
should know
where to place
a killing shot in
the animals
vital organs.
WHAT CAUSES
MEAT SPOILAGE?
PRESERVING AND STORING
HIGH QUALITY GAME
MEAT REQUIRES:
As soon as possible after the game
animal has been put down with a quick
clean kill, the hunter should eld dress it.
Field dressing a game animal involves
opening up the abdominal cavity with
a knife and removing the entrails. Care
must be taken when eld dressing not
to cut into intestines and get those
juices on the meat. The hunter should
also take care that those juices are kept
off the hands so that meat is not spoiled
by touching it.
Wild game meat has the same risks with
harmful bacteria as other perishable
meats, such as beef, pork, lamb and
chicken.
Not following proper eld dressing
procedures can spoil the meat and make
anyone who eats it sick.
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Care of
GAME
21
THE THREE CAUSES
OF MEAT SPOILAGE ARE:
Dirt: prevent feathers, fur,
feces, dirt and grime from
touching the meat.
Heat: cool down the carcass
as soon as possible.
Moisture: keep the meat dry.
Field dressing the game
animal properly and immediately
after it expires
Keeping the carcass clean,
cool and dry.
Preserving and Storing
High Quality Game Meat Requires:
Prepare for the Hunt
Before the hunt begins, complete this
pre-hunt checklist:
Know the game and non-game
animals in the area of the hunt.
Know the hunting equipment.
Check the hunting laws
and regulations.
Obtain proper license, tags, permits
and stamps.
Obtain landowner permission
and follow the rules for hunting
on that land.
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Outdoor
SAFETY
22
Make a Hunt Plan and Stick to the Plan
Before departing for a hunt, the
hunter should make a hunt plan and
leave a message or tell someone
about the hunt.
A hunt plan includes this information:
Game animal(s) to hunt.
Hunting equipment (gun or bow).
Proper clothing for weather and
safety.
Other hunters in the hunt party.
Map of the property to be hunted.
Area of the property map where the
hunt will occur for each individual.
Time for leaving home.
Time the hunt begins each day.
Time the hunt ends each day.
Time expected back home.
Making and following a hunt plan helps
keep the hunter safe while on the hunt.
It also helps family and friends take
appropriate and timely action in case
the hunter does not return home when
expected. Emergency rescue personnel
will know exactly where to locate the
hunter in case illness or injury prevents
walking out without assistance.
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The course features photos and interactive animation to replicate what you see in
the eld as opposed to the watercolor illustrations you nd in the other courses. A
University of Virginia Study indicates a higher level of retention for learners when
photos as opposed to illustrations are used to support the material.
Hunter Ed Course is so condent in our materials and course structure that we offer
a money back guarantee if you do not pass.
Visit www.HunterEdCourse.com now for the latest How-to and Gear articles, and
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Hunter Ed Course hunter safety training is a state-approved course in many states.
Check your state sh and game agency website to determine if Hunter Ed Course is
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