Report

on
RC HIGH PASS FILTERS


by
Hafiza Sidra Iqbal 2010-EE-01
Amna Tehreem 2010-EE-03
Hira Iqbal 2010-EE-05
Urvah Shabbir 2010-EE-06
Students, Department of Electrical Engineering
UET Lahore
Report
on
RC HIGH PASS FILTERS



submitted to
Ms Sumbal Salim
Humanities Department
UET,Lahore
June 13,2011



by
Hafiza Sidra Iqbal (2010-EE-01)
Amna Tehreem (2010-EE-03)
Hira Iqbal (2010-EE-05)
Urvah Shabbir (2010-EE-06)
Students, Department of Electrical Engineering
UET Lahore















This report examines RC high pass filters.It
explains frequency dependence of output voltage amplitude and phase difference
between the applied signal and the output signal.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page


1. Circuit Diagram.2
2. Magnitude Plot.3
3. Response of a High Pass Filter..4
4. Actual High Pass Filter.5
5. Table of Response of High Pass Filter3




















TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES..iii
ABSTRACTiv

I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS..................................................................................................... 1
Materials..1
Methods1
Circuit Patched...1
Procedure..1
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT ........................................................................................................... 2
Observations & Calculations..3
Plot b/w Frequency & Amplitude...3
IV. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................. 4
Passive Filters..5
High Pass Filters.5
Critical Frequency.6
V. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 6






INFORMATIVE ABSTRACT



In a high pass filter, the output is taken across the resistor, which is in series in the
capacitor. Depending upon the values of resistor and capacitor the value of the cutoff
frequency varies, which is given by the formula:

fc=1/2RC

At the critical frequency, the output voltage is 0.707 times the input voltage. At, this
frequency , the phase shift between output and input is 45 as given by the formula:

=tan (Xc/R)




Report
on
RC HIGH PASS FILTERS

I. INTRODUCTION


Filters are made by using various combinations of resistances, capacitors and
inductors. These circuits have the property of passing or rejecting either low or high
frequencies or bands of frequencies. They are frequency selective networks, which alter
the amplitude and phase characteristics of the input ac signal.

The purpose of this report is to present the basic design and operation of RC high
pass filters. This report will explain how two types of RC high pass filters work by using
the plots of magnitude and phase response of passive low pass and high pass filters.

The parts of this report discuss (1) passive filters, (2) circuit requirements for these
filters, (3) response and operation. The section on the passive filters will discuss the
electric components required for their making. The third section will deal with the
frequency and phase response of RC filters.




II. METHODS AND MATERIALS



1. Materials

Resistor( 1K, 10 K)
Capacitor (0.1 F, 1 nF)
Oscilloscope
Signal generator
Breadboard

2. Methods
d
i. Circuit to be patched on breadboard


Figure 1
ii. Procedure

1 V pp 100 Hz signal was applied to the circuit. The corresponding
output voltage measurement was taken using the oscilloscope.
Gain (dB) = 20 log [Vo/Vin]
Phase difference between Vo and Vin was determined in series.
The above steps were repeated for different frequencies : 200 Hz, 500
Hz, 1K Hz, 5 KHz, 10 KHz,20 KHz, 50 KHz.



III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT


R=10k
C=10nF
fc=1/2RC=1600Hz

1. Observations and Calculations

No. Input
Frequency
f(Hz)
Input
Voltage
V in
(volts)
Output
Voltage
Vo (volts)
Vo/Vin
(volts)
dB=20 log
(Vo/Vin)
=tan (Xc/R)
(degrees)
1 100 1 0.01 0.01 -40 89
2 200 1 0.1 0.1 -20 85
3 500 1 0.4 0.4 -7.9 80
4 1000 1 0.6 0.6 -4.4 77
5 1500 1 0.70 0.70 -3.1 45
6 2000 1 0.78 0.78 -2.2 40
7 5000 1 0.95 0.95 -0.44 32
8 10000 1 0.97 0.97 -0.26 23
9 20000 1 0.98 0.98 -0.17 14
10 50000 1 1 1 0 2

Table 1


1. Plot between frequency and output voltage magnitude (dB)


Figure 2

IV. DISCUSSION



1. Passive filters

Passive filters use passive components e.g. resistors, capacitors and inductors. They
depend upon an external power supply and they dont contain active components such
as transistors.

2. High pass filters

High pass filter allows signals with higher frequencies to pass from input while
blocking lower frequencies. The frequency considered to be lower end of pass-band is
called the critical frequency. It is the frequency at which the output is 70.7% of the
maximum. In RC high pass filter output is taken across the resistor.
Low frequencies experience considerable reactance by the capacitor and are not
easily passed. High frequencies encounter a little reactance and are easily passed. The
high frequencies passing through the filter develop the output voltage Vo across R, all
frequencies above fc are passed where as those below it are attenuated. At fc, R=Xc
and the phase angle between Vo and Vin is 45. For an ideal high pass filter the output
is like this.
.
Figure 4: Response of an High pass filter
3. Critical Frequency:

The ctitical frequency is the frequency at which the filters output voltage is 70.7% of
the maximum. The filters critical frequency is cutoff frequency , break frequency or -3dB
frequency because the output voltage is 3 dB(decibel) down from its maximum at this
frequency.
As shown by the calculations, the critical frequency for resistor of 1k and capacitor of
1nF is 1600 Hz. It can be observed from the Table 1 that at between 1500 Hz and 1600
Hz, the ratio of V0/Vin is near 0.707. The results indicate that this frequency is cutoff
frequency for high pass filters. Below this frequency the ratio is less whereas it is high
after this frequency.



CONCLUSION


The High Pass Filter is the exact opposite to the low pass filter. This filter has no
output voltage from DC (0Hz), up to a specified cut-off frequency (c) point. This lower
cut-off frequency point is 70.7% or -3dB (dB = -20log Vout/Vin) of the voltage gain
allowed to pass. The frequency range "below" this cut-off point c is generally known as
the Stop Band while the frequency range "above" this cut-off point is generally known as
the Pass Band. The cut-off frequency or -3dB point, can be found using the formula, c
= 1/(2RC). The phase angle of the output signal at c is +45o. Generally, the high
pass filter is less distorting than its equivalent low pass filter.

A very common application of a passive high pass filter, is in audio amplifiers as a
coupling capacitor between two audio amplifier stages and in speaker systems to direct
the higher frequency signals to the smaller "tweeter" type speakers while blocking the
lower bass signals or are also used as filters to reduce any low frequency noise or
"rumble" type distortion. When used like this in audio applications the high pass filter is
sometimes called a "low-cut", or "bass cut" filter.