i.

Early Earth History

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i. Early Earth History H2O H2 ii. The beginnings of Life

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iv. Layers of the Atmosphere v. The Hydrogen Cycle

Evaporation, Condensation and Precipitation

v. The Nitrogen Cycle v. The Nitrogen Cycle
The movement of nitrogen between different groups of organisms and between The movement of nitrogen between different groups of organisms and between
the different molecular types is known as the nitrogen cycle. the different molecular types is known as the nitrogen cycle.

Nitrogen is a component of
Some bacteria are able to
proteins and nucleic acids
use atmospheric nitrogen
and so a supply of nitrogen
(N2 gas) as a nitrogen
is essential to all living
supply.
organisms.
Other bacteria are involved
Nitrogen is available to
in the interconversion of the
living things in a variety of
inorganic nitrogen ions;
forms, the source used
ammonium, nitrite (NO2-)
depending on the species:
and nitrate.

Plants use the inorganic nitrogen-containing ions nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium
(NH4+). Some bacteria and fungi decompose dead organisms converting organic
nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen in the process.
Animals can only use organic nitrogen i.e. nitrogen already incorporated into
organic molecules.

vi. The Natural Carbon Cycle

An exchange of carbon
between atmosphere,
vegetation and soils, and
ocean.

Most of the carbon is

contained in the ocean.

The exchanges tend to

maintain the
concentrations in the
ocean and atmosphere
in equilibrium,
responding on a
timescale of 100 years.
vi. The Natural Carbon Cycle vi. The Natural Carbon Cycle
There is also an exchange with carbon buried in carbonate rocks, with
The largest reservoir is the deep ocean, which contains close to 40,000 Gt C,
volcanoes emitting carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
compared to around 2,000 Gt C on land, 750 Gt C in the atmosphere and 1,000
Gt C in the upper ocean.
Also Sediments containing carbon being buried in the sea-floor. They only act
over much longer timescales.
The atmosphere, biota,
soils, and the upper
At the present time, humans
ocean are strongly linked.
are emitting about 8 GtC per
year to the atmosphere.
The exchange of carbon
The reservoir of carbon in the between this fast-
atmosphere increases by responding system and
only 3.5 GtC per year, the deep ocean takes
because the rest is being much longer (several
absorbed by the ocean and hundred years).
soils.

www.metoffice.gov.uk/.../intro_global.html

vii. Air Pollution viii. Photochemical Smog

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An air pollutant is a substance found in air in greater
abundance than normally occurs naturally, and having one
or more harmful effects on human health or the
environment.

Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon

dioxide (CO2) are formed in varying
quantities when fossil fuels are burned.
Carbon monoxide replaces O2 molecules
normally bonded to Fe2+ ions in
hemoglobin in blood.

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ix. Industrial Smog
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Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Ozone Destruction Process.
1. In the upper atmosphere,
ozone molecules exist and
CFC molecules are
introduced
5. A free oxygen atom
from the atmosphere
attacks the chlorine
monoxide molecule,
releasing a free
chlorine atom.
x. The Ozone Layer
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2. In the upper 3. The chlorine atom 4. This break forms an
atmosphere UV breaks attacks an ozone ordinary oxygen
off a chlorine atom molecule, breaks it molecule and a chlorine
from a CFC molecule apart and thus destroys monoxide molecule.
ozone.
6. The free oxygen atoms 7. The free chlorine Ozone Depletion occurring over the entire
8. In addition, more
from the atmosphere and atom from step 5 is
the oxygen atom from the now available to repeat CFC molecules remain Antarctic region in late winter/early spring,
available for breakdown
former chlorine monoxide the process of causing the Antarctic ";ozone hole" in
molecule combine to form destroying more ozone from UV radiation as in
Step 2. satellite observations of Antarctic ozone.
an oxygen molecule. molecules for 100
years.
xi. CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect xi. CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect

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http://www.our-energy.com/slike/greenhouse_effect_big.jpg

xii. Earth’s Natural Waters xii. Substances Found in Natural Waters

Water is a basic necessity of life, not only for people but for every type of plant
and animal as well. Water accounts for about 65% of our body weight. If we lost as
little as 12% of it, we would soon die.

Water commonly occurs as a liquid, the only

prevalent naturally occurring liquid on Earth’s
surface.

Ice is less dense than the liquid; it expands when it freezes.

Water has a higher density than most other familiar liquids; hydrocarbons
and other organic compounds that are insoluble in water and less dense
than water float on its surface.

Water has a high heat

capacity and a high heat of
vaporization.
xiii. Water Pollution xiii. Water Pollution # + ! $ ,$ - ". - /0/

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Hepatitis A is one of five human hepatitis viruses

(hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E) that primarily infect the liver
and cause illness.
It is spread through drinking water and contaminated
food, at times threatens to reach epidemic proportions,
even in developed nations.

xiii. Water Pollution # + ! $ ,$ - ". - /0/ xiv. Chemical Contamination

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xiv. Chemical Contamination 1 + "0 2 + xiv. Chemical Contamination and Eutrophication

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nitrogen and phosphorus in natural fresh water.

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6 months ago: A worker removes algae from an algae-filled lake in Guangzhou,

Guangdong province March 7, 2008. China's Premier Wen Jiabao vowed to focus
on fighting inflation, pollution and misgovernment as the nation readies for a year
> when it will be tested by the Olympic Games and global economic gloom. Picture
OG 2008-China taken March 7, 2008.

xiv. Chemical Contamination . xv. Water Treatment

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xv. Water Treatment xvi. Acid Water

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Acid rain, woods, Jizera Mountains, Czech Republic
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