Analogue Cellular Technologies

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System. Developed by Bell Labs in the 1970s and first sed
commercially in the !nited States in 19"#. $t operates in the "00 M%& band and is
crrently the 'orld(s lar)est celllar standard.
C-450 $nstalled in Soth Africa drin) the 19"0(s. !ses *+0Mh& band. Mch li,e -./et&.
/o' ,no'n as Motorphone and rn by 0odacom SA.
C-Netz 1lder celllar technolo)y fond mainly in 2ermany and Astria. !ses *+0 M%&.
Comvik Lanched in S'eden in A)st 19"1 by the -omvi, net'or,.
N-AMPS /arro'band Advanced Mobile Phone System. Developed by Motorola as an interim
technolo)y bet'een analo)e and di)ital. $t has some three times )reater capacity
than AMPS and operates in the "00 M%& ran)e.
NMT45
0
/ordic Mobile 3elephones4*+0. Developed specially by 5ricsson and /o,ia to service
the r))ed terrain that characterises the /ordic contries. 6an)e 7+,m. 1perates
at *+0 M%&. !ses 8DD 8DMA.
NMT90
0
/ordic Mobile 3elephones4900. 3he 900 M%& p)rade to /M3 *+0 developed by the
/ordic contries to accommodate hi)her capacities and handheld portables. 6an)e
7+,m. !ses 8DD 8DMA technolo)y.
NMT-F 8rench version of /M3900
NTT /ippon 3ele)raph and 3elephone. 3he old 9apanese analo)e standard. A hi)h.
capacity version is called %$-AP.
RC2000 6adiocom 7000. 8rench system lanched /ovember 19"+
TACS 3otal Access -ommnications System. Developed by Motorola. and is similar to
AMPS. $t 'as first sed in the !nited :in)dom in 19"+; altho)h in 9apan it is called
93A-. $t operates in the 900 M%& fre<ency ran)e.
Digital Cellular Technologies
A1-NetAstrian /ame for 2SM 900 net'or,s
B-CDMA Broadband -DMA. /o' ,no'n as =.-DMA >see belo'?. 3o be sed in !M3S.
Composite
CDMA/TDMA
=ireless technolo)y that ses both -DMA and 3DMA. 8or lar)e.cell licensed band and small.
cell nlicensed band applications. !ses -DMA bet'een cells and 3DMA 'ithin cells. Based on
1mnipoint technolo)y.
CDMA -ode Division Mltiple Access. 3here are no' a nmber of variations of -DMA; in addition to
the ori)inal @alcomm.invented /.-DMA >ori)inally Ast (-DMA(; also ,no'n in the !S as $S.
9+. See N-CDMA belo'?. Latest variations are B.-DMA; =.-DMA and composite
-DMA43DMA. Developed ori)inally by @alcomm; -DMA is characteri&ed by hi)h capacity and
small cell radis; employin) spread.spectrm technolo)y and a special codin) scheme. $t 'as
adopted by the 3elecommnications $ndstry Association >3$A? in 199#. 3he first -DMA.based
net'or,s are no' operational. B.-DMA is the basis for #2 !M3S >see belo'?
cm!"#e8irst 2eneration /arro'band -DMA >$S.9+?. See above.
cm!20003he ne' second.)eneration -DMA Mo! spec for inclsion in !M3S. -lic, %565 for more
technical details...
CT-2A second )eneration di)ital cordless telephone standard. -37 has *0 carriers B 1 dpleB
bearer per carrier C *0 voice channels.
CT-$A third )eneration di)ital cordless telephone; 'hich is very similar and a precrsor to D5-3.
CTS2SM -orldless 3elephone System. $n the home environment; 2SM.-3S phones commnicate
'ith a -3S %ome Base Station >%BS?; 'hich offers perfect indoor radio covera)e. 3he -3S.
%BS hoo,s p to the fiBed net'or, and offers the best of the fiBed and mobile 'orldsD lo'
cost and hi)h <ality from the Pblic S'itched 3elephone /et'or, >PS3/?; services and
mobility from the 2SM.
D-AMPS
%&S-54'
Di)ital AMPS; a variation of AMPs. !ses #.timeslot variation of 3DMA; also ,no'n as $S.+*. An
p)rade to the analo)e AMPS. Desi)ned to address the problem of sin) eBistin) channels
more efficiently; DAMPS >$S.+*? employs the same #0 ,%& channel spacin) and fre<ency
bands >"7*."*9 and "E9."9* M%&? as AMPS. By sin) 3DMA instead of 8DMA; $S.+*
increases the nmber of sers from 1 to # per channel >p to 10 'ith enhanced 3DMA?. An
AMPS4D.AMPS infrastrctre can spport se of either analo)e AMPS phone or di)ital D.
AMPS phones. 3his is becase the 8ederal -ommnications -ommission mandated only that
di)ital celllar in the !.S. mst act in a dal.mode capacity 'ith analo)e. Both operate in
the "00 M%& band.
DCS 1(00 Di)ital -ordless Standard. /o' ,no'n as 2SM 1"00. 2SM operated in the 1;"00 M%& ran)e.
$t is a different fre<ency version of 2SM; and >900 M%&? 2SM phones cannot be sed on
D-S 1"00 net'or,s nless they are dal band.
D)CTDi)ital 5ropean -orldless 3elephone. !ses 17.timeslot 3DMA. 3his started off as 5ricsson(s
-3.#; bt developed into 53S$(s Di)ital 5ropean -ordless Standard. $t is intended to be a far
more fleBible standard than the -37 standard; in that it has more 68 channels >10 68 carriers
B 17 dpleB bearers per carrier C 170 dpleB voice channels?. $t also has a better mltimedia
performance since #7,bit4s bearers can be concatenated. 5ricsson has developed a dal
2SM4D5-3 handset.
)D*)!=-.1#E; the neBt )eneration of data headin) to'ards third )eneration and personal
mltimedia environments bilds on 2P6S and is ,no'n as 5nhanced Data rate for 2SM
5voltion >5D25?. $t 'ill allo' 2SM operators to se eBistin) 2SM radio bands to offer
'ireless mltimedia $P.based services and applications at theoretical maBimm speeds of #"*
,bps 'ith a bit.rate of *" ,bps per timeslot and p to E9.7 ,bps per timeslot in )ood radio
conditions.
)-Netz3he 2erman name for 2SM 1"00 net'or,s.
FDMA8re<ency Division Mltiple Access
*MSS 2eostationary Mobile Satellite Standard; a satellite air interface standard developed from 2SM
and formed by 5ricsson; Loc,heed Martin; !.:. Matra Marconi Space and satellite operators
Asia -elllar Satellite and 5ro.African Satellite 3elecommnications.
*SM 2lobal System for Mobile -ommnications. 3he first 5ropean di)ital standard; developed to
establish celllar compatibility thro)hot 5rope. $t(s sccess has spread to all parts of the
'orld and over "0 2SM net'or,s are no' operational. $t operates at 900 M%&.
&D)N iD5/
F
>$nte)rated Di)ital 5nhanced /et'or,?. Lanched by Motorola in 199*; this is a Private
Mobile radio system from Motorola(s Land Mobile Prodcts Sector >LMPS? iD5/ technolo)y;
crrently available in the "00 M%&; 900 Mh& and 1.+ 2%& bands. $t tili&es a variety of
advanced technolo)ies; incldin) state.of.the.art vocoders; M1E@AM modlation and 3DMA
>3ime Division Mltiple Access?. $t allo's -ommercial Mobile 6adio Service >-M6S? operators
to maBimi&e the dispatch capacity and provides the fleBibility to add optional services sch as
fll.dpleB telephone interconnect; alphanmeric pa)in) and data4faB commnication
services.
&MT DS=ideband -DMA; or =-DMA.
MT MC=idely ,no'n as cdma7000 and consistin) of the 1G and #G components.
&MT TC-alled !36A 3DD or 3D.S-DMA.
&MT SC-alled !=-.1#E and 'idely ,no'n as 5D25.
&MTFT=ell.,no'n as D5-3.
&#m!+s!t$nternational Martime Satellite System 'hich ses a nmber of 251 satellites. Available as
$nmarsat A;B;-;and M.
&+ii,mMobile Satellite phone4pa)er net'or, lanched /ovember 199". !ses 3DMA for inter.satellite
lin,s. !ses 72%& band.
&S-543DMA.based technolo)y sed by the D.AMPS system at "00 M%&
&S-95-DMA.based technolo)y sed at "00 M%&
&S-1$-3DMA.based technolo)y
.S-00(-DMA based standard for 1;900 M%&.
N-CDMA/arro'band -ode Division Mltiple Access; or plain old ori)inal (-DMA(. Also ,no'n in the !S
as $S.9+. Developed by @alcomm and characteri&ed by hi)h capacity and small cell radis.
%as a 1.7+Mh& spread spectrm air interface. $t ses the same fre<ency bands as AMPS and
spports AMPS operation; employin) spread.spectrm technolo)y and a special codin)
scheme. $t 'as adopted by the 3elecommnications $ndstry Association >3$A? in 199#. 3he
first -DMA.based net'or,s are no' operational.
PACS-TDMAAn ".timeslot 3DMA.based standard; primarily for pedestrian se. Derived from Bellcore(s
'ireless access spec for licensed band applications. Motorola spported.
PCSPersonal -ommnications Service. 3he P-S fre<ency band is 1"+0 to 1990 M%&; 'hich
encompasses a 'ide ran)e of ne' di)ital celllar standards li,e /.-DMA and 2SM 1900.
Sin)le.band 2SM 900 phones cannot be sed on P-S net'or,s. P-S net'or,s operate
tho)hot the /orth America.
PDC Personal Di)ital -elllar is a 3DMA.based 9apanese standard operatin) in the "00 and 1+00
M%& bands.
P/S Personal %andy System. A 3DD 3DMA 9apanese.centric system that offers hi)h speed data
services and sperb voice clarity. 6eally a =LL system 'ith only #00m to #,m covera)e.
SDMASpace Division Mltiple Access; tho)ht of as a component of 3hird 2eneration Di)ital
-elllar4!M3S
TDMA3ime Division Mltiple Access. 3he first !.S. di)ital standard to be developed. $t 'as adopted
by the 3$A in 1997. 3he first 3DMA commercial system be)an in 199#. A nmber of variations
eBist.
Te0ece#t+e-/A proprietary =LL system by :rone. 6an)e #0,m; in the #+0.+00 M%& and "00.1000 Mh&
ran)e. !ses 8DD 8DM48DMA and 3DM43DMA technolo)ies.
T)TRAT)rrestrial Trn,ed RAdio %T)TRA' is a ne' open di)ital trn,ed radio standard 'hich is
defined by the 5ropean 3elecommnications Standardisation $nstitte >53S$? to meet the
needs of the most demandin) professional mobile radio sers.
T)TRA-P"1Proprietary T)TRA net'or, from Matra and A52. Does not conform to 3536A Mo!
specifications
20t+!P3o#e 110A proprietary =LL system by $D-. 6an)e #0 ,m; in the #+0.+00 M%& ran)e. !ses 8DD
8DM43DMA technolo)ies. 3he !ltraPhone system allo's * conversations to operate
simltaneosly on every 7+,Mh&.spaced channel. A typical !P 7*.channel =LL system can
spport 9+ fll dpleB voice circits in 1.7,%& of spectrm.
2MTS!niversal Mobile 3elephone Standard . the neBt )eneration of )lobal celllar 'hich shold be
in place by 700*. Proposed data rates of H7Mbps; sin) combination 3DMA and =.-DMA.
1perates at arond 72%&
4-CDMA1ne of the latest components of !M3S; alon) 'ith 3DMA I cdma7000. $t has a +Mh& air
interface and is the basis of hi)her.band'idth data rates.
411=ireless Local Loop limited.nmber systems are sally fond in remote areas 'here fiBed.
line sa)e is impossible. Most modern =LL systems se -DMA technolo)y. See African =LL
covera)e implementation details
HSCSD
/i53 Spee Ci+c,it S6itc3e D!t! %/SCSD' is ! #e6 3i53 spee imp0eme#t!tio# o7
*SM !t! tec3#i8,es9
$t 'ill enable sers to access the $nternet and other datacom services via the 2SM net'or,
at considerably hi)her data rates than at present.
%S-SD allo's 'ireless data to be transmitted at $(94 ki0o:its pe+ seco# or even faster
over 2SM net'or,s by allocatin) p to ei)ht time slots to a sin)le ser.
3his is comparable to the transmission rates of sal modems via fiBed telephone net'or,s
today.
-rrent datacom services over 2SM )enerally allo's transferrin) files or data and sendin)
faBes at 9.E ,bps.
=ith %S-SD the ser 'ill find 'ireless connection to the $nternet mch faster at #".* ,bps;
'hich is p to for times faster than today(s standard sa)e.
$t also opens p possibilities for many ne' ,inds of mar,et driven 'ireless services.
%S-SD is especially 'ell sited for time sensitive; real.time services. 5Bamples cold be
transferrin) of lar)e files 'ith specified @ality of Service or video srveillance.
-ommercial %S-SD implementations are important steps to'ards #rd )eneration 'ideband
'ireless mltimedia services. 3hird.)eneration 'ireless systems 'ill handle services p to
#"* ,bps in 'ide area applications and p to 7 Mbps for indoor applications arond year
7000.
GPRS
2SM(s ne' *PRS %*e#e+!0 P!cket R!io Se+vices' data transmission technolo)y is
optimi&ed for JbrstyJ datacom services sch as 'ireless $nternet4intranet and mltimedia
services. $t is also ,no'n as *SM-&P >$nternet Protocol? becase it 'ill connect sers
i+ect to $nternet Service Providers.
1ne of the main benefits of this ne' pac,et.s'itched technolo)y is that sers are !06!;s
connected; al'ays on.line; and may be char)ed only for the amont of data that is
transported. 0oice calls can be made simltaneosly over 2SM.$P 'hile a data connection is
operatin).
!sers 'ill also benefit from fast and easy 114 k:ps data access to different services.
)+icsso# for eBample offers a robst $P end.to.end 2P6S soltion 'ith open interfaces
enablin) inte)ration into mlti.vendor net'or,s.
3he company(s 2P6S soltion also offers leadin).ed)e secrity for 'ireless se of intranet
and corporate LA/ services.
2P6S is a smooth add.on to inte)rate into eBistin) net'or,s. 8or ne' operators; it(s also
attractive to lanch 2P6S net'or,s to provide competitive datacom services.
5ricsson has already ta,en more than five a)reements for another complementary 'ireless
technolo)y for datacom servicesD %S-SD >%i)h Speed -ircit S'itched Data?; 'hich is
especially 'ell sited for real.time services and transferrin) of lar)er amonts of data; sch
as video.based services.
Moto+o0!<s 2P6S soltion introdces t'o ne' net'or, nodes into the 2SM PLM/ >Pblic
Land Mobile /et'or,? . the S2S/ and the 22S/.
A nmber of ne' interfaces are added to connect the S2S/ and 22S/ to the appropriate
2SM and non.2SM elements re<ired to provide )lobal pac,et data service.
Motorola(s 2P6S infrastrctre soltion is desi)ned arond a po'erfl $P rotin) en)ine;
providin) operators 'ith a scalable and fleBible soltion that can tailor the pac,et s'itchin)
capability in line 'ith the predicted data sbscriber )ro'th.
3he S2S/ trac,s pac,et capable mobile locations; performs secrity fnctions and access
control. 3he 22S/ interfaces 'ith eBternal pac,et data net'or,s >PD/s? to provide the
rotin) destination for data to be delivered to the sbscriber(s mobile terminal and to send
mobile.ori)inated data to its intended destination.
3he 22S/ is connected 'ith S2S/s via an $P.based 2P6S bac,bone net'or,. 3he P-!
performs radio fnctions and 2P6S net'or, fnctions. 3he P-! interfaces to the 1M-.2;
base station controller and S2S/.
5arlier in 1999; Motorola and -isco Systems $nc.; the 'orld'ide leader in net'or,in) for the
$nternet; annonced a strate)ic alliance to develop and deliver a /e' =orld frame'or, for
$nternet.based; 'ireless net'or,s. 3his collaboration 'ill deliver the first all.$P platform for
the 'ireless indstry; 'hich nites different standards for 'ireless services 'orld'ide; and
introdce an open; $nternet.based platform for inte)rated data; voice and video services
over celllar net'or,s.
EDGE
3he neBt )eneration of data headin) to'ards third )eneration and personal mltimedia
environments bilds on 2P6S and is ,no'n as )#3!#ce D!t! +!te 7o+ *SM )vo0,tio#
%)D*)'9
$t 'ill allo' 2SM operators to se eBistin) 2SM radio bands to offer 'ireless mltimedia $P.
based services and applications at theoretical maBimm speeds of $(4 ,bps 'ith a bit.rate
of *" ,bps per timeslot and p to E9.7 ,bps per timeslot in )ood radio conditions.
0endors say that implementin) 5D25 'ill be relatively painless and 'ill re<ire relatively
small chan)es to net'or, hard'are and soft'are as it ses the same 3DMA >3ime Division
Mltiple Access? frame strctre; lo)ic channel and 700 ,%& carrier band'idth as today(s
2SM net'or,s.
As 5D25 pro)resses to coeBistence 'ith #2 =-DMA; data rates of p to A3M.li,e speeds of
7 Mbps cold be available.
2rops from the t'o camps have been 'or,in) on 'ays to conver)e their #2 plans; 'ith
the reslt that operators sin) either standard can roll ot 2P6S pac,et.based hi)h.speed
net'or,s; to)ether 'ith 5D25 as a radio interface.
UMTS
!M3S= >Universal Mobile Telephone Service? is a T3i+ *e#e+!tio# %$*' mo:i0e s;stem
bein) developed by 53S$= 'ithin the $3!Ks $M3.7000 frame'or,. $t 'ill provide data speeds
of p to 7 Mbps; ma,in) portable videophones a reality.
!M3S has the spport of many maAor telecommnications operators and manfactrers
becase it represents a ni<e opportnity to create a mass mar,et for hi)hly personalised
and ser friendly mobile access to the $nformation Society.
!M3S see,s to bild on and eBtend the capability of todayKs mobile; cordless and satellite
technolo)ies by providin) increased capacity; data capability and a far )reater ran)e of
services sin) an innovative radio access scheme and an enhanced; evolvin) core net'or,.
Spect+,m 7o+ 2MTS
=6-K97 identified the fre<ency bands 1""+.707+ M%& and 7110.7700 M%& for ftre $M3.
7000 systems; 'ith the bands 19"0.7010 M%& and 7170.7700 M%& intended for the
satellite part of these ftre systems.
/o6 !# 43e#>
8or the commercial and technical sccess of !M3S; and to meet its 7007 lanch deadline; a
nmber of steps are bein) nderta,en by manfactrers; standards bodies; operators and
re)lators arond the 'orldD
. -reatin) an ade<ate re)latory frame'or,
. 5nsrin) availability of licences
. Allocatin) ade<ate spectrm to operators
. Prodcin) timely !M3S standards
. 5ncora)in) simltaneos pta,e of !M3S in several contries to stimlate pta,e of
services in a 'orld.'ide mar,et.
. 8ll commercial phase >7007.700+?; 'ith performance and capability enhancements; and
the introdction of ne'; sophisticated !M3S services.
P3!ses To6!+s t3e Deve0opme#t o7 2MTS
8ll commercial deployment 'ill be reached thro)h the follo'in) main stepsD
. Extension of 2SMKs capability 'ith pac,et and hi)h speed data operation
. Pre.!M3S 3rial Phase either in sbsets of real 2SM net'or,s or in isolated pac,et.based
net'or,s
. Basic deployment phase in 7007; incldin) the incorporation of 2TRA base stations into
JliveJ net'or,s and the lanch of satellite.based !M3S services
WAP
3he 4i+e0ess App0ic!tio# P+otoco0 %4AP' is a ne' advanced intelli)ent messa)in)
service for di)ital mobile phones and other mobile terminals that 'ill allo' yo to see
$nternet content in special teBt format on special =AP.enabled 2SM mobile phones.
3hro)h the =AP 8orm; =AP has become the de facto )lobal indstry standard for
providin) data to 'ireless handheld mobile terminals.
5ssentially; =AP specifies a thin.client microbro'ser sin) a ne' standard called =ML that
is optimi&ed for 'ireless handheld mobile terminals.
=ML is a stripped do'n version of %3ML; more a (D1S.li,e( version of %3ML.
=AP also specifies a proBy server that acts as a )ate'ay bet'een the 'ireless net'or, and
the 'ire.line $nternet; providin) protocol translation and optimi&in) data transfer for the
'ireless handset.
=AP also specifies a compter.telephony inte)ration AP$; called =3A$; bet'een data and
voice. 3his enables applications to ta,e fll advanta)e of the fact that this 'ireless mobile
terminal is most often a phone and the mobile ser(s constant companion.
1n.board memory on a =AP phone can be sed for off.line content; enhanced address
boo,s; boo,mar,s and teBt.inpt methods.
/o,ia 'ill license the ===DMMM icon to any company that accepts the terms of the
licensin) a)reement. $n the initial phase; the licensees 'ill; for a nominal administrative fee;
receive the ri)ht to se the ===DMMM icon solely in conAnction 'ith =AP compliant
prodcts; content and services.
=ith =AP.enabled phones li,e the /o,ia 7110; Alcatel 1ne3och; Siemens S7+; Motorola
3imeport L7#"9; 5ricsson 6#70; or the 5ricsson 6#"0; Motorola v77"7; /o,ia E7+0; /o,ia
E710; or =AP.enabled palmtops li,e the Siemens $-#+ >!nifier? and the 5ricsson M-71"
yo(ll be able toD
Srf the $nternet in teBt format
Send46eceive e.mail
2et4By stoc,s
Boo, and by Metro and theatre tic,ets
2et traffic directions
1rder flo'ers for yor loved one
etc....
=AP is the first trly open standard in the area; removin) the barrier of proprietary
soltions. =AP 'ill ma,e 'ireless data boom for the mass mar,et.
Phones li,e the Noki! ?110@ A0c!te0
"#eTo,c3; )+icsso# R$(0@ !#@ Noki!
-250 !# Noki! -210 have bilt.in =AP
spport.
%o'ever to )et the info; yor 2SM net'or, 'ill have to implement the =AP protocol that
strips ordinary %3ML into the special GML format of =AP L
Mobile operators and content providers 'ill be able to develop ne' differentiated services to
attract ne' sers so that sers 'ill benefit from a 'ider choice of mobile applications;
advanced services; and $nternet access.
=AP hides the compleBity of 2SM on the application layer; Ast as the =eb has done for the
$nternet. $t spans a variety of transport options and devices; incldin) SMS; 9.E ,bit4s 2SM
data; %S-SD; and 2P6S; ma,in) the nderlyin) net'or, technolo)ies blend to)ether from
the ser(s standpoint.
*o!0s o7 t3e 4i+e0ess App0ic!tio# P+otoco0
$ndependent of 'ireless net'or, standard
1pen to all
=ill be proposed to the appropriate standards bodies
Applications scale across transport options
Applications scale across device types
5Btensible over time to ne' net'or,s and transports
BLUETOOTH
JBletoothJ is a ne' standard lanched in May 199" 'hich tilises a s3o+t-+!#5e +!io
0i#k to eBchan)e information; enablin) effortless 'ireless connectivity bet'een mobile
phones; mobile P-s; handheld compters and other peripherals.
$t aims to +ep0!ce the $rDA spec of $nfra6ed in mobile and comptin) devices.
TDK Bluetooth Product Range
Do'nload Bletooth Specification v1.0 >PD8 file?
3he Bletooth S$2 >Special $nterest 2rop? 'as formed in e!+0; 199( as a reslt of the
)lobal commitment of the 7ive fondin) companies to develop the concept to'ards a
technolo)y standard. $t competes 'ith the "07.11 specification for 'ireless net'or,in).
As of 10 A)st 1999; there 'ere -40 members of the Bletooth S$2.
5nablin) seamless voice and data transmission via 'ireless; short.ran)e radio; this ne'
technolo)y 'ill allo' sers to connect a 'ide ran)e of devices easily and <ic,ly; 'ithot
the need for cables; eBpandin) commnications capabilities for mobile compters; mobile
phones and other mobile devices; both in and ot of the office.
)+icsso# contribted the basic radio technolo)y eBpertiseM 3oshiba and $BM are developin)
a common specification for inte)ratin) JBletoothJ technolo)y into mobile devices.
&#te0 is contribtin) its advanced chip and soft'are eBpertise and Noki! contribtes
eBpertise in radio technolo)y and mobile handset soft'are.
1ther companies are bein) invited to spport the core technolo)y on a royalty.free basis to
ensre that JBletoothJ can be implemented in many different devices.
3he radio 'ill operate on the )lobally available 2945 */z $SM (free band(; allo'in)
international travellers to se JBletoothJ.enabled e<ipment 'orld'ide.
B0,etoot3 S;stemA
1perates in the 7.* 2%& $ndstrial.Scientific.Medical >$SM? band.
10m to 100m ran)e
!ses 8re<ence %op >8%? spread spectrm; 'hich divides the fre<ency band into a
nmber of hop channels.
Drin) a connection; radio transceivers hop from one channel to another
Spports p to " devices in a piconet >t'o or more Bletooth nits sharin) a
channel?.
Bilt.in secrity.
/on line.of.si)ht transmission thro)h 'alls and briefcases.
1mni.directional.
Spports both isochronos and asynchronos servicesM easy inte)ration of 3-P4$P for
net'or,in).
6e)lated by )overnments 'orld'ide.
2sesA
It will connect...
Printers
Mobile Phones
%andsfree %eadsets
L-D proAectors
Modems
=ireless LA/ devices
/oteboo,s
Des,top P-s
PDAs
etc
....to one another via Bluetooth short-range radio modules installed in each of these
devices
ROADMAP TO UMTS
Be;A
2C D *SM P3!se 2C
/SCSD D /i53 Spee Ci+ci,t S6itc3e D!t! %1494k:ps E #'
*PRS D *e#e+!0 P!cket R!io S;stem %,p to 114 k:ps'
)D*) D )#3!#ce D!t! *SM )#vi+o#me#t %,p to 5-0 k:ps'
2MTS D 2#ive+s!0 Mo:i0e Te0ep3o#e Se+vice %,p to 2 M:ps'
NEW GENERATION PHONE FOR 21
ST
CENTURY
3he race to'ards the millenim is also sprrin) on development of ne' celllar technolo)ies
for the 71st centry. Already dbbed J3hird 2enerationJ systems; the ne' technolo)ies
crrently nder discssion by technical committees of the 2SM Mo! )overnin) body and
53S$ >one of the main developers of 2SM?; promise spectaclarly innovative featres both
at the celllar phone and the celllar net'or, level. 2SM; as the most sophisticated celllar
standard today; 'ill be the sprin)board for these ne' technolo)ies.
$*&*
3he 2SM Mo!(s 3hird 2eneration $nterest 2rop >#2$2? propose a )radal evoltion of
crrent celllar technolo)y li,e 2SM . and it(s cosin systems . P-S 1900 in the !S and D-S
1"00 in 5rope . to'ards 'hat is no' bein) called 2MTS; or !niversal Mobile
3elecommnications System. A political mandate has already been )iven by the 5ropean
Parliament to establish a 2MTS 8orm as the central body char)ed 'ith the elaboration of
5ropean policy to'ards the implementation of 2MTS and based on indstry.'ide
consenss.
*0o:!0 Ro!mi#5
!M3S; as a 3hird 2eneration System promises a 'ide ran)e of personal mobility featres
sin) a mltimedia.li,e phone. Some of the ne' featres promised 'ith the ne' devices
inclde home shoppin); interactive edcation and trainin) 'ith virtal reality spport;
navi)ation; mlti.media mlti.party consltation; entertainment; mlti.connection
srveillance; information see,in) and retrieval; commnicatin) laptop P-s and video
commnication. $t also promises to standardi&e celllar technolo)y arond the 'orld; so
that yor phone 'ill be Ast as seable in another corner of the 'orld as it is in yor home
or office. $nternational roamin) is already a reality; bt !M3S ta,es it one step frther . to
2lobal 6oamin).
Mo:i0e S!te00ite S;stems
%ere(s 'here the ne' )enerations of Mobile Satellite Systems >MSS? li,e 2lobalstar come
in. MSS satellites 'ill be lanched in the neBt 1" months and promise di)ital voice; data and
SMS covera)e to sers on most parts of the )lobe sin) handsets not that mch lar)er than
crrent 2SM cellphones. 3he idea is that 3hird 2eneration phones that can 'or, on both
2lobalstar and 2SM 'old allo' a ser to atomatically connect to a 2lobalstar satellite
'henever they are ot of 2SM ran)e; and bac, to 2SM 'hen in ran)e of the 2SM net'or,.
3his satellite Jroamin)J 'ill ho'ever re<ire special dal phones that 'ill only be available
sometime in 1999.
D)CT F *SM
Another aspect of !M3S is to inte)rate cordless phones in homes or offices 'ith celllar
net'or,s to ltimately dispense 'ith the need for a cellphone and a fiBed.line phone. 3his
conver)ence 'old mean that the phones in an office4home 'old connect to cordless
phone.li,e base station 'hen in the office4home; and then 'hen the ser moves ot of this
environment; then connect to a celllar net'or,. 3he ser 'old then only need one
telephone nmber . and only one phone. Already 5ricsson have nveiled a prototype system
sin) a phone that ato.s'itches bet'een a di)ital cordless telephone phone standard
called D5-3; and 2SM. 3his 'ill )o on trial in 5rope later this year. 1ne of !M3Ss( main
)oals in fact is that there 'ill al'ays be a path to it from eBistin) 7nd.)eneration di)ital
systems li,e 2SM 900; D-S 1"00 and D5-3.
B,i0t-i# 1CD co0o,+ sc+ee#s
=hile !M3S promises to ltimately provide the ser 'ith phones that offer seamless
connectivity thro)hot the 'orld; net'or, and phone featres 'ill also be sprced p. 3he
phones and net'or,s promise hi)h.speed data transmission . p to 1000B faster than
crrent systems . 'hich cold even allo' video conferencin) from cellphones sin) bilt.in
L-D color screens and mini.cameras. 3he phone cold in fact become a li)ht'ei)ht mlti.
media terminal that cold even vie' movies.on.demand. 3he 9apanese have already
demonstrated a rather bl,y prototype version sin) their P%S celllar system. 3he hi)h
speeds 'ill have a si)nificant impact on mobile office sers 'ho no lon)er need to sffer
relatively slo' 2SM speeds.
2p5+!e!:0e P3o#es
3hird 2eneration celllar phones 'ill also be p)radeable over the air to allo' more internal
featres to be added 'ithot the need for )oin) into a 'or,shop. =hen roamin); a ser 'ill
also be able to se the settin)s; ,eyboard shortcts; and commands they normally se on
their home net'or,. 3he ser interface 'ill be completely cstomi&able; so that even if yor
s'ap phones; yo(ll still have the same mens and nmbers. Last bt not least; the boffins
predict that the ne' )eneration phones 'ill be nder 100); and have p to 10 days standby
time.
CDMA
-ode Division Mltiple Access; a celllar technolo)y also ,no'n as &S-95@ that competes
'ith 2SM technolo)y for dominance in the celllar 'orld.
3here are no' different variations; bt t3e o+i5i#!0 CDMA is #o6 k#o6# !s cm!"#e.
NSee other celllar technolo)ies of the 'orld.O
Developed ori)inally by @alcomm and enhanced by 5ricsson; -DMA is characteri&ed by
hi)h capacity and small cell radis; employin) spread.spectrm technolo)y and a special
codin) scheme.
-DMA 'as adopted by the 3elecommnications $ndstry Association >3$A? in 199#. $n
September 199"; only three years after the first commercial deployment; there 'ere 1E
million sbscribers on cm!"#e systems 'orld'ide.
1ver #+ contries have either commercial or trial activity on)oin).
3here are already *# =ireless Local Loop >=LL? systems in 77 contries sin) cm!"#e
technolo)y.
5nhancin) today(s data capabilities is the 1G633 -DMA standard . this neBt evoltionary
step for cm!"#e operators 'ill provide data rates p to #00 ,bps; si)nificant capacity
increases as 'ell as eBtended battery life for handsets.
-DMA is characteri&ed by hi)h capacity and small cell radis; employin) spread.spectrm
technolo)y and a special codin) scheme.
-apabilities of cm!"#e evoltion have already been defined in standards. $S.9+B provides
$SD/ rates p to E* ,bps.
3he neBt phase of cm!"#e is a standard ,no's as 1G633 and enables 1** ,bps pac,et
data in a mobile environment.
1ther featres available are a t'o.fold increase in both standby time and voice capacity. All
of these capabilities 'ill be available in an eBistin) cm!"#e 1.7+ M%& channel.
3he neBt phase of cm!"#e evoltion 'ill incorporate the capabilities of 1G633; spport all
channel si&es >+ M%&; 10 M%&; etc.?; provide circit and pac,et data rates p to 7 Mbps;
incorporate advanced mltimedia capabilities; and inclde a frame'or, for advanced #2
voice services and vocoders; incldin) voice over pac,et and circit data.
3his phase of the standard 'ill be complete by *@99.
T3e+e !+e #o6 ! #,m:e+ o7 70!vo,+s o7 CDMAA
Composite
CDMA/TDMA
=ireless technolo)y that ses both -DMA and
3DMA. 8or lar)e.cell licensed band and small.cell
nlicensed band applications. !ses -DMA bet'een
cells and 3DMA 'ithin cells. Based on 1mnipoint
technolo)y.
CDMA $n addition to the ori)inal @alcomm.invented /.
-DMA >ori)inally Ast (-DMA(; also ,no'n in the !S
as $S.9+. See N-CDMA belo'?. Latest variations are
B.-DMA; =.-DMA and composite -DMA43DMA.
Developed ori)inally by @alcomm; -DMA is
characteri&ed by hi)h capacity and small cell radis;
employin) spread.spectrm technolo)y and a
special codin) scheme. $t 'as adopted by the
3elecommnications $ndstry Association >3$A? in
199#. 3he first -DMA.based net'or,s are no'
operational. B.-DMA is the basis for #2 !M3S >see
belo'?
cdmaOne 8irst 2eneration /arro'band -DMA >$S.9+?. See
above.
cdma2000 3he ne' second.)eneration -DMA Mo! spec for
inclsion in !M3S. -lic, %565 for more technical
details...
CDMAone AND CDMA2000
":Gective
3he obAective of this paper is to present the -DMA Development 2ropKs >-D2? vie' on ,ey
topics 'ith respect to third )eneration >#2? and address some of the more technical aspects
of the cdma7000 #2 proposal. 3he paper also docments the on)oin) activities 'ithin the
-D2 and standards bodies that are ta,in) place to'ard cm!"#e = evoltion and #2
standards.
B!ck5+o,#
cm!"#e has clearly demonstrated its speriority in the second )eneration 'ireless
mar,etplace. $n September 199"; only three years after the first commercial deployment;
there 'ere 1E million sbscribers on cm!"#e systems 'orld'ide. 1ver #+ contries have
either commercial or trial activity on)oin). 3he -D2 has over 100 members of 'hom *0P
are companies based otside of /orth America; testimony to the trly international reach of
-DMA.
3he -D2 established the Advanced Systems $nitiative to provide a )ro'th path for
cm!"#e to neBt )eneration systems. Primary )oals of the initiative inclde development
of a 'orld'ide standard that meets $M3.7000 re<irements and other services identified as
critical to operator members; and )racefl evoltion to neBt )eneration cm!"#e systems.
3he Advanced Systems $nitiative is a means for -D2 members to define the re<irements
and priorities for cm!"#e and to collaborate 'ith re)ional and international standards
or)ani&ations to meet indstry obAectives. -D2 members have been involved 'ith $M3.7000
since its inception.
$n addition to the 'or, of the Advanced Systems $nitiative; the -D2 leadership is actively
en)a)ed in indstry.'ide efforts on #2. 3he -D2 is ensrin) the rapid evoltion of
cm!"#e and the development of cdma7000 to meet the needs of operators 'orld'ide;
enablin) the availability of #2 prodcts and services be)innin) in 1999.
)vo0,tio# o7 cm!"#e !# Deve0opme#t o7 cm!2000
The path to 3G
A )reat deal of attention has been focsed on #2 harmoni&ation and conver)ence. =hile the
-D2 believes in the $3!Ks vision of a )lobal standard; 'e are <ic,ly bildin) on the
technical fondation of cm!"#e to deliver many advanced services in the near ftre in a
'ay that allo's operators the fleBibility to offer these services as the mar,et demands. 3he
-D2 efforts are focsed arond an evoltion strate)y so that capabilities can be introdced
in phases drin) the neBt fe' years; based on and leadin) to the complete capabilities of
cdma7000. 3he bottom lineD 3he -D2 is 'or,in) a))ressively to enable fast.trac,
development of the cdma7000 standard.
cm!"#e is the only technolo)y 'ith a clear evoltion to #2 becase it bilds on the
desi)n and frame'or, of todayKs cm!"#e system. Loo,in) at #2 from an operatorKs
perspective; preservation of investments made in infrastrctre and spectrm are si)nificant
isses in definin) re<irements for technolo)y mi)ration. Services desi)nated as J#2J'ill be
available 'ith cm!"#e in eBistin) as 'ell as ne' spectrm bands. 3his point is important
in considerin) the position of established operators 'ho may not choose; or be able; to )et
ne' spectrm.
3his point is also vitally important in developin) re)ions considerin) the allocation of P-S
spectrm for 72. =ith cm!"#e; operators and sbscribers in these re)ions can reap the
benefits of todayKs advanced di)ital technolo)y 'hile assred their investments are
protected. 5voltion from technolo)ies sch as 2SM to =-DMA; ho'ever; 'ill re<ire
si)nificant chan)e ot of e<ipment and costly p)rades.
-apabilities of cm!"#e evoltion have already been defined in standards. $S.9+B provides
$SD/ rates p to E* ,bps. 3he neBt phase of cm!"#e is a standard ,no's as 1G633 and
enables 1** ,bps pac,et data in a mobile environment. 1ther featres available 'hen the
standard is pblished in 1@99 are a t'o.fold increase in both standby time and voice
capacity. All of these capabilities 'ill be available in an eBistin) cm!"#e 1.7+ M%&
channel.
3he neBt phase of cm!"#e evoltion 'ill incorporate the capabilities of 1G633; spport all
channel si&es >+ M%&; 10 M%&; etc.?; provide circit and pac,et data rates p to 7 Mbps;
incorporate advanced mltimedia capabilities; and inclde a frame'or, for advanced #2
voice services and vocoders; incldin) voice over pac,et and circit data. 3his phase of the
standard 'ill be complete by *@99.
$n addition to the capabilities of the cm!"#e air interface; evoltion of the A/S$.*1 core
net'or, 'ill enable sbscribers to contine to benefit from advanced services offered by the
cm!"#e platform. $nvestment in costly infrastrctre and net'or, p)rades are not
necessary.
The myths and the facts about chip rate
3he debate abot cdma7000 and =-DMA conver)ence has been based on the fact that
these -DMA.based proposals have certain parameter definitions that present an opportnity
for compromise. 3he most discssed and debated parameter is the system chip rate.
=-DMA ses a chip rate vale of *.09E Mbps. cdma700 ses #.E"E* Mbps. =-DMA
proponents li,en the hi)her rate to more horse po'er and claim the lo'er cdma7000 rate
de)rades performance. 3his falsity re<ires clarification.
eployment scenarios in various bands
8irst; =-DMA proponents claim that the =-DMA chip rate provides as mch as a 10P
capacity improvement over that of cdma7000. 3his shold be eBamined nder a realistic
scenario of ho' the technolo)y 'ill be deployed; and mst inclde all factors affectin)
system performance. =hile some operators 'ill deploy #2 in as little as + M%& of spectrm
many 'ill se allocations of 10; 1+; or 70 M%&.
3his is important since it is the sable spectrm; in conAnction 'ith chip rate; 'hich affects
capacity. 8i)res 1.# illstrate the deployment scenarios for cdma7000 and =-DMA in 10;
1+; and 70 M%& bands respectively. 5ven 'ith the re<ired )ard bands as verified in
todayKs operational cm!"#e systems; )reater overall capacity is achieved 'ith a miBtre
of cdma7000 1G and #G channels as compared 'ith sin) =-DMA channels. =ith that
confi)ration it can be sho'n that p to 1#P capacity improvement is achievable in a 70
M%& deployment > 1 ?.
.
Fi5,+e 1 Dep0o;me#t sce#!+io 7o+ cm!2000 !# 4CDMA i# ! 2H 10 M/z ope+!tio#
Fi5,+e 29 Dep0o;me#t sce#!+io 7o+ cm!2000 !# 4CDMA i# ! 2H 15 M/z
ope+!tio#
Fi5,+e $9 Dep0o;me#t sce#!+io 7o+ cm!2000 !# 4CDMA i# ! 2H 20 M/z
ope+!tio#
Examining chip rate in context with other characteristics
Second; chip rate alone does not determine overall system capacity. 3o bild on the
atomobile analo)y referenced earlier; assmin) chip rate is the only factor affectin)
capacity is li,e assmin) tire pressre is the only thin) affectin) )as milea)e. 1ne of the
main parameters in determinin) the capacity of a -DMA system is the ratio of ener)y per
information bit to noise po'er spectrm density >5b4/o? re<ired to achieve certain @oS
>@ality of Service? re<irements sch as frame or bit error rate. 3he re<ired 5b4/o vale
depends on frame strctre; codin) and modlation characteristics; diversity techni<es and
channel model. 3he small difference in chip rate bet'een #.E"E* Mcps and *.09E Mcps has
ne)li)ible impact on the 5b4/o re<irement.
$nstead; other system desi)ns sch as channel strctre >incldin) pilot strctre?; po'er
control mechanisms; diversity techni<es; handoff efficiency; and base station
synchroni&ation have a mch )reater impact on system capacity.
3he impact of system desi)n on capacity is illstrated in 3able 1; 'here the normali&ed
spectrm efficiency in 5rlan)s4M%&4cell for voice services in a vehiclar environment is
sho'n; ta,en from the cdma7000 and the !36A >=-DMA? 633 > 7 ?. 3able 1 also contains
the simlation reslts from the 633 evalation report sbmitted by the -hinese evalation
)rop. =e can see that a lar)er chip rate does /13 translate into hi)her spectrm
efficiency.
T!:0e 19 Spect+,m e77icie#c; 7o+ voice i# ! ve3ic,0!+ e#vi+o#me#tA cm!2000 F
4CDMA
S;stem C3ip R!te
%Mcps'
Se07 ev!0,!tio# C3i#ese ev!0,!tio#
cdma7000 #.E"E* #E.7479 7E.*477.7
!36A
=-DMA
*.09E 17."477.* 1".*477
Q%i)her 5rlan)s4M%&41mni -ell e<ates to )reater efficiency
!onsideration of power emissions
8inally; 'hat proponents of the =-DMA chip rate often overloo, are the ne)ative effects on
spectrm se and po'er emissions by sin) the hi)her vale chip rate. 3he -DMA air
interface si)nal of $M3.7000 needs to fit into a + M%& spectrm to comply 'ith different
fre<ency plans arond the 'orld. 8or eBample; if deployed in a + M%& spectrm sch as in
the D; 5; 8 /orth American P-S bloc,s; the =-DMA system as specified crrently cannot
meet the 8-- ot.of.band emission re<irements. All maAor 'ireless technolo)ies se )ard
bands to separate their si)nal spectra from those of services in adAacent bands. $t is
nreasonable to assme that =-DMA can operate 'ithot sch )ard band protection. 8or
instance; the )ard band sed to separate $S.9+ -DMA from 3DMA4AMPS is 770 :%& on
each sideM the )ard band sed to separate D5-3 from adAacent service bands is 7.#9E M%&
to the lo'er band; and 1.0+7 M%& to the pper band. 3his isse is particlarly si)nificant for
the PD- systems in 9apan; as 'ell as any'here there is another service operatin) in the
band adAacent to the $M3.7000 band.
=-DMA advocates propose sin) more compleB filters to address this. =hile in theory sch
an approach can be conceived; the re<ired filter is hard to reali&e 'ithin a + M%&
band'idth > # ?. 5ssentially; the prported 10P capacity )ain is not reali&able in practical
deployments that in many mar,ets need to consider adAacent channel interference or 8--
po'er emission re<irements R not a realistic soltion for operators.
$n smmary; chip rate is not a simple isse 'ith a direct case and effect relationship. More
is not necessarily better. cdma7000 enables #2 services 'ithot the deployment ris,s and
cost of =-DMA.
Co#ve+5e#ce !# /!+mo#iz!tio#
3he -D2 has been actively tryin) to achieve the $3!Ks )oal of a )lobal standard for $M3.
7000. 3o that eBtent; the -D2 and its members have been active on cdma70004=-DMA
harmoni&ation in re)ional standards bodies >A6$B; 53S$; 3$A; 33A; 31P1?; discssions 'ith
'orld'ide operators; and meetin)s 'ith )overnment entities. -onver)ence can enable a
nmber of benefits for consmers; operators; and manfactrers. A6$B >9apan? reco)ni&ed
this early on and has been instrmental in redcin) the nmber of differences bet'een
cdma7000 and =-DMA to a handfl. %o'ever; some =-DMA proponents have not been
receptive to these efforts. 3he -D2 believes in the benefits of conver)ence; bt 'ill not be
able to achieve it alone. $n any case; cm!"#e evoltion proceeds on a fast trac,; ensrin)
that operators can deliver #2 services as the mar,et demands.
Co#c0,sio#
3he )ro'th of cm!"#e technolo)y is certain. =hether ne' capabilities are labeled #2 or
not is not of material importance since the real challen)e is havin) advanced services ready
for mar,et 'hen cstomers demand them; and deliverin) these services cost effectively.
=hatever reslts from the #2 standards process; cm!"#e operators 'ill have standard
soltions that enable #2 services 'ith a clear )ro'th path from todayKs systems.
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
GSM PRO
GSM Pro addresses the growing workgroup communications market by offering services traditionally
provided by Private Mobile Radio (PMRP!MR" systems#
The dispatch console provides the call dispatch functions familiar to PMR users#
! big advantage of the GSM Pro is that customers do not have to construct their own networks to benefit
from group communication functionalities such as group and broadcast calls#
Potential users include the road transport industry$ delivery$ construction and security companies$ and
utilities#
The GSM Pro concept is based on standard GSM technology so the GSM Pro user also gets access to
new developments in GSM such as packet data$ %!P and positioning services#
GSM Pro services & broadcast calls$ group or conference calls$ call dispatch and alertalarm calling & can
be offered by a GSM networks' e(tensive coverage#
The first GSM Pro mobile phone$ the R)*+s Pro$ resembles a robust GSM phone but
operates as a PMR unit$ with ,push&to&talk, capability when re-uired#
.t also works as a normal GSM phone$ and is rugged$ water& and shock&resistant for reliable operation in
harsh environments#
&SDN
$SD/ is a s'itched di)ital modem service sin) a /et'or, 3erminator >/3?. An $SD/ pl)
ses an 69.*+ si&e.
Di5it!0 Spees !v!i0!:0e o# &SDND
7B -4k B channels >total 12(k available?
1B 1-k D -hannel
12(B &SDN offers inte)rated voice; data; video and ima)e transmission over a sin)le
telephone line; 'ith vastly increased <ality and data de to di)ital transmission.
Tekom $SD/ 7 is the Basic 6ate Access service to the $nte)rated Services Di)ital /et'or,
>$SD/?; it is a s'itched di)ital service incldin) a /et'or, 3erminator >/3?. $t offers
inte)rated voice; data; video and ima)e transmission over a sin)le telephone line; 'ith
vastly increased <ality and data S de to di)ital transmission.
3he service provides the ser 'ith t'o E*,bps B channels and one 1E,bps D channel. B
-hannels are sed to carry virtally any ,ind of di)ital information. 3he B channels are
available for either voice; data; teBt or ima)e calls; or any combination of these. 3hese B
channel calls are seen as normal; independent telephone calls to separate destinations. 3he
D channel 'ill set p and control these B channel calls. Part of the D channel band'idth 'ill
in ftre also be available for the transmission of G. 7+ pac,et data at 9;E,bit4s.
1n the cstomer(s side of the /3 p to ei)ht different cstomer premises e<ipment can be
connected. !p to five terminals can have ni<e directory nmbers and sb addressin) can
be sed to distin)ish bet'een applications per terminal.
3he Te0kom $SD/ 7 Basic 6ate Access 'ill allo' p to three of these terminals to
commnicate at the same time; sin) the t'o B channels at E*,bps and the available
band'idth on the D channel for G7+ pac,et data.
Be#e7its and Fe!t,+es from Te0kom &SDN 2
C"ST SAI&N*S can be achieved in many 'ays. By sin) 0ideo conferencin) it 'ill
redce travel costs to attend meetin)s; or by sin) band'idth top.p to complement
eBistin) di)ital leased lines; thereby redcin) the nmber of leased lines needed.
Becase $SD/ provides Dialed digital connections it is no lon)er necessary to se
dedicated lines to achieve di)ital speeds or connectivity.
J2A1&TK on the $SD/ is hi)her 'ith clear calls and fast call set.p. Better voice
telephone service becase di)ital connections are virtally error.free.
T&M) SAI&N*S are made 'here $SD/ is sed for file transfer 'ith speeds of p to
10 times faster than modems connected to PS3/. Higher data speeds can be
achieved; speeds p to 17",bps before compression.
F1)L&B&1&TK is achieved by spportin) Various kinds of information ie. 0oice;
data; ima)es; video and more are all di)iti&ed and transmitted 'ithot error thro)h
the di)ital net 'or,. !p to eight devices sch as telephones; compters; facsimile
machines etc. can be connected on a sin)le line.
R)1&AB&1&TK !# &MPR"I)D C2ST"M)R S)RI&C) can be delivered by
bsinesses thro)h leased line bac,p by providin) virtally continos
commnications lin,s.
CDPD
Ce00,0!+ Di5it!0 P!cket D!t! %CDPD' is an overlay to the eBistin) D-AMPS celllar
net'or,; 'hich enables sers to transmit pac,ets of data over the celllar net'or, sin) a
portable comptin) device and a -DPD modem.
-DPD is an eBtension of eBistin) data net'or,s
3he -DPD net'or, spports mltiple; connectionless sessions
-DPD airlin, transmissions have a 19;700 bps ra' data rate
-DPD tilit&es the $nternet Protocol >$P? and 1S$ -onnectionless /et'or, Protocol
>-L/P? for data applications
CDPD Net6o+k )#titiesA
Mo:i0e-)# S;stemD the M.5S can be any mobile comptin) device 'hich has a -DPD
modem bilt.in or attached. 3he M.5S transmits data over the airlin, to the Mobile Data
Base Station >MDBS? located in the cell site.
Mo:i0e D!t! B!se St!tio# %MDBS'D Located at the cell site; the MDBS relays pac,ets of
data to the MD.$S >Mobile Data $ntermediate System? located at the M3S1 >Mobile
3elephone S'itchin) 1ffice?. 3he MDBS is primarily responsible for radio fre<ency
mana)ement; sch as ma,in) sre the M.5S does not transmit on a fre<ency that is
crrently bein) sed by celllar voice; channel hoppin); and aidin) the M.5S to transfer
from one cell to another by assistin) in the location of a ne' channel.
Mo:i0e D!t! &#te+mei!te S;stem %MD-&S'D 3he MD.$S ,eeps trac, of an M.5S(s
location and rotes data pac,ets to and from the -DPD /et'or, and the M.5S
appropriately. $n addition; the MD.$S is responsible for validatin) an M.5S on the net'or,;
and eBchan)in) the encryption ,eys 'ith the M.5S that allo's for secre transmission of
data over the airlin,.
&#te+mei!te S;stem %&S'D 3he $S rotes the data thro)h the $P and -L/P net'or,. 3he
$ntermediate System is a standard $P roter 'ith the primary responsibility of relayin) data
pac,ets.
FiHe-)# S;stem %F-)S'D 3he 8.5S is the final destination of the messa)e sent from an
M.5S. 3he 8iBed.5nd System receives the data and processes it appropriately. 3he 8.5S can
be one of many stationary comptin) devices; sch as a host compter; a !/$G
'or,station; an on.line information service; or another Mobile.5nd System.
MSS
A nmber of competin) Mobile Satellite Services %MSS' plan to blan,et the )lobe 'ith
s!te00ite te0ep3o#e cove+!5e from a constellation of over 1;000 satellites by 700*.
3hese systems inclde $ridim; 1dyssey; 2lobalstar; 3eledesic; $-1; 3hyra; A-es; A)rani;
and 5AS3.
Accordin) to a report from 8rost I Sllivan M4o+0 Mo:i0e S!te00ite Te0ep3o#; Se+vice
!# Te+mi#!0 )8,ipme#t;<< the 'orld )lobal mobile personal commnication service
>2MP-S? service mar,et 'ill reach T*7.7 billion by 700E.
3he &+ii,m satellite phone system is 'ent commercial from /ovember 1 199"; bt has
since c0ose o6# !s ! +es,0t o7 :!#k+,ptc;9
*0o:!0st!+ sccesflly lanched many of it(s satellites drin) 1999 and 'ent live in 1ctober
1999. $t is commercial as of *47000.
&#m!+s!t has operated a portable phone service since the early 1990(s. $t(s smallest is the
briefcase si&ed $nmarsat.M>ini? phone system. $t 'ill be sperceded by the &C" system.
&C" filed for ban,rptcy protection in A)st 1999. $t 'as bailed ot in /ovember 1999 by
a T1.7 billion reprieve from investors led by indstry veteran -rai) Mc-a'
Almost all these satellite services offer a combination of all.di)ital transparent voice; data;
faB and pa)in) services to and from hand.held telephone devices; some no lar)er than
crrent 2SM celllar handsets.
A5+!#i; AceS >Asian re)ional systems bilt by Loc,heed Martin?; and )AST >a re)ional
system that 'ill focs on Africa and the Middle 5ast? aim to provide interoperability bet'een
mobile satellite and celllar net'or,s. As a reslt; any 2SM sbscriber can contine to se
his eBistin) 2SM S$M cards 'ith the ne' dal.mode >2SM4satellite? handsets.
AceS 'ent live in April 7000 sin) the )+icsso# R190 dal.mode handset.
3he three systems 'ill share an air interface standard named 2MSS >2eostationary Mobile
Satellite Standard? that is similar to 2SM. 3his means that satphone cstomers 'ill be able
to se mobile phones that are compatible 'ith satellite systems in any contry 'here 2MSS
is offered; in effect creatin) roamin) capabilities bet'een the three systems( re)ional
footprints.
MSS System Se!"#"!$t"ons
N!me "+:it S!te00ites
1i7etim
e
Se+vices Moes
"pe+!tio#
!0
"+:comm 7" D
1&I) si#ce
5/99
)-S!t E D 7000
FA&SAT 7E D;0m;P 7000
I&TAs!t
>0$3A?
7 D 7000
Bosko#
>Polyot?
B.L51 #7 0;D;8;P 7000
*0o:!0st!+ B.L51 *" 7.+y 0;D;8.P;2PS -DMA
1&I) si#ce
10/99
&-C" M51 10 17y 0;D;8;P 3DMA 7000
&+ii,m B.L51 EE +y 0;D;8;P 8DMAU 1&I) si#ce
3DMA 11/9(
*) St!+s;s 7* Dm 7000
*)M#et
>-3A
-ommercial
Systems?
#" D 7000
1)" "#e
2SA
*" D 7000
M-St!+
>Motorola?
Broadband
L51
77
broadband
services
7000
)CC"
>-onstellation
4
35L5B6AS?
B.L51 *E 0;D;8;P 7000
)00ipso
>M-%$?
L514M51 17 0;D;P;5 7007
";sse; B.L51 17 1+y D;0;8;SMS -DMA 7007
Te0eesic
Broadband
L51
"*0 10y
broadband
services
A3DMA
U
-DMA
7007
Ce0s!t
>%)hes4/ort
el?
251 # 0;D;8;P 7000
&NMARSAT $ 251 + 17y 0;D;8 1&I)
Sp!ce6!;
>%)hes
/et'or,
Systems?
251 17
0;D;0i;
broadband
services
7000
T3,;!+! 251 7 12-15 0;D;P;5 7000
ACes 251 2 17 0;D;P;5 7000
Key:
ATDMA
Advanced 3ime Division
Mltiple Access
B-1)" Bi) L51
B+B# Broadband Services
CDMA -ode Division Mltiple Access
D Data
Dm Data Messa)in)
) 5.mail
F 8aB
FDMA
8re<ency Division Mltiple
Access
*PS 2lobal Positionin) System
1)" Lo' 5arth 1rbit
1-1)" Little Lo' 5arth 1rbit
M)" Middle 5arth 1rbit
P Pa)in)
SMS Short Messa)e Service
TDMA 3ime Division Mltiple Access
I 0oice
Ii 0ideo
S!te0ite "+:it
1itt0e 1)" D
A small non.)eostationary satellite 'hich operates in "ow Earth #rbit; providin) mainly
mobile data services.
e) "+:comm; Te0eesic
Bi5 1)" D
A lar)er non.)eostationary satellite 'hich operates in "ow Earth #rbit; providin) mainly
mobile telephony services. Many of the ne' proposed ()lobal mobile phone( services 'ill be
provided by this type of satellite. 3hey are located bet'een 700,m.1;+00,m from the 5arth.
e) &+ii,m; *0o:!0st!+
M)"A
A non.)eostationary satellite 'hich operates in $edium Earth #rbit; a)ain providin) mobile
telephony services. 3hese satellites have also been proposed to be sed as part of ne'
)lobal mobile telephone system. 3hey are located 10;000 from the 5arth.
e) &C"
*)"D
2eostationary satellites occpy an orbital position #E;000 ,m above the earth; and remain
in a stationary position relative to the 5arth itself. 3he 'orld(s maAor eBistin)
telecommnications and broadcastin) satellites fall into this cate)ory.
eg Thuyara, Inmarsat
GSM MOBILE LOCATION POSITIONING
2SM Location Positionin) ses the $nternet; celllar net'or,s; and4or 2SM satellites to
determine physical locations of celllar phones and people.
$n the !SA; mobile location to an accracy of 17+ metres 'ill be mandatory by the end of
7001. $n the 5!; it is 700".
)+icsso#@ S#!pT+!ck !# Ce00Poi#t all have introdced 2SM positionin) systems.
SnapPoint ses 2PSM the others se only the 2SM net'or,.
3he positionin) technolo)y is similar to satellite.based 2lobal Positionin) Systems >2PS? bt
'ith the additional capability of determinin) location inside bildin)s; par,in) )ara)es and
other shielded areas sch as inside a poc,et or briefcase that are inaccessible to 2PS
systems.
Secrity; $nformation and Messa)in) services based on celllar positionin) 'ill soon be
'idely available on the 'orld mar,et.
8or 2SM sbscribers( emer)ency calls; 'here sch callers are often lost or in a state of
shoc,; the MPS shold ensre; for eBample; that the closest and most appropriate
amblance; fire and resce resorces are deployed at the scene of a fire.
3his 'ill )ive more celllar operators the opportnity to increase profits by differentiatin)
their mar,et offerin) and )et ne' revene streams.((
Positio#i#5 Tec3#o0o5ies
3he 5ropean 3elecommnications Standards $nstitte >53S$? has ratified three location
fiBin) schemes >L8S? 'hich operators cold se in addition to cell of ori)in >-11? for
location dependent services. 3hese 'ereD
*PS
6e<ires additional e<ipment or modification to Mobile Station
5nhanced 1bserved 3ime Differential %)-"TD'
6e<ires both net'or, and MS modification and
3ime 1f Arrival >T"A?
6e<ires mainly net'or, modification >modern handsets shold be 1:?.
-ell of ori)in does not re<ires modification to the handset or net'or,s and so is able to be
sed as the L8S for eBistin) sbscribers bt is less accrate than the other methods
employed.
%ENDORS
Ce00Poi#t - 6669ce00pt9com
3he -ellPoint positionin) system is crrently the 'orld(s only commercially operational
di)ital celllar position.location technolo)yM it is flly scalable; 'or,s 'ith standard 2SM
phones and =AP phones in nmodified di)ital net'or,s re<irin) no costly overlays; and
can be coordinated 'orld'ide from a remote central location.
=or,in) 'ith 3ele7Mobil of S'eden; the -ellPoint 2SM positionin) technolo)y; applications
and $nternet services are no' available to S'edish celllar phone sers. 3he ne' service;
called J3ele7Mobil Position((; is based on the 6esorce Mana)ement>3M? Service from
-ellPoint Systems>3M?.
3ele7Mobil Position enables transport; secrity; service and sales or)anisations to be more
efficient and to increase cstomer satisfaction by rotin) their vehicles and personnel more
effectively. 3he -ellPoint technolo)y enables 3ele7 to offer the positionin) services sin)
their eBistin) net'or,.
S#!pT+!ck - 6669S#!pT+!ck9com
Snap3rac, is a 2PS.based system that re<ires a net'or, based server as 'ell as Mobile
Station modifications.
An international consortim of 2lobal System for Mobile telecommnications >2SM? 'ireless
carriers; handset sppliers; applications providers; infrastrctre manfactrers and
semicondctor manfactrers is evalatin) Snap3rac,(s brea,thro)h approach for 'ireless
handset location. $t 'as recently bo)ht by @alcomm.
Snap3rac,(s 5nhanced 2lobal Positionin) System>tm? >52PS? technolo)y can enhance pblic
safety for people placin) emer)ency calls on their mobiles; and enable a 'hole ran)e of ne'
location.based services li,e improved roadside assistance; personal direction findin);
improved taBi dispatch and vehicle fleet mana)ement; mobile directory assistance; and even
,eepin) trac, of pets.
JAccracy and cost are t'o of the indstry(s primary concerns re)ardin) the ability of
location technolo)y to deliver profitable location.based services;(( said -lint -ooper; chief
technolo)y officer of test )rop participant 1mnitel Pronto $talia. J3his test )rop 'ill help
carriers evalate the benefits of Snap3rac, technolo)y as a method for the near.term
delivery of vale.added location services.((
3his consortim collectively spports over #0 million sbscribers. Members inclde 0odafone
Air3och -ommnications PL- >!: and !S?; BellSoth Mobility D-S >!S?; B3 -ellnet >!:?;
5sat Di)ifone >$reland?; 8rance 3elecom >8rance?; 1mnitel Pronto $talia >$taly?; 3.Mobil
>2ermany?; 3elecel >Port)al? and 3elefonica >Spain?. Motorola 'ill prodce prototype
handsets for field tests by the consortim; and applications developer Si)nalSoft >!: and
!S? 'ill provide location.based services to create a complete end.to.end test environment.
$nfrastrctre provider Siemens $nformation and -ommnication /et'or,s >2ermany? 'ill
participate in the trials; as 'ill semicondctor manfactrers 3eBas $nstrments and
Motorola. 3eBas $nstrments and Motorola have previosly annonced licensin) a)reements
'ith Snap3rac,; and have made e<ity investments in the company.
J3he 2SM test )rop provides Snap3rac, the opportnity to demonstrate that its enhanced
2lobal Positionin) System >2PS? technolo)y can provide the hi)h accracy carriers re<ire
in order to deploy effective personal location services for their sbscribers;(( said Steve
Poi&ner; -51 of Snap3rac,.
J=hile Snap3rac, 'or,s 'ith any air interface; the importance of this test )rop is
nderscored by the fact that 2SM net'or,s serve 1*0 million 'ireless sbscribers
'orld'ide.((
Snap3rac,(s Personal Location System>tm? re<ires no additional cell sites or modification to
eBistin) net'or, e<ipment and is desi)ned to have minimal impact on cost and handset
form factor.
Snap3rac, improves on conventional 2PS performance by sharin) processin) tas,s bet'een
patented soft'are al)orithms; 'hich harness the po'er of the di)ital si)nal processor inside
a 'ireless handset; and sophisticated server soft'are rnnin) in the 'ireless net'or,.
6ather than processin) 2PS data continosly li,e traditional 2PS receivers; Snap3rac,
processes only a snapshot of the 2PS data.
=hen a caller re<ests a location.based service; the Snap3rac,.enabled handset ta,es a
snapshot of 2PS data; processes it and transmits location information bac, to the net'or,
server.
3he server comptes lon)itde and latitde and performs compleB error corrections to
improve accracy. =hile traditional 2PS receivers may ta,e several mintes to provide a
location fiB; Snap3rac,(s innovative system )enerally locates callers 'ithin a fe' seconds.
$n independently adited field tests in 5rope; the !nited States; and 9apan; Snap3rac,(s
Personal Location System>tm? accrately located callers in do'nto'n s,yscrapers; 'ooded
areas; cro'ded rban canyons and movin) atomobiles. /33 Do-oMo; 9apan(s lar)est
'ireless carrier; chose Snap3rac, as the basis for its first.to.mar,et personal navi)ation
system after eBtensive tests in 3o,yo in 1997; and 'ill debt Snap3rac,.enabled prodct
later this year.
3he 2SM test )rop is similar to the Snap3rac, -DMA 3est 2rop >S3-32?; 'hich has been
condctin) tests since the first <arter of 1999. 3he -DMA 3est 2rop is comprised of 1+
member companies; incldin) 0odafone Air3och -ommnications; Ameritech -elllar; Bell
Mobility; 235 =ireless; Prime-o Personal -ommnications; Sprint P-S; !.S =5S3 =ireless;
Denso; 8Aits; %yndai; L2$-; Motorola; Samsn); 3eBas $nstrments and 0LS$.
)+icsso# Mo:i0e Positio#i#5 S;stem %MPS'
'''.ericsson.se
5ricsson(s Mobile Positionin) Systems >MPS? re<ires no modifications to standard 2SM
phones and terminals; openin) the door to a 'hole ne' ran)e of location.based services.
3he system has been chosen as the basis of ftre 5ropean and /orth American standards;
and S'edish operator 3elia is to trial the system for emer)ency call location. $t is a server.
based soltion that allo's positionin) services to be introdced into any 2SM net'or, that
has 5ricsson s'itchin) systems. 3he system 'ill 'or, 'ith any 2SM.standard radio net'or,
and all eBistin) 2SM phones.
At the heart of the 5ricsson MPS is the Mobile Location -entre >ML-?; a system that allo's
ser applications to access position information for 2SM phones. An Application
Pro)rammin) $nterface >AP$? 'ill be available to allo' the development of cstom
applications. 3he ML- also handles access secrity; and protects sbscriber privacy by
allo'in) 2SM sers to choose 'hether or not their phones and other devices are trac,ed.
3he 5ropean 3elecommnications Standards $nstitte >53S$? and the American /ational
Standards $nstitte >A/S$?.accredited 31P1.+ athority have decided to 'or, Aointly on a
2SM mobile positionin) standard based on the 5ricsson system.
5ricsson eBpects that in addition to deployment for emer)ency services; fleet mana)ement;
lo)istics and stolen vehicle trac,in) applications; the system 'ill be sed to deliver mass.
mar,et services to any 2SM sbscriber. 5Bamples inclde J=here am $VJ )idance; roadside
assistance; local ne's; information and 'eather reports; and Jyello' pa)esJ services.
BT Ce00#et
'''.btcellnet.co.,
B3 -ellnet patented an 5.13- system in 'hich base stations are synchroni&ed to become
the reference sites. $t 'as trialed abot t'o years a)o in the /orth 5ast of 5n)land.
CPS C,+so+
'''.crsor.system.com
-ambrid)e Positionin) System >-PS? has a system called -rsor that is an 5.13D system.
3his ses their o'n reference beacons >co.sited on base stations?.
Si5#!0So7t Co+po+!tio#
'''.Si)nalSoft-orp.com
Si)nalSoft is L8S independent. $ts net'or,.based $ntelli)ent /et'or, Service -ontrol Point
>$/ S-P? can ta,e position information from any one; or a mltiple of schemes; trn it into a
latitde4lon)itde and reference this to a &one and information4service re<ested. 3his
location mana)ement system >inspirationally called JLocation Mana)erJ? facilitates a nmber
of services; the most eBcitin) of 'hich are local information services >sch as travel and
'eather? and location sensitive billin); to)ether 'ith the tool for provisionin) the service
and fiBin) latitde and lon)itde a)ainst defined &one >the MAPS client?. 1perators can
thereby offer location based services to eBistin) cstomers as 'ell as today(s more accrate
positionin) niche applications 'hich 'ill become tomorro'(s standard services.
T+,ePositio#
'''.treposition.com
2S 4i+e0ess
'''.s'corp.com
*MCF %*0o:!0 Mo:i0e Comme+ce Fo+,m' Asi! R&* 6it3 NTT Pe+so#!0 P/S 1oc!tio#
&#7o+m!tio# Se+vices9
IDEN
iD5/
F
>$nte)rated Di)ital 5nhanced /et'or,? is a di)ital Private Mobile 6adio System
lanched by Motorola(s Land Mobile Prodcts Sector >LMPS? in 199*.
iD5/
F
technolo)y; crrently available in the "00 M%&; 900 Mh& and 1.+ 2%& bands tili&es a
variety of advanced technolo)ies; incldin) state.of.the.art vocoders; M1E@AM modlation
and 3DMA >3ime Division Mltiple Access?.
$t allo's -ommercial Mobile 6adio Service >-M6S? operators to maBimi&e the dispatch
capacity and provides the fleBibility to add optional services sch as fll.dpleB telephone
interconnect; alphanmeric pa)in) and data4faB commnication services.
Motorola manfactres iD5/ infrastrctre and iD5/ Portable4Mobile nits. iD5/ services
are available thro)h individal service providers 'ho have established net'or,s in varios
re)ions 'orld'ide.
$t has implemented commercial iD5/
F
systems in the !nited States; -anada; Ar)entina;
$srael; 9apan and Sin)apore; -hina; the Philippines and -olombia. 3o date; approBimately
+000 cell sites and over 7m iD5/ sbscriber nits are in operation 'orld'ide.
$n the 900 M%& band; iD5/ combines pairs of 17.+ ,%& channels to create a 7+ ,%& channel.
!sin) 3DMA; the paired channels 'ill be split into siB time slots; effectively triplin) the 68
capacity of each 900 Mh& channel.
GSM &00
3he *SM 400 specification presently bein) completed by 53S$ 'ill follo' the eBistin) 2SM
90041"00 specifications 'ith eBception of the fre<ency band re<irements and related
isses.
3he entire s'itchin) platform and base station controller infrastrctre 'ill remain static
'hen ne' fre<ency capabilities are inclded.
%o'ever; ne' soft'are 'ill be re<ired in some net'or, elements. /o,ia and 5ricsson have
proposed that 2SM *00 is be standardised in 53S$ as a part of the 2SM standard 'hich is
available to all manfactrers on an e<al basis.
As a reslt of this 2SM *00 'ill form part of the eBistin) 2SM standard; 'hich is
continosly evolvin) as per 2SM standard >90041"00?. 3his evoltion reslts in a phased
approach to'ard $M3.7000 service re<irements.
he commitment of /o,ia and 5ricsson to the development of 2SM *00 is illstrated in the
fact that they have already made the first official 2SM *00 call at the 2SM *00 -onference
in Bdapest; %n)ary. Both /o,ia and 5ricsson spplied prototype e<ipment to ma,e the
call possible. 3he prototype e<ipment inclded 2SM*0041"00 dalband phones; 6adio Base
Station and Base Station -ontrollers.
Tec3#ic!0 Fe!t,+es o7 *SM 400A
Do'n.banded 2SM . same featres; services and evoltion
Standardi&ation 'or, in 53S$ . 1pen standard
8re<ency isses
F+e8,e#c; !00oc!tio#A
*+0.+.*+7.+ M%& 4 *E0.+.*E7.+ M%&
*79.0.*"E.0 M%& 4 *"9.0.*9E.0 M%& >5Bt.?
F+e8,e#c; spect+,mA 7 M%&
D,p0eH sep!+!tio#A 10 M%&
C!++ie+ sp!ci#5A 700 ,%&
Spports fra)mented sa)e of the fre<ency band >/M3*+0 fre<ency variants?
-overa)eD
3he radio covera)e area for a 2SM *00 B3S site 'ill eBceed the radio cover provided by
both 2SM900 B3S and 2SM 1"00 B3S sites. De to the predicted radio covera)e that 'ill be
available 'ith the implementation of 2SM *00 radio site; the eBtended cell featre 'ill be an
inte)ral part of the ne' fre<ency. 3he maBimm ran)e achievable 'ith the eBtended cell
featre 'ill be approBimately E7 :m. A proposal has been sbmitted for the enhancement
of the eBtended cell featre to accommodate ran)es of bet'een 70 to 1*0 ,m. 3he
increased covera)e area 'ill )ive the 2SM *00 operators an advanta)e in the
implementation and penetration of hi)h.speed data; 'hich forms part of the 2SM data
evoltion.
-apacityD
2SM *00 'ill spport all the 53S$ standardi&ed capacity enhancin) featres presently bein)
spported by 2SM90041"00
8re<ency hoppin)
Discontinos 3ransmission
MS and B3S Po'er -ontrol
Adaptive Mltirate
*SM CTS
3he ne' 2SM -ordless 3elephony System >-3S? is a ne' featre of the 2SM standard that
finally ma,es the dream of bein) able to se a 2SM celllar phone !t 3ome@ 'ith the cost
and the <ality of the fiBed net'or,; a reality.
-3S calls via a 2SM mobile se the fre<encies allocated to )-*SM 900 M3z !# *SM
1(00 M3z9
-3S competes a)ainst a similar D)CT system.
System Overview
$n the home environment; 2SM.-3S phones commnicate 'ith a -3S %ome Base Station
>%BS?; 'hich offers perfect indoor radio covera)e.
3he -3S.%BS hoo,s p to the fiBed net'or, and offers the best of the fiBed and mobile
'orldsD lo' cost and hi)h <ality from the Pblic S'itched 3elephone /et'or, >PS3/?;
services and mobility from the 2SM.
1ne of the main advanta)es of 2SM.-3S compared 'ith other one.phone soltions is its
small impact on 2SM handsets.
$t does #ot re<ire any hard'are modifications; eBtra -entral Processor !nit >-P!? or lar)e
memory space. $t Ast needs an p)rade of the 2SM soft'are on the phone.