Dch:

UNIT TWO
HOW DO PEPPLE EARN THEIR LIVING
(POPUATION AND ECONOMIC ISSUES)
Lesson 1:
II. Learning tasks
1. Find out the main ideas of each paragraph in the following passage, apply
the same techniques you learned in Unit One:
1.
The third type of economic activity, the tertiary sector, generates wealth through the
selling of goods and services. Tertiary activities usually include wholesale and retail
selling, educational and medical services, administrative and governmental activities,
and the transmission of information. Although sometimes this category is divided,
with the services involving communication and information being called the
quaternary sector, the differentiation is emphasized in this chapter.
2.
A map of tertiary activities, when based on the percentage of workers engaged in
services, does not display the same pattern of contrast between the more developed
and less developed nations as do primary and secondary activities(Figure 10 - 23).
For example, the percentage of workers exceeds 20 in the relatively rich countries of
Canada, Australia and Sweden as well as in the less developed countries of Colombia
and Jordan. Included in the middle category of workers in the service sector are
Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, which are centrally planned economies deemphasizing consumerism.
3.
There are significant differences, however, between the more developed and less
developed countries in types of services. In affluent countries, the proportion of the
population employed in tertiary activities has increased over 20 th century (and
continues to increase) as machenization has reduced labor requirements in agriculture
and manufacturing, In fact, a nation may be characterized as a post-industrial society
if the relative importance of its economy has shifted from manufacturing to services.
By contrast, in poor countries, a large tertiary sector in the economy is not the
expression of an affluent, automated society. Quite the opposite. Where
manufacturing jobs are few, many persons attempt to earn some money by selling
cheap goods on the streets or by performing services for richer inhabitants, It takes
little capital to be a small-scale trader and litter experience to be a domestic servant.
1. Loi hnh th 3 ca hot ng kinh t, lnh vc th 3, pht sinh gi tr thng qu
bun bn hng ha v dch v. Cc hot ng ca lnh vc th 3 bao gm bn
bun v bn l, cc dch v y t v gio dc, cc hot ng qun l v chnh
quyn, truyn tin. Mc d i khi, loi hnh kinh t ny b phn r, cng vi cc
dch v lien quan n truyn thng v thng tin c gi l lnh vc th 4, s
phn chia ny khng c nhn mnh trong chng ny,
2. Biu cc hot ng ca lnh vc th 3, khi da trn t l phn trm cc cng
nhn lm vic trong cc dch v, khng th hin mu thun gia cc quc gia pht

trin v ang pht trin nh cc hot ng ca lnh vc th nht v 2. V d, t l

phn trm cc cng nhn vt qu 50% trong cc nc tng i giu thuc
Canada, c, Sweden = vi cc nc ang pht trin nh Colombia v Jordan.
Nm trong t l trung bnh cc cng nhn trong lnh vc dch v l Ty u v
Sovient Union, ni c nn kinh t k hoch ha tp trung, quyn li ca ngi
tiu dung khng c nh gi cao.
3. Tuy nhin, c nhng s khc bit r rang gia cc quc gia ang pht trin v
pht trin trong lnh vc dch v. Cc nc giu c, t l cng nhn trong lnh vc
th 3 gia tng vo th k 20 (v tip tc gia tng) khi c gii ha gim lao ng
yu cu trong nng nghip v cng nghip. Trn thc t, mt quc gia mang c
im ca x hi hu cng nghip nu tm quan trng tng i trong nn kinh t
ca quc gia chuyn dch t cng nghip sang dch v. Tri li, cc nc
ngho, lnh vc th 3 trong nn kinh t khng th hin mt x hi giu c, t
ng ha. C im kh i lp l, ni cc cng vic trong lnh vc sn xut t
li c nhiu ngi c gng kim tin nh vo bn cc mt hng r tin trn ng
ph hoc ph v cho nhng ngi giu. iu lm cho mt s t bn tr thnh
cc thng nhn c nh, mt s ngi ngho tr thnh n l
Section C: Listening
II. Listen and give short answer to the following questions
If a person can do what he wishes with own property, time and energy, then
economist say that he is economically free. In all communities, of course, limits are
imposed upon the personal freedom if their citizens and these limits are in some cases
very complex but in others relatively simple. All individuals are required to comform
to the laws made by their governments.
Complete economic freedom of action can create great difficulties, because the
freedoms exercised by various individuals often conflict. If citizens were completely
free, sim landowners might build factories in unsuitable places, while the factoryowners might make their employees work too long each day. If they were completely
free, workers might stop working when they got their first pay, and come back onlu
when thay needed more money. Such economic anarchy could cause instability (for
example, unemployment, loss of production, etc.) in the whole economy of a country.
Laws related to economic are sometimes concerned with contracts between
employers and employees. Sometimes they are concerned with workers health,
wages and pensions, and sometimes with the location of places of work. Sometimes
they protect the interests of the workers, while at other times they may be beneficial
towards the employers. They government policy towards both employees and
employers will depend very much upon the political and economic ideology by the
government, and may be biased towards employers and capital on the one hand, or
workers and the problems of labor on the other hand.
Nu mt ngi c th lm nhng g m anh mong mun bng chnh kh nng ca
mnh, thi gian v ngh lc, th khi , cc nh kinh t hc ni rng anh ta l mt
ngi t do kinh t. Trong cng ng, tt nhin, cc gii hn s c a ra i vi
t do c nhn ca ngi dn trong x hi v nhng gii hn ny trong mt s
trng hp rt phc tp, nhng trong cc trng hp khc li kh n gin. Tt c
cc c nhn phi lm theo php lut a bi chnh quyn

T do kinh t c th gy ra nhng kh khn ln, v s t do c thc hin bi

cc c nhn a dng thng c nhng mu thun, Nu mi ngi u hon ton t do
th mt vi ch u t c th xy dng cc nh my tri php, mt khc, mt s ch
nh my c th bt cng nhn ca h lm nhiu gi trong ngy. Nu h hon ton t
do, cc cng nhn c th ngng lm vic khi h nhn c lng v ch quay tr li
khi h cn nhiu tin hn. S khng n nh v kinh t c th l nguyn nhn gy ra
s hn lon (vd, tht nghip, sn xut gim) trong ton b nn kinh t ca t nc.
Lut php lien quan n iu kin kinh t i khi quan tm ti nhng mu thun
gia ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng. i khi h quan tm ti sc khe
ca cng nhn, tin cng v ph caaos, i khi quan tm ti a im lm vic. i
khi, h bo v quyn li cho nhng ngi cng nhn, trong khi , vo thi im
khc, h c th chuyn sang bo v cho ngi s dng lao ng. nhng chnh sch
hng ti c ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng ty thuc vo

LESSON 2
Section B: Reading
Manufacturing in the Less Developed Countries
II. Reading tasks: Apply the tips and techniques you learned to answer the following
questions about the reading passage below
Less than 10 percent of the world;s manufacturing output comes from the less developed
nations with over half of that from only six countries (India, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico,
South Korea, and Venezuela). However, the share of the worlds manufacturing
occurring within the less developed nations is growing, as well as the percentage of their
export composed of industrial products. Manufactured products in the early 1980s
accounted for over 40 percent of the nonfood exports of these countries, which compares
to 20 percent in 1965 and 10 percent in 1955.
Di 10% sn phm cng nghip ca th gii c sn xut t cc nc ang pht trin
vi trn mt na trong s sn xut ti cc nc (n , Brazil, Argentina, Mexico,
Nam Hn, v Venuzuela). Tuy nhin, t trng sn xut cng nghip ca th gii din ra
cc nc ang pht trin cng nh t l xut khu sn phm cng nghip ca h ang ra
tng. Cc sn phm cng nghip vo u nhng nm 1980 c tnh l chim khong trn
40% cc sn phm xut khu phi thc phm, so vi 20% vo nm 1965 v 10% vo nm
1955.
Much of this manufacturing is generated and controlled by multinational corporations,
either through subsidiaries or by contracting out to local enterprises. The investment of
the multinationals in the less developed countries is geographically uneven. The oil-rich
countries of Southwest Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America are a major
priority.The bulk of the remainder if the Southeasr Asia (Malaysia, Singapore). In the
poorest countries of the world, nultinationals invest mainly in plantations and mining
(Independent Commission on International Development issues 1980, pp. 174 -87).
Nhiu hot ng sn xut c pht sinh v iu khin bi cc cng ty a quc gia, hoc
thng qua cc cng ty con hoc cc hp ng vi cc doanh nghip a phng. S u
t ca cc cng ty a quc gia
Foreign investment in the less developed countries tends to concentrate in urban areas,
often ports or capital cities. In Nigeria, for example, during the 1960s, three-quarters of
the capital invested in medium and large scale industry were provided by foreign
investors, mainly British. As with most of the less developed countries, Nigerian capital
was not available for major industrial development. Foreign firms employed 60,000
people, capitalizing on the abundance of cheap labor in the country. Most of these firms
concentrated on the processing of raw materials for the local market, so they were largely
located in the major cities of Lagos-Ibadan and Port Harcourt,
The effect of these patterns of investment is to widen spatial inequalities within the less
developed countries, focusing industrial development in the cities, while the rural
hinterlands remain tied to traditional economies (Coates, Johnston, and Knox 1977, pp.
127 - 29). These differences between the major urban centers and rural areas often result
in considerable internal migration, along with the many economic, social and political
changes that accompany extensive residential and occupational moventents (Chapters 4
and 11).

From Human Geography People, Places and Cultures by Stoddard et al