Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
_
_
such that
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
= 0
x
1
x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
= 0
(1) Find a basis for V .
Solution: Notice that
V = ker(T),
where T : R
4
R
2
is a linear transformation whose matrix in the standard basis is
A = [T] =
_
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
_
.
The rank of this matrix is equal to 2. (It can not be more than 2 since we only
have two rows. It can not be less than 2 since the rst two columns are linealy
independent).
By rank-nullity theorem, the nullity of this matrix is 4 2 = 2. Thus, the vector
space V is two dimensional.
Since the rst and the third columns are identical, the vector
_
_
_
_
1
0
1
0
_
_
_
_
is in V . Similarly, since the fourth and the third columns are identical, the vector
_
_
_
_
0
0
1
1
_
_
_
_
is in V . These two non zero vectors are linearly independent. Since V is two dimen-
sional, they form a basis of V .
(2) Find the dimension of V .
Solution: see above.
(3) Find an orthonormal basis for P.
33A MIDTERM 2 Radko 3
Solution: apply the Gramm-Schmidt to the vectors v
1
and v
2
above:
u
1
=
1
2
_
_
_
_
1
0
1
0
_
_
_
_
v
2
= v
2
(v
2
u
1
)u
1
=
_
_
_
_
1
2
0
1
2
1
_
_
_
_
u
2
=
_
_
_
_
_
1
6
0
1
_
2
3
_
_
_
_
_
=
1
6
_
_
_
_
1
0
1
2
_
_
_
_
.
The vectors u
1
and u
2
form an orthonormal basis.
4 33A MIDTERM 2 RADKO
Problem 2. (10 pts) Let B be the basis for R
2
given by the vectors v
1
=
_
1
2
_
, v
2
=
_
3
4
_
.
(1) Let w
1
=
_
2
2
_
and w
2
=
_
2012
2013
_
be two vectors in R
2
. Find the coordinates
B
[w
1
]
and
B
[w
2
] of w
1
and w
2
in the basis B.
Solution: By inspection, notice that
v
1
+ w
1
= v
2
.
Thus,
B
[w
1
] =
_
1
1
_
.
To nd coordinates of w
2
in this basis, form the matrix of the change of basis:
S =
_
1 3
2 4
_
.
Then
_
2012
2013
_
=
_
1 3
2 4
_
_
x
y
_
,
where x, y are the coordinates we are looking for. Finding rref, we get
rref
_
1 3 | 2012
2 4 | 2013
_
=
_
1 0 |
2009
2
0 1 |
2011
2
_
.
Thus,
B
[w
2
] =
_
2009
2
2011
2
_
.
(2) Let T be the transformation of R
2
given by the matrix A = [T] =
_
7 3
8 3
_
in the
standard basis. Find the matrix
B
[T] of T in the basis B.
Solution:
B
[T] =
_
_
| |
B
[Tv
1
]
B
[Tv
2
]
| |
_
_
Since Tv
1
=
_
1
2
_
, Tv
2
=
_
9
12
_
in the standard basis, we get
B
[Tv
1
] =
_
1
0
_
,
B
[Tv
2
] =
_
0
3
_
.
33A MIDTERM 2 Radko 5
Thus,
B
[T] =
_
1 0
0 3
_
.
6 33A MIDTERM 2 RADKO
Problem 3. (10 points)
Let I be the 5 5 identity matrix. Is there a 5 5 matrix A for which A
T
A = I
(here A
T
denotes the transpose of A)? Either construct an example of such a matrix A,
or explain why such a matrix can not exist. (The entreis of A can be arbitrary real numbers).
Solution:
Method 1: Since det(A B) = det(A) det(B) and det(A
T
) = det(A), it follows that
A
T
A = I implies (det(A))
2
= 1. Since det(A) is a real number, this is not possbile.
Thus, there is no such matrix.
Method 2: Let b
11
be the left upper entry in the matrix A
T
A. The left upper entry
in I is 1. Compute b
11
in terms of entries of A:
b
11
= a
2
11
+ a
2
21
+ + a
2
n1
.
Since the sum of the squares is non-negative, it can not equal to 1. Thus, no such matrix
could possibly exist.
33A MIDTERM 2 Radko 7
Problem 4. (10 points) Find the least squares solution x
of the system Ax =
b, where
A =
_
_
1 1
1 0
0 1
_
_
, b =
_
_
3
3
3
_
_
.
Solution: To start solving the problem, compute A
T
A =
_
2 1
1 2
_
and A
T
b =
_
6
6
_
.
Then
x = (A
T
A)
1
A
T
b =
1
3
_
2 1
1 2
_
_
6
6
_
=
_
2
2
_
.
8 33A MIDTERM 2 RADKO
Problem 5. (True/False, 1 pt each) Mark your answers by lling in the appropriate box
next to each question.
(a
T F
) Let A be an orthogonal 4 4 matrix such that Ae
1
= e
2
, Ae
2
= e
3
and Ae
3
= e
1
.
Then Ae
4
= e
4
.
False: Ae
4
= e
4
also works.
(b
T F
) Let {x, y, z} be a set of linear independent vectors in a linear subspace V of R
n
.
Then no two vectors u, w V can span V .
True: if there are 3 linearly independent vectors, the dimension of V is 3.
Thus, no two vectors can span it.
(c
T F
) If A is an orthogonal matrix, all the entries of A are less than or equal to 1.
True: columns of an orthogonal matrix are images of the standard basis vec-
tors under an orthogonal transformations. Since an orthogonal transformation
preserves lengths, the columns represent vectors of length 1. Therefore, their
components can not be bigger than 1.
(d
T F
) The dimension of the vector space of all symmetric 4 4 matrices is 10.
True: This vector space is spanned by 10 symmetric matrices of the form
(E
ij
+E
ji
), where 1 i j 4 and E
ij
denotes the matrix which has entry a
ij
= 1
and the rest of the entries are 0s.
(e
T F
) Let T : R
5
R
3
be a linear transformation such that ker(T) has dimension 2. Then
dimension of the image(T) is equal to 1.
False: By rank-nullity theorem, nullity(T) + dim(im(T)) = 5. Thus, if nullity
is 2, the dimension of the image is 3.
(f
T F
) If determinant of a matrix is equal to 1, the matrix is similar to the identity matrix.
False: Consider the following counterexample:
_
2 0
0
1
2
_
. While the determi-
nant of this matrix is 1, it can not be similar to the identity matrix since its trace is
2
1
2
= 2 (the trace of the identity 2 2 matrix).
(g
T F
) Orthogonal projection is an example of an orthogonal transformation.
False: Orthogonal transformation preserve length (by denition). An orthogo-
nal projection does not preserve length.
33A MIDTERM 2 Radko 9
(h
T F
) A linear transformation which takes an orthonormal basis into another orthonormal
basis is orthogonal.
True: Since the transformation preserves the lengths of the basis vectors, it
will preserve the lengths of all vectors.
(i
T F
) For any invertible matrix we have (A
T
)
1
= (A
1
)
T
.
True: A A
1
= I implies (A A
1
)
T
= (A
1
)
T
A
T
= I. Thus, (A
1
)
T
= (A
T
)
1
.
(j
T F
) For any matrix A one can nd Q and R such that A = QR, where Q is an orthogonal
matrix and R is an upper triangular matrix with non-negative entries on the diagonal.
False: If A is not a square matrix, it is not true.