Berkemah

Berkemah dengan tenda.

Berkemah adalah sebuah kegiatan rekreasi di luar ruangan. Kegiatan ini umumnya dilakukan
untuk beristirahat dari ramainya perkotaan, atau dari keramaian secara umum, untuk menikmati
keindahan alam. Berkemah biasanya dilakukan dengan menginap di lokasi perkemahan,
dengan menggunakan tenda, di bangunan primitif, atau tanpa atap sama sekali.
Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, kemah (kata benda) adalah tempat tinggal darurat,
biasanya berupa tenda yang ujungnya hampir menyentuh tanah dibuat dari kain terpal dan
sebagainya. perkemahan (kata benda) 1 hal berkemah ! himpunan kemah (pramuka, pasukan,
dsb) tempat berkemah.
Berkemah sebagai akti"itas rekreasi mulai populer pada a#al abad ke$!%. Kegiatan ini juga
umumnya disertai dengan kegiatan rekreasi luar ruangan lainnya, seperti
mendaki gunung,berenang, memancing, dan bersepeda gunung.
Berkemah dalam Kepramukaan
&ramuka &enggalang tengah berkemah
Berkemah atau &erkemahan adalah salah satu macam kegiatan dalam kepramukaan yang
dilaksanakan secara out bond. Kegiatan ini merupakan salah satu media pertemuan
untuk&ramuka.
Tujuan Perkemahan
1. memeberikan pengalaman adanya saling ketergantungan antara unsur$unsur alam dan
kebutuhan untuk melestarikannya, menjaga lingkungan dan mengembangkan sikap
bertanggung ja#ab akan masa depan yang menghormati keseimbangan alam.
!. Mengembangkan kemampuan diri mengatasi tantangan yang dihadapi, menyadari tidak
ada sesuatu yang berlebih di dalam dirinya, menemukan kembali cara hidup yang
menyenangkan dalam kesederhanaan.
'. Membina kerjasama dan persatuan dan persaudaraan.
Macam Perkemahan
(da beberapa macam perkemahan ditinjau dari beberapa hal)
*itinjau dari +amanya ,aktu, yaitu)
1. &erkemahan -atu .ari. /ang termasuk dalam &erkemahan satu hari adalah &esta
-iaga
2. &erkemahan -abtu Malam Minggu (&ersami)
'. &erkemahan lebih dari tiga hari
*itinjau dari 0empat &elaksanaannya, yaitu)
1. &erkemahan Menetap
!. &erkemahan -afari (Berpindah$pindah)
*itinjau dari 0ujuannya, yaitu)
1. Kemah Bakti. -eperti &erkemahan ,irakarya (&,)
2. Kemah &elantikan. -eperti &erkemahan &elantikan 0amu (mbalan,
&elantikan &enggalang 1amu dan lain$lain
3. Kemah +omba. -eperti +omba 0ingkat (+0)
2. Kemah 1ekreasi
5. Kemah 3ambore. -eperti 3ambore 1anting (tingkat K#artir
1anting4Kecamatan), 3ambore 5abang (tingkat K#artir
5abang 4Kabupaten4Kota, 3ambore *aerah (tingkat K#artir *aerah 4 &ro"insi, 3ambore
6asional (tingkat K#artir 6asional 4 se$Indonesia).
7. Kemah 1iset4&enelitian
*itinjau berdasarkan jumlah pesertanya, yaitu)
1. &erkemahan satu regu4sangga
2. &erkemahan satu &asukan4(mbalan41acana
'. &erkemahan tingkat 1anting45abang4*aerah46asional41egional4*unia.
Lain-lain
*alam berkemah kita perlu mencari tempat yang baik dan ideal, yaitu)
1. 0anahnya rata atau sedikit miring dan berumput dan terdapat pohon pelindung
!. *ekat dengan sumber air
'. 0erjamin keamanannya
2. 0idak terlalu dekat dan tidak terlalu jauh dari kampung dan jalan raya
8. 0idak terlalu jauh dengan pasar, pos keamanan dan pos kesehatan
7. Memiliki pemandangan menarik
Mendaki
Mendaki gunung merupakan salah satu hobi yang kian hari kian marak dan banyak
digemari.Kegiatan pendakian gunung, sebagaimana kegiatan di alam bebas lainnya, selalu
penuh petulangan yang menantang, bahkan terkadang ekstrim.
+antaran itu, dalam melakukan pendakian gunung, seorang pendaki musti melakukan
persiapan yang matang. 3angan sampai kegiatan yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
pengalaman dan kepuasan diri ini berakibat yang merugikan buat diri pendaki dan alam
(lingkungan hidup). 0ips$tips mendaki gunung buat pendaki pemula berikut mungkin sedikit
membantu persiapan pendakian gunung tersebut.
Tips Mendaki Gunung untuk Pemula.
9ntuk mendaki gunung, beberapa hal (tips) yang harus diperhatikan antara lain)
&erencanaan pendakian
0ips pertama adalah melakukan perencanaan pendakian dengan matang. &emilihan lokasi, rute
pendakian, kondisi cuaca, jumlah pendaki, jangka #aktu, akan mempengaruhi perbekalan dan
peralatan yang musti dipersiapkan. 3angan lupa untuk mendapatkan ijin resmi dari pihak$pihak
terkait (termasuk orang tua atau pacar).
Kesiapan fisik dan mental
0ips selanjutnya adalah mempersiapkan fisik dan mental seperti dengan melakukan olah raga
secara rutin.
&enguasaan medan dan rute
&enguasaan medan dan rute merupakan sebuah hal yang sangat penting. &aling tidak dalam
satu kelompok pendakian gunung musti ada lebih dari satu orang yang benar$benar telah
menguasai medan dan hapal rute pendakian.
&erlengkapan yang mencukupi tapi tidak memberatkan
Memba#a perlengkapan yang mencukupi merupakan tips selanjutnya. &erlengkapan
hendaknya disesuaikan dengan lokasi, rute, jangka #aktu, jumlah pendaki dan kondisi cuaca.
6amun beberapa peralatan yang sangat penting diantaranya tas rangsel khusus pendaki
(carrier), sepatu trekking, jaket, jas hujan, matras, sleeping bag (kantong tidur), baju ganti,
senter dan alat penerangan, korek api, tenda, kantong plastik, kompor dan peralatan masak
mini, alat komunikasi (seperti hape), tempat air, dan peralatan sur"i"aldan obat$obatan.
0ips dalam memasukkan peralatan dalam carrier (tas rangsel) hendaknya dengan komposisi
barang yang paling berat di posisi atas sedangkan barang yang lebih ringan di bagian ba#ah.
&engaturan ini berguna agar pada saat ransel digunakan, beban terberat berada di pundak,
bukan di pinggang hingga memudahkan kaki melangkah saat pendakian gunung
Barang$barang ba#aan sbelum dimasukkan tas dibungkus dahulu dengan menggunakan
kantong plastik. 0ips ini untuk mencegah barang menjadi basah (berfungsi sebagai lapisan anti
air) atau tercampur dengan peralatan atau pakaian kotor dan basah yang telah dipergunakan.
Bahan makanan yang mencukupi
0ips memba#a makanan dalam mendaki gunung juga penting. Ba#alah makanan yang ringan,
ringkas namun cukup mengandung kalori. 3uga bahan makanan yang cepat dimasak. 3angan
memba#a dan mengonsumsi minuman beralkohol karena meskipun hangat namun minuman
beralkohol dapat memicu pecahnya kapiler darah karena terlalu cepatnya kapiler darah memuai
dalam tubuh.
Memperoleh i:in dan melapor pada &os &endakian
-ebelum pendakian dilakukan musti melapor dan memperoleh i:in dari pihak$pihak terkait
terutama di &os &endakian. *i pos pendakian ini, isilah buku tamu dengan mencantumkan lama
pendakian, alamat lengkap dan nomor telepon keluarga atau teman yang dapat dihubungi bila
terjadi musibah di gunung. -etelah kembali (turun) dari mendaki gunung jangan lupa untuk
melapor kembali ke &os &endakian.
0idak merusak alam
Menikmati keindahan alam tanpa merusak atau menyakiti alam tentu akan semakin indah.
Karena itu selama pendakian hindari perbuatan$perbuatan yang dapat merusak keindahan dan
keseimbangan alam seperti melakukan aksi coret$coret ("andal), menebang tumbuhan
sembarangan, menangkap he#an, memetik bunga (seperti edel#eiss), maupun membuang
sampak nonorganik.
-ampah, terutama sampah plastik yang dihasilkan selama pendakian hendaknya dikumpulkan
dalam kantong plastik dan diba#a turun gunung dan dibuang di tempat sampah di &os
&endakian. 0ips ini sesuai dengan semboyan yang biasanya dipegang oleh pencinta alam
jangan pernah meninggalkan apapun di gunung kecuali tapak kaki dan kenangan.
3ika selesai menyalakan api unggun, matikan hingga betul$betul padam termasuk bara apinya
dengan menyiram air atau menutupnya dengan tanah. 3uga ketika membuang putung rokok,
matikan dulu bara apinya. Ini untuk menghindari terjadinya kebakaran hutan.
*engan melakukan tips$tips mendaki gunung di atas, pendakian yang dilakukan meskipun oleh
pemula dapat terlaksana sesuai harapan dan terhindarkan dari hal$hal yang tidak diinginkan
seperti tersesat ataupun terkena hipotermia. Karena pada prinsipnya, sebuah pendakian
gunung bukanlah sekedar untuk mencapai puncak gunung belaka, namun juga musti mampu
kembali pulang.
Arung Jeram
(rung jeram adalah suatu aktifitas pengarungan bagian alur sungai yang berjeram4riam dengan
mengunakan #ahana tertentu.
&engertian #ahana dalam pengarungan sungai berjeram4riam yaitu sarana4alat yang terdiri dari
perahu karet, kayak, kano dan dayung. 0ujuan berarung jeram bisa dilihat dari sistem olah raga,
rekreasi dan ekspedisi. 3adi dengan demikian kita dapat definisikan bah#a olah raga (rung
3eram(,hite ,ater 1afting) merupakan olah raga mengarungi sungai berjeram, dengan
menggunakan perahu karet, kayak, kano dan dayung dengan tujuan rekreasi atau ekspedisi.
(rung jeram sebagai olah raga kelompok, sangat mengandalkan pada kekompakkan tim secara
keseluruhan. Kerjasama yang terpadu dan pengertian yang mendalam antar a#ak perahu,
dapat dikatakan sebagai faktor utama yang menunjang keberhasilan mele#ati berbagai
hambatan di sungai. 0ak dapat dibantah bah#a arung jeram merupakan olah raga yang penuh
resiko(high risk sport). 6amun demikian, setiap orang mampu melakukannya, asalkan dia
dalam kondisi;baik;, baik dalam arti pemahaman teknis, kemampuan membaca medan secara
kognitif, dan sehat fisik dan mental.
3adi arung jeram adalah olahraga yang menuntu keterampilan. 9ntu itu sangat membutuhkan
#aktu untuk berkembang. &erkembangan kearah mencapai kemampuan yang prima, hanya
mungkin apabila mau mempelajari sifat$sifat sungai, #ajib pula berlatih dayung, berkayuh
disungai. Impilkasinya butuh mengembangkan kemampuan fisik, agar selalu mencapai kondisi
seoptimal mungkin. .al lain yang patut diingat, adalah berlatih cara$cara menghadapi keadaan
darurat di sungai. .al ini penting untuk melatih kesiapan, kemampuan dan kepercayaan diri
apabila memang harus mengahadapinya.
Flying f! "ca#lecar$
<rom ,ikipedia, the free encyclopedia
( flying f! is a small cable car , often propelled by gra"ity , and used as an item
of children =s play e>uipment and more rarely for other purposes. 0he term flying
fox is (ustralian ?nglish and 6e# @ealand ?nglish . In other countries, it can be called a :ip$
line . -imilar toys are kno#n as death slides ( British ). 0he toy should not be confused #ith
a f!tail (or f! tail ), #hich is a children=s toy consisting of a ball #ith a rope attached to it,
allo#ing it to be thro#n like a sling .
In -outh (frica it is referred to as a <oofy -lide .
<lying foA at Bungahlin , 5anberra , (ustralia
%escriptin
0he cable is fiAed at both ends and runs through one or more pulleys attached to the car. 0he
car itself can consist of anything from a simple handle for the passenger to grip or a bucket for
transporting small items to a >uite elaborate construction, perhaps including a seat, a safety
strap or a boA #ith a lid for eAample.
( flying foA is a common #ay to return participants to the ground at the end of a ropes
ad"enture course. In past days in the (ustralian outback , flying foAes #ere occasionally used
for deli"ering food, cigarettes or tools to people #orking on the other side of an obstacle such as
a gully or ri"er. (ustralian troops ha"e used them to deli"er food, mail and e"en ammunition to
for#ard positions in se"eral conflicts.
In order to be propelled by gra"ity, the cable needs to be on a fairly steep slope. ?"en then the
car #ill generally not tra"el completely to the end, although this #ill depend on the load and
some means of safely stopping the car at the bottom end is sometimes needed. It can be
returned by se"eral means, a line leading from the car to the uphill end being the simplest.
&iking
<rom ,ikipedia, the free encyclopedia
&iking is an outdoor acti"ity #hich consists of #alking in natural en"ironments, often
inmountainous or other scenic terrain. &eople often hike on hiking trails. It is such a popular
acti"ity that there are numerous hiking organi:ations #orld#ide. 0he health benefits of different
types of hiking ha"e been confirmed in studies.
C1D
0he #ord hiking is understood in all ?nglish$
speaking countries, but there are differences in usage.
'elated terms
0he (ppalachian 0rail pro"ides the opportunity for a ',8%%$kilometre (!,!%% mi)$long hike.
C!D
In the 9nited -tates and 9nited Kingdom, hiking refers to #alking outdoors on a trail for
recreational purposes.
C'D
( day hike refers to a hike that can be completed in a single day, but
not re>uiring an o"ernight camp. Multi$day hikes #ith camping is referred to as backpacking.
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In
the 9nited Kingdom hiking is usually called rambling, #hich resulted in the hiking organi:ation
named1amblers. Bushwhacking specifically refers to difficult #alking through dense forest,
undergro#th, or bushes, #here for#ard progress re>uires pushing "egetation aside. In eAtreme
cases of bush#hacking #here the "egetation is so dense that human passage is impeded,
a machete is used to clear a path#ay. (ustralians use the term bushwalking for both on$ and
off$trail hiking.6e# @ealanders use tramping (particularly for o"ernight and longer
trips), walking or bushwalking. Multi$day hiking in the mountainous regions
of India, 6epal, 6orth (merica, -outh (merica, and in the highlands of ?ast (frica is also
called trekking the *utch refer to trekking also. .iking a long$distance trail from end$to$end is
also referred to as trekking and as thru-hiking in some places.
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?Aamples of long$distance trails
include the (ppalachian 0rail ((0) and +ong 0rail (+0).
()uipment
( simple dry magnetic pocket compass
0he e>uipment re>uired for hiking depends on the length of the hike, and according to the
source. .ikers generally carry #ater, food, and a map in a backpack.
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.ikers often #ear hiking
boots to protect their feet from rough terrain.
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-ome outdoor organi:ations, such as 0he
Mountaineersstrongly ad"ocate a list of e>uipment for hiking, such as the 0en ?ssentials. 0his
list includes items such as a compass, sunglasses, sunscreen, clothes, flashlight, first aid
kit, fire starter, andknife.
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Ether sources suggest additional items such as insect repellent and
an emergency blanket.
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6o#adays a B&- na"igation de"ice is a great help especially in
#eather conditions #ith lo# "isibility or #hen hiking in unkno#n territories.
&roponents of ultralight backpacking claim that long lists of re>uired items for multi$day hikes
increases pack #eight, and hence fatigue and chance of injury.
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Instead, they recommend a
goal of reducing pack #eight in order to hike long distances easier. ?"en the use of hiking boots
on long$distances hikes is contro"ersial among ultralight hikers, due to their #eight.
CFD
(n*irnmental impact
&arts of many hiking trails around +ake Mohonkinclude stair#ay trails
.ikers often seek beautiful natural en"ironments in #hich to hike.
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0hese en"ironments are
often fragile) hikers may accidentally destroy the en"ironment that they enjoy. ,hile the action
of an indi"idual may not strongly affect the en"ironment, the mass effect of a large number of
hikers can degrade the en"ironment. <or eAample, gathering #ood in an alpinearea to start a
fire may be harmless if done once (eAcept for #ildfire risk). /ears of gathering #ood, ho#e"er,
can strip an alpine area of "aluable nutrients.
CGD
Benerally, protected areas such as parks ha"e
regulations in place to protect the en"ironment. If hikers follo# such regulations, their impact
can be minimi:ed.
CGD
-uch regulations include forbidding #ood fires, restricting camping to
established camp sites, disposing or packing out faecal matter, imposing a >uota on the number
of hikers per mile.
Many hikers espouse the philosophy of +ea"e 6o 0race) hiking in a #ay such that future hikers
cannot detect the presence of pre"ious hikers. &ractitioners of this philosophy obey its
strictures, e"en in the absence of area regulations. <ollo#ers of this practice follo# strict
practices on dealing #ith food #aste, food packaging, and alterations to the surrounding
en"ironment.
CHD
( cathole
.uman #aste is often a major source of en"ironmental impact from hiking.
CGD
0hese #astes can
contaminate the #atershed and make other hikers ill. Bacterial contamination can be a"oided by
digging =catholes= 1% to !8 cm (2 to 1% inches) deep, depending on local soil composition and
co"ering after use. If these catholes are dug at least 7% m (!%% feet) a#ay from #ater sources
and trails, the risk of contamination is minimi:ed.
-ometimes hikers enjoy "ie#ing rare or endangered species. .o#e"er, some species (such
as martens or bighorn sheep) are "ery sensiti"e to the presence of humans, especially around
mating season. 0o pre"ent ad"erse impact, hikers should learn the habits and habitats of
endangered species.
0here is one situation #here an indi"idual hiker can make a large impact on an ecosystem)
inad"ertently starting a #ildfire. <or eAample, in !%%8, a 5:ech backpacker burned FI of 0orres
del &aine 6ational &ark in 5hile by knocking o"er an illegal gasportable sto"e.
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Ebeying area
regulations and setting up cooking de"ices on designated areas (or if necessary on bare
ground) #ill reduce the risk of #ildfire.
(ti)uette f hiking
.iking in a group increases safety, but hikers may #ish to hike at different rates.
Because hiking is a recreational eAperience, hikers eApect it to be pleasant. -ometimes hikers
can interfere #ith each others= enjoyment, or that of other users of the land. .iking eti>uette has
de"eloped to minimi:e such interference. <or eAample)
,hen t#o groups of hikers meet on a steep trail, there may be contention for use of the
trail. 0o a"oid conflict, a custom has de"eloped in some areas #hereby the group
mo"ing uphill has the right$of$#ay.
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Being forced to hike much faster or slo#er than one=s natural pace can be annoying, and
difficult to maintain consistently. More seriously, #alking unnaturally fast dramatically
increases fatigue and eAhaustion, and may cause injury. If a group splits bet#een fast and
slo# hikers, the slo# hikers may be left behind or become lost. ( common custom is to
encourage the slo#est hiker to hike in the lead and ha"e e"eryone match that speed.
(nother custom is to ha"e eAperienced hiker(s) s#eep up the rear on a rota, to ensure that
e"eryone in the group is safe and nobody straggles.
.ikers generally enjoy the peace of their natural surroundings. +oud sounds such as
shouting or loud con"ersation, or the use of mobile phones, disrupt this enjoyment.
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&a+ards
Main article: Hazards of outdoor activities
( 5anadian hiking trail marker
.iking may produce threats to personal safety. 0hese threats can be dangerous circumstances
#hile hiking and4or specific accidents or ailments. *iarrhea has been found to be one of the
most common illness afflicting long$distance hikers in the 9nited -tates.
C1!D
(-ee ,ilderness
ac>uired diarrhea.)
-ymbols used in trail bla:ing
6oAious plants that cause rashes can be particularly bothersome to hikers. -uch plants
include poison oak, poison i"y, poison sumac, milk#eed, andstinging nettles.
*angerous hiking circumstances include losing the #ay, inclement #eather, ha:ardous terrain,
or eAacerbation of pre$eAisting medical conditions. -pecific accidents include metabolic
imbalances (such as dehydration orhypothermia), topical injuries (such as frostbite or sunburn),
attacks by animals, or internal injuries (such as ankle sprain).
C1'D
(ttacks by humans are also a reality. 0here are organi:ations that promote pre"ention, self
defense and escape.
Cwhich?D
0he cell phone and B&- de"ices are used in some organi:ations.
In "arious countries, borders may be poorly marked. It is good practice to kno# #here
international borders are. <or eAample, in !%%H, Iran sei:ed three (merican hikers for crossing
o"er the Iran$Ira>border #hile hiking.
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Many nations, such as <inland, ha"e specific rules
go"erning hiking across borders.
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,kiing
<rom ,ikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(lpine skier car"ing a turn
,kiing is a recreational acti"ity using skis as e>uipment for tra"eling o"ersno#. -kis are used in
conjunction #ith boots that connect to the ski #ith use of a binding.
-kiing can be grouped into t#o general categories. 0he older of the t#o disciplines originated
in -candina"ia and uses free$heel bindings that attach at the toes of the skier=s boots but not at
the heels. 0ypes of 6ordic skiing include cross$country, ski jumping and 0elemark. (lpine
skiing (more often called Jdo#nhill skiingJ), originated in the ?uropean(lps, and is characteri:ed
by fiAed$heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier=s boot.
Types f skiing
(lpine skier running a do#nhill course
Many different types of skiing are popular, especially in colder climates, and many types of
competiti"e skiing e"ents are recogni:ed by the International Elympic 5ommittee (IE5),
theInternational -ki <ederation (<I-), and other sporting organi:ations, such as the 9.-. -ki and
-no#board (ssociation in (merica. -kiing is most "isible to the public during the ,inter
Elympic Bames #here it is a major sport.
In skiing=s traditional core regions in the sno#y parts of -candina"ia, as #ell as in places such
as (laska, both recreational and competiti"e skiing is as likely to refer to the cross$
country "ariants as to the internationally do#nhill "ariants.
-kiing techni>ues are difficult to master, and accordingly there are ski schools that teach
e"erything from the basics of turning and stopping safely to more ad"anced car"ing,
racing,mogul or JbumpJ skiing and ne#er freestyle techni>ues. 0here are t#o primary types of
do#nhill skiing K JtelemarkJ and Jalpine.J
<or beginning skiers learning under a trained instructor, skiing speeds are lo#, the terrain is not
steep and is often #ell$manicured, and the risks are relati"ely lo#. <or eAtreme skiers, testing
their eApert abilities against e"er more challenging terrain, the risks may be much higher.
-edit.Alpine skiing
(lpine skiing is also called do#nhill skiing. 0ypically, do#nhill skiing takes place at a ski resort
#ith specified ski pistes or ski runs. -ki resorts that offer do#nhill skiing eAist all o"er the #orld
in cold climate areas. 6on$competiti"e alpine skiing is recreational skiing. (lso in the category of
(lpine skiing are the competitions kno#n as -lalom, Biant -lalom (B-), -uper$B (-uper Biant
-lalom) and *o#nhill.
-edit.Freestyle skiing
<reeskiing
Alpine Freestyle/ 0his kind of skiing employs the use of aerial acrobatics and balance, balance
being necessary for rails. 0he use of rails is kno#n as grinding or jibbing. (lpine freestyle #as
pioneered by -tein ?riksen in 1H7!. It de"eloped in the 1HF%s into a style called .otdogging. In
this type of skiing, skiers use jumps (also called kickers or launches) or rails to do aerial tricks.
0hese tricks are rein"ented and progressed in techni>ue and style e"ery day.
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Freestyle01e2schl/ <reestyle skiing is the type of skiing #ith #hich tricks are usually
associated. 0he skis used are generally of a t#in tip design, made to land s#itch tricks
(back#ards) as easily as for#ards. 0ricks are generally spins and flips, that can be conjoined
#ith a grabbing of the ski to impro"e the image of the trick. <reestyle skiing generally takes
place in terrain parks at ski resorts, #ith a #ide "ariety of jumps, rails, jibs and other features to
session. Mogul skiing is also considered as freestyle skiing.
Freeskiing0Freeride 1elated to freestyle skiing in nature is freeriding, #hich in"ol"es taking the
tricks done in the park to the rest of the mountain and the backcountry. 0hus, fatter skis may be
used to float on top of the po#der. <reeriding often in"ol"es steeps, cliffs, po#der, glades, and
other epic runs. In part due to the gro#ing popularity of freestyle skiing in recent years and the
ob"ious limitations in that aspect of the sport, freeride skiing has also been gro#ing in popularity
in recent years as more and more skiers ha"e access to good backcountry gear and skis.
-edit.1rdic skiing
( ski jumper using the L$style near 5algary,5anada.
5ross country skiing ) &riit 6arusk in the >ualification for the 0our de -ki in &rague.
5ross country skiing ) -kiing tracks in sno# in mountains in -arek, -#eden.
6ordic skiing is also called 5ross$country skiingor 5ross$country racing. 0he name
distinguishes it from (lpine skiing.0ypically after donning appropriate clothing, the skier goes
outside and skis in a local park or e"en on a sno#y street. 6ordic skiing is the oldest form of
skiing and #as de"eloped in -candina"ia as a #ay of tra"elling in the #inter. 0elemark
skiing refers to skiing do#nhill on nordic skiis.
=6ordic jumping, also called ski$flying and ski jumping, is a competition in #hich skiers glide
do#n a long ramp before becoming airborne. 0his is done #ith 6ordic style skis, meaning that
the heels of boot and binding are detached from the ski. 0he skis are much longer and #ider
than other types of skis and jumping is typically done #ithout ski$poles.
Military skiing
Military ,kiing/ In addition to its role in recreation and sport, skiing is also used as a means of
transport by the military, and many armies train troops for ski #arfare. -ki troops played a key
role in retaining <innish independence from 1ussia during the ,inter ,ar, and
from Bermany during the +apland ,ar, although the use of ski troops #as recorded by
the *anish historian -aAo Brammaticus in the 1'th century. 0he sport of Biathlon #as
de"eloped from military skiing patrols.
-edit.3ther types
5hampion dry slope racer
4ite skiing is skiing done #hile being pulled or carried by a parasail, hang glider, or kite.
5ater skiing is done on #ater and is #here a skier is pulled by a rope attached to a boat,
generally a speed boat, and the speed and #hich the skier is going allo#s him or her to skim or
ski across the #ater. ,ater skiing is also sometimes done #ith only one ski or sometimes no
skis at all.
Paraskiing is accomplished either by jumping from a plane or starting from a high altitude on
the ground (i.e. K from a mountaintop). Ence the parachute is deployed, it is used hea"ily for
steering. &araskiing has been a competition sport for years, and can be scored for such things
as speed and slalom accuracy. 0his is "ery different from kite$skiing, as gra"ity is the sole
means of propulsion, rather than #ind, thermals, or motors.
Backcuntry skiing/ (lso see ski touring. 'andnn6e/ -ee also ski touring, backcountry
skiing.
,kijring, also called ?uro$style mushing, is skiing #hile being pulled by an animal(s), typically
dogs or horses, or by sno# machine.
%ry ,lpe ,kiing) 0his is skiing on artificial or dry sno#, or dirt. *ry slope skiing is a year$round
sport in countries like the 9K #here the sno# co"er is insufficient for traditional skiing. 0here is
a thri"ing race programme on British slopes. C2D
Adapti*e skiing is skiing done by indi"iduals #ith physical disabilities. (daptations to standard
ski e>uipment or accompaniment by a non$disabled guide has enabled indi"iduals #ith
amputations, spinal injuries, 0BI, deafness and "isual impairments to ski, and in some cases,
e"en race. 0he "enue, speed and technical difficulty associated #ith the sport can lead to
collisions, accidents, hypothermia and other injury or illness, occasionally including death.
1egional -ki &atrol organi:ations, such as the 6ational -ki &atrol in the 9.-., eAist as a
"oluntary organi:ation to pro"ide guidance, help, medical assistance and emergency rescue to
those in need of it.
-edit.,kiing cmpetitin
-kiing competition is organi:ed by the International -ki <ederation, #hich is responsible for
de"elopment of rules and scheduling of competitions #orld#ide in alpine skiing, cross country
skiing, freestyle skiing, 6ordic combined and ski jumping. 5ompetition is managed in each
country by its national association. 0he 9.-. -ki and -no#board (ssociation is responsible for
competiti"e skiing in (merica.
-edit.,kiing fr peple 2ith disa#ilities
( person #ithout the use of his legs learning to ski on a sit$ski, using t#o outriggers.
-kiing for people #ith disabilities became popular after ,orld ,ar II #ith the return of
injured"eterans.
Ccitation neededD
It is both a recreational pastime and a competiti"e sport open to those
#ith any manner of cogniti"e and4or physical disabilities. (daptations include the use of
outriggers, ski tip retention de"ices, sit$skis like monoskis and bi$skis, brightly colored guide
bibs, ski guides, and inter$skier communication systems or audible clues for blind skiers. (
guide skier can assist the sit$skier from behind, this is kno#n as JbucketingJ.
1ecreational skiing programs for people #ith disabilities eAist at mountains across the globe.
5urrently the International &aralympic 5ommittee (I&5) and the International -ki
<ederation(<I-) sanction a number of regional, national, and international disabled skiing
e"ents, most notably a ,orld 5up circuit, a *isabled (lpine -kiing ,orld 5hampionships, and
the&aralympic ,inter Bames. Ene of the strongest disabled programs is the 9.-. *isabled -ki
0eam, organi:ed by the 9.-. -ki and -no#board (ssociation and the 9.-. -ki 0eam.
'isks f injury
In alpine skiing, there are around three injuries per thousand skiing days.
C!7DC!FD
Knee injuries are
most common,
C!GD
but broken bones and death are possible. -ki helmets, once used only
by racers, are no# in common use by all classes and ages of skier.
Bungee trampline
<rom ,ikipedia, the free encyclopedia
( #ungee trampline is an attraction at many fairs and se"eral summer camps . 0here are
many different designs of bungee trampolines, but most operate in the same fashion. 0he
participant puts on a climbing harness and is then hooked to se"eral bungee ropes . 0hose
ropes are attached to poles or bars reaching an a"erage of 18 feet abo"e the trampoline
platform. (s the participant jumps higher and higher thebungee ropes are mo"ed up the poles
allo#ing the participant to reach heights and do flips and other maneu"ers that #ould other#ise
be impossible on a regular trampoline.
Bungee jumping
<rom ,ikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bungee 3ump in 6ormandy, <rance ( -ouleu"re Liaduct )
Bungee jumping ( 4 b n d i 4 also spelled JBungyJ jumping)
C 1 D

C ! D
is an acti"ity that
in"ol"es jumping from a tall structure #hile connected to a large elastic cord . 0he tall structure
is usually a fiAed object, such as a building, bridge or crane but it is also possible to jump from
a mo"able object, such as a hot$air$balloon or helicopter , that has the ability toho"er abo"e the
ground. 0he thrill comes as much from the free$falling as from the rebounds.
C' D
,hen the person jumps, the cord stretches and the jumper flies up#ards again as the cord
snaps back (not actually snapping though), and continues to oscillate up and do#n until all the
energy is dissipated.
,urfing
<rom ,ikipedia, the free encyclopedia
( surfer performing a late drop
( surfer rides do#n a #a"e as it breaks
( surfer at the 5ayucos &ier, 5ayucos, 5alifornia
,urfing is a surface #ater sport in #hich the surfer rides a surfboard on the crest and face of
a#a"e #hich is carrying the surfer to#ards the shore . ,a"es suitable for surfing are found
primarily in the ocean , but are also sometimes found in lakes and ri"ers , and also in
manmade #a"e pools.
Many "ariations of the sport eAist and the definitions of #hat constitutes a suitable #a"e, #hat is
a surfboard, and e"en #hat is a surfer, ha"e been eApanding and multiplying o"er the
years.Bodysurfing in"ol"es riding the #a"e #ithout a board, and is considered by some to be
the purest form of surfing. Ether "ariations that ha"e eAisted for centuries include paipo
boarding, stand up paddle surfing , and the use of boats or canoes to ride #a"es. More modern
craft that are used include inflatable mats (surfmatting), bodyboards , and foils. (s documented
in "arious surfing documentaries (including J<air BitsJ) other objects ha"e occasionally been
used instead of surfboards, including #ater skiis, #akeboards, desks, guitars, and doors. ,hen
more than one person uses the same craft to ride a #a"e together, it is kno#n as JtandemJ
surfing. &eople ha"e also helped enable dogs, cats, rats, and mice to surf using
boards. 1emote$controlled and non$controllable toys such as the Micro -urfer and Mini -urfer
can also ride #a"es.
0#o major subdi"isions #ithin stand$up surfing are longboarding and shortboarding , reflecting
differences in board design, including surfboard length, riding style, and the kind of #a"e that is
ridden.
In to#$in surfing (most often, but not eAclusi"ely, associated #ith big #a"e surfing ), a motori:ed
#ater "ehicle, such as a personal #atercraft , to#s the surfer into the #a"e front, helping the
surfer match a large #a"e=s higher speed, #hich is generally a speed that a self$propelled surfer
cannot match.
-urfing$related sports such as stand up paddle surfing , paddleboarding and sea kayaking do
not re>uire #a"es, and other deri"ati"e sports such as kitesurfing and #indsurfing rely primarily
on #ind for po#er, yet all of these platforms may also be used to ride #a"es.
1ecently #ith the use of L$dri"e boats, #ake surfing , in #hich one surfs on the #ake of a boat,
has emerged.
7ntents
ChideD
1 ?arly history
o 1.1 &eru
o 1.! &olynesia
! -urf #a"es
o !.1 ,a"e intensity
o !.! (rtificial reefs
' -urfers and surf culture
2 Maneu"ers
o 2.1 0ube ride
8 -urfing terms
7 +earning to surf
F ?>uipment
G <amous surfing locations
o G.1 (rugam Bay, 9llae 4 &ottu"il, -ri +anka
o G.! Bells Beach, Lictoria, (ustralia
o G.' 3effreys Bay, ?astern 5ape, -outh (frica
o G.2 +a +ibertad (?l -al"ador)
o G.8 Ma"ericks (5alifornia )
o G.7 &ipeline (Eahu, .a#aii)
o G.F 0eahupo o (0ahiti)
o G.G @icatela Beach (MeAican &ipeline)
H *angers
o H.1 *ro#ning
o H.! 5ollisions
o H.' Marine life
o H.2 1ip currents
o H.8 -eabed
1% -ee also
11 1eferences
1! ?Aternal links
- edit .(arly histry
ee also: History of surfing
0here is some disagreement as to #hether surfing first started in .a#aii, &eru, or
&olynesia.
C citation needed D
- edit .Peru
0his section needs additinal citatins fr *erificatin . &lease help impro"e this
article by adding citations to reliable sources . 9nsourced material may
be challenged and remo"ed . !"ugust #$%%&
In &eru, physical e"idence of surfing has been found #hich pre$dates human colonisation of the
.a#aiian Islands ('%%KF8% (*) by at least 18%% years, and possibly by !%%% years. Modern
scientific archaeology indicates, as many &eru"ians ha"e long claimed, that surfing may ha"e
been in"ented on their north &acific coast by pre$5olumbian cultures using reed boats to surf
the #a"es. 0hese boats are similar in shape to surfboards, but are made from the hollo#,
buoyant reeds of a plant. &eru has the oldest archaeological and cultural e"idence of surfing in
eAistence. &ottery from as early as 1%%% B5 unearthed in &eru sho#s people #a"e
riding. (dditionally, it is clear that the lineage in &eru originates in the &re$Incan period more
than '%%% years ago. -urfing continues to the present in both the ancient and modern forms. (s
pro"en by archeologists, this tradition can be traced back to 1%%% B5. -urfing is depicted on
ceremonial "essels of the Liru 5ulture, '%%% years ago. En these "essels a man is sho#n
standing aboard a little reed craft, surfing. 0his means that the earliest surfing in the #orld that
has actual physical e"idence took place in &eru. 0here is no anthropological or archaeological
e"idence for a &olynesian origin of surfing before the mid 1F%%s (*.
0he modern &eru"ian=s Inca ancestors called the Kontikis, fishing along the &eru"ian coastline,
first rode the #a"es in the &acific Ecean..uanchaco is a "illage along the &eru"ian coast in
#hich, e"en today, the local fisherman use the reed canoes called Jlittle reed horsesJ to ride the
#a"es. ( link to this ancient Inca past is e"ident as JmodernJ &eru"ian fishermen stand on the
tails of their Jlittle horses made of reedsJ and ride the small boats to shore after a long day of
fishing. 0he reed is a culti"ated crop.
- edit .Plynesia
It is a commonly$held belief that surfing originated in .a#aii. 0his plank surfing #as different to
the #o"en reed boat surfing presumed to ha"e originated in &eru. -urfing "ery similar to its
modern form #as #itnessed and described by ?uropean sources including 5aptain 5ook during
his eAplorations less than '%% years ago. It is safe to assume that surfing had been taking place
for many years before that time, ho#e"er, #e cannot be certain ho# long before, because there
is no physical e"idence of earlier surfing in &olynesia.
<or centuries surfing #as a central part of ancient &olynesian culture . -urfing might ha"e been
first obser"ed by ?uropeans at 0ahiti in 1F7F by -amuel ,allis and the cre# members of
the 'olphin
C 1 D
#ho #ere the first ?uropeans to "isit the island in 3une 1F7F. (nother candidate
is the botanist 3oseph Banks
C ! D
being part of the <irst "oyage of 3ames 5ook on the .M-
?ndea"our , #ho arri"ed on 1% (pril 1F7H on 0ahiti. +ieutenant 3ames King #as the first one
#ho #rote about the art of surfing on .a#aii
C ' D
#hen completing the journals of 5aptain3ames
5ook upon 5ook=s death in 1FFH.
,hen Mark 0#ain "isited .a#aii in 1G77 he #rote,
JIn one place #e came upon a large company of naked nati"es, of both seAes and all
ages, amusing themsel"es #ith the national pastime of surf$bathing.J
C 2 D
1eferences to surf riding on planks and single canoe hulls are also "erified for pre$
contact -amoa , #here surfing #as called fa(ase(e orse(egalu (see Kramer, -amoa Islands)
and 0onga .
0he man kno#n as J0he &ioneer of Modern -urfingJ is the .a#aiian *uke Kahanamoku,
#ho #as a Bold medal #inning Elympic s#immer #ho brought surfing into the public
consciousness in the form it is currently kno#n.
- edit .,urf 2a*es
ee also: )cean surface wave
( surfer #ipes out
( #a"e breaking.
( large #a"e breaking
-#ell is generated #hen #ind blo#s consistently o"er a large area of open #ater, called the
#ind=sfetch . 0he si:e of a s#ell is determined by the strength of the #ind and the length of
its fetch and duration. Because of this, surf tends to be larger and more pre"alent on
coastlines eAposed to large eApanses of ocean tra"ersed by intense lo# pressure systems .
+ocal #ind conditions affect #a"e >uality, since the surface of a #a"e can become choppy
in blustery conditions. Ideal conditions include a light to moderate JoffshoreJ #ind, because
it blo#s into the front of the #a"e, making it a JbarrelJ or JtubeJ #a"e. ,a"es are +eft
handed and 1ight .anded.
0he most important influence on #a"e shape is the topography of the seabed directly
behind and immediately beneath the breaking #a"e. 0he contours of the reef or bar front
becomes stretched by diffraction . ?ach break is different, since each location=s under#ater
topography is uni>ue. (t beach breaks, sandbanks change shape from #eek to #eek. -urf
forecasting is aided by ad"ances in information technology. Mathematical modeling
graphically depicts the si:e and direction of s#ells around the globe.
-#ell regularity "aries across the globe and throughout the year. *uring #inter, hea"y
s#ells are generated in the mid$latitudes, #hen the 6orth and -outh polar fronts shift to#ard
the ?>uator .0he predominantly ,esterly #inds generate s#ells that ad"ance ?ast#ard, so
#a"es tend to be largest on ,est coasts during #inter months. .o#e"er, an endless train
of mid$latitude cyclonescause the isobars to become undulated, redirecting s#ells at regular
inter"als to#ard the tropics.
?ast coasts also recei"e hea"y #inter s#ells #hen lo#$pressure cells form in the sub$
tropics, #here slo# mo"ing highs inhibit their mo"ement. 0hese lo#s produce a shorter
fetch than polar fronts, ho#e"er they can still generate hea"y s#ells, since their slo#er
mo"ement increases the duration of a particular #ind direction. 0he "ariables of fetch and
duration both influence ho# long #ind acts o"er a #a"e as it tra"els, since a #a"e reaching
the end of a fetch beha"es as if the #ind died.
*uring summer, hea"y s#ells are generated #hen cyclones form in the tropics. 0ropical
cyclonesform o"er #arm seas, so their occurrence is influenced by ?l 6iMo N +a
6iMa cycles. 0heir mo"ements are unpredictable. 0hey can mo"e ,est#ard as in 1HFH,
#hen 0ropical 5yclone Kerry#andered for three #eeks across the 5oral -ea and
into Oueensland before dissipating.
-urf tra"el and some surf camps offer surfers access to remote, tropical locations,
#heretrade#inds ensure offshore conditions. -ince #inter s#ells are generated by mid$
latitude cyclones, their regularity coincides #ith the passage of these lo#s. -#ells arri"e in
pulses, each lasting for a couple of days, #ith a fe# days bet#een each s#ell.
0he a"ailability of free model data from the 6E(( has allo#ed the creation of se"eral surf
forecasting #ebsites.
- edit .5a*e intensity
0he geometry of tube shape can be represented as a ratio bet#een length and #idth. (
perfectly cylindrical "orteA has a ratio of 1)1, #hile the classic almond$shaped tube is nearer
')1. ,hen #idth eAceeds length, the tube is described as Js>uareJ.
7lassificatin parameters
0ube shape defined by length to #idth ratio
->uare) P1)1
1ound) 1$!)1
(lmond) Q!)1
0ube speed defined by angle of peel line
<ast) '%R
Medium) 28R
-lo#) 7%R
5a*e intensity ta#le
Fast Medium ,l2
,)uare 0he 5obra 0eahupoo -hark Island
'und -peedies , Bnaraloo Ban:ai &ipeline
Almnd +agundri Bay ,-uperbank 3effreys Bay , Bells Beach (ngourie &oint
- edit .Artificial reefs
0he "alue of good surf in attracting surf tourism has prompted the construction of artificial
reefs and sand bars. (rtificial surfing reefs can be built #ith durable sandbags or concrete,
and resemble a submerged break#ater. 0hese artificial reefs not only pro"ide a surfing
location, but also dissipate #a"e energy and shelter the coastline from erosion. -hips such
as -eli 1 that ha"e accidentally stranded on sandy bottoms, can create sandbanks that gi"e
rise to good #a"es.
C 8 D
(n artificial reef kno#n as 5he"ron 1eef , #as constructed in ?l -egundo, 5alifornia in
hopes of creating a ne# surfing area. .o#e"e"er the reef failed to produce any >uality
#a"es. In Ko"alam, -outh ,est India, an artificial reef has ho#e"er successfully pro"ided
the local community #ith a >uality lefthander, stabili:ed coastal soil erosion, and pro"ided
good habitat for marine life.
C 7 D
(-1 +td., a 6e# @ealand based company, constructed the
Ko"alam reef and is #orking on another reef in Boscombe, ?ngland.
?"en #ith artificial reefs in place, a tourist=s "acation time can sometimes coincide #ith a
Jflat spellJ, such that there are no #a"es a"ailable.5ompletely artificial ,a"e pools aim to
sol"e that problem by controlling all the elements that go into creating perfect surf, ho#e"er
there are only a handful of #a"e pools that can simulate good surfing #a"es, o#ing
primarily to construction and operation costs and potential liability.Most #a"e pools generate
#a"es that are too small and lack the proper po#er to actually surf. 0he -eagaia Ecean
*ome , located in Miya:aki, 3apan, is an eAample of a surfable #a"e pool. (ble to generate
#a"es #ith up to 1% foot faces, the speciali:ed pump holds #ater in !% "ertical tanks
positioned along the back edge of the pool. 0his allo#s the #a"es to be directed as they
approach the artificial sea floor.+efts, 1ights, and ($frames can be directed from this pump
design pro"iding for rippable surf and barrel rides. 0he Ecean *ome cost about S! billion to
build and is eApensi"e to maintain.
C F D
- edit .,urfers and surf culture
Main article: urf culture
0he -haka sign .
-urfers represent a di"erse culture based on riding the #a"es. -ome people practice surfing
as arecreational acti"ity #hile others make it the central focus of their li"es. ,ithin the
9nited -tates, surfing culture is most dominant in .a#aii and 5alifornia because these t#o
states offer the best surfing conditions. -ome historical markers of the culture included
the #oodie , the station #agon used to carry surfers= boards, as #ell as boardshorts , the
long s#im shorts typically #orn #hile surfing.
0he sport of surfing no# represents a multi$billion dollar industry especially in clothing and
fashionmarkets. -ome people make a career out of surfing by recei"ing corporate
sponsorships.
,hen the #a"es #ere flat, surfers perse"ered #ith side#alk surfing , #hich is no# called
skateboarding. -ide#alk surfing has a similar feel to surfing and re>uires only a pa"ed road
or side#alk. 0o create the feel of the #a"e, surfers e"en sneak into empty backyard
s#imming pools to ride in, kno#n as pool skating.
- edit .Maneu*ers
( surfer at Ma"ericks
-urfing begins #hen the surfer paddles to#ard shore in an attempt to match the speed of
the #a"e. Ence the #a"e begins to carry the surfer for#ard, the surfer stands up and
proceeds to ride the #a"e. 0he basic idea is to position the surfboard so it is just ahead of
the breaking part (#hite #ater) of the #a"e. ( common problem for beginners is being able
to catch the #a"e at all.
( surfer is respected if he catches a #a"e in the middle and maneu"ers his #ay to the
shoulder (or edge) of the breaking #a"e. 5on"ersely, a surfer #ho takes off on the shoulder
often becomes an obstacle for more skilled surfers taking off in the =impact :one= and is
deemed a shoulder hopper.-urfers= skills are tested by their ability to control their board in
challenging conditions, riding challenging #a"es, and eAecuting maneu"ers such as strong
turns and cutbacks (turning board back to the breaking #a"e) and carving (a series of
strong back$to$back maneu"ers). More ad"anced skills include the floater (riding on top of
the breaking curl of the #a"e), and off the lip (banking off the breaking #a"e). ( ne#er
addition to surfing is the progression of the air #hereby a surfer propels off the #a"e entirely
and re$enters the #a"e.
- edit .Tu#e ride
1iding a small tube.
0he tube ride is considered to be the ultimate maneu"er in surfing. (s a #a"e breaks, if the
conditions are ideal, the #a"e #ill break in an orderly line from the middle to the shoulder,
enabling the eAperienced surfer to position him 4 her self actually inside the #a"e as it is
breaking. 0his is kno#n as a tube ride. If you are #atching from shore, the tube rider may
disappear from "ie# as the #a"e breaks o"er the rider=s head. If the surfer succeeds in
bulleting out of the tube, it #as a great ride. 0he longer the surfer remains in the tube, the
more successful the ride. -ome of the #orld=s best kno#n #a"es for tube riding include
&ipeline on the 6orth shore of Eahu, 0eahupoo in 0ahiti and B$+and in 3a"a.
,hen a surfer gets a tube ride, it is often referred to as getting tubed or getting barreled.
Hanging *en and Hanging +ive are mo"es usually specific to longboarding. .anging 0en
refers to ha"ing both feet on the front end of the board #ith all of the surfer=s toes off the
edge, also kno#n as noseriding . .anging <i"e is ha"ing just one foot near the front, #ith
fi"e toes off the edge.
5utback) Benerating speed do#n the line and then turning back to re"erse direction.
<loater) -uspending the board atop the #a"e. Lery popular on small #a"es.
0op$0urn) 0urn off the top of the #a"e. -ometimes used to generate speed and sometimes
to shoot spray.
(ir 4 (erial) +aunching the board off the #a"e entirely, then re$entering the #a"e. Larious
airs include ollies, lien airs, method airs, and other skateboard$like maneu"ers.
- edit .,urfing terms
ee ,ist of surfing terminology
( surfer going for the tube
- edit .Learning t surf
Many popular surfing destinations ha"e surf schools and surf camps that offer
lessons. -urf camps for beginners and intermediates are multi$day lessons that focus
on surfing fundamentals. 0hey are designed to take ne# surfers and help them become
proficient riders. (ll$inclusi"e surf camps offer o"ernight accommodations, meals,
lessons and surfboards. Most surf lessons begin by instructors pushing students into
#a"es on longboards. 0he longboard is considered the ideal surfboard for learning, due
to the fact it has more paddling speed and stability than shorter boards.<unboards are
also a popular shape for beginners as they combine the "olume and stability of the
longboard #ith the manageable si:e of a smaller surfboard.
C G D
0ypical surfing instruction is best performed one$on$one, but can also be done in a
group setting. &opular surf locations offer perfect surfing conditions for beginners, as
#ell as challenging breaks for ad"anced students. -urf spots more conduci"e to
instruction typically offer conditions suitable for learning, most importantly, sand bars or
sandy bottom breaks #ith consistent #a"es.
-urfing can be broken into se"eral skills) drop in positioning to catch the #a"e, the pop$
up, and positioning on the #a"e. &addling out re>uires strength but also the mastery of
techni>ues to break through oncoming #a"es ( duck diving , eskimo roll ). *rop in
positioning re>uires eAperience at predicting the #a"e set and #here they #ill
break. 0he surfer must pop up >uickly as soon as the #a"e starts pushing the board
for#ard. &referred positioning on the #a"e is determined by eAperience at reading #a"e
features including #here the #a"e is breaking.
CH D
Balance plays a crucial role in standing on a surfboard. 0hus, balance training eAercises
are a good preparation. &racticing #ith a Balance board or s#ing boarding helps
no"ices master the art.
- edit .()uipment
,aAing a surfboard
-urfboard leash
+ongboards at ,aikiki beach
-urfing can be done on "arious e>uipment, including surfboards , longboards , -tand
9p &addle boards (-9&=s) , bodyboards , #a"e skis , skimboards , kneeboards , surf
mats and macca=s trays.
-urfboards #ere originally made of solid #ood and #ere large and hea"y (often up to 1!
ft or '.F m long and 18% lb or 7G kg). +ighter balsa #ood surfboards (first made in the
late 1H2%s and early 1H8%s) #ere a significant impro"ement, not only in portability, but
also in increasing maneu"erability.
Most modern surfboards are made of polyurethane foam (&9), #ith one or more
#ooden strips or JstringersJ, fiberglass cloth, and polyester resin (&?). (n emerging
board material is epoAy resinand ?Apanded &oly-tyrene foam (?&-) #hich is stronger
and lighter than traditional &94&? construction. ?"en ne#er designs incorporate
materials such as carbon fiber and "ariable$fleA composites in conjunction #ith
fiberglass and epoAy or polyester resins.
-ince epoAy4?&- surfboards are generally lighter, they #ill float better than a traditional
&94&? board of similar si:e, shape and thickness. 0his makes them easier to paddle
and faster in the #ater. .o#e"er, a common complaint of ?&- boards is that they do
not pro"ide as much feedback as a traditional &94&? board. <or this reason, many
ad"anced surfers prefer that their surfboards be made from traditional materials.
Ether e>uipment includes a leash (to stop the board from drifting a#ay after a #ipeout,
and to pre"ent it from hitting other surfers), surf #aA , traction pads (to keep a surfer=s
feet from slipping off the deck of the board), and fins (also kno#n as skegs ) #hich can
either be permanently attached ( glassed-on ) or interchangeable.
-ports#ear designed or particularly suitable for surfing may be sold as boardwear (the
term is also used in sno#boarding ). In #armer climates, s#imsuits, surf trunks
or boardshorts are #orn, and occasionally rash guards in cold #ater surfers can opt to
#ear #etsuits , boots, hoods, and glo"es to protect them against lo#er #ater
temperatures. ( ne#er introduction is a rash "est #ith a thin layer of titanium to pro"ide
maAimum #armth #ithout compromising mobility.
0here are many different surfboard si:es, shapes, and designs in use
today. Modern longboards , generally H to 1% feet ('.% m) in length, are reminiscent of
the earliest surfboards, but no# benefit from modern inno"ations in surfboard shaping
and fin design. 5ompetiti"e longboard surfers need to be competent at
traditional walking maneu"ers, as #ell as the short$radius turns normally associated #ith
shortboard surfing.
0he modern shortboard began life in the late 1H7%s and has e"ol"ed into today=s
common thruster style, defined by its three fins, usually around 7 to F feet (1.G to !.1 m)
in length. 0he thruster #as in"ented by (ustralian shaper -imon (nderson .
Midsi:e boards, often called funboards , pro"ide more maneu"erability than a
longboard, #ith more floation than a shortboard. ,hile many surfers find that funboards
li"e up to their name, pro"iding the best of both surfing modes, others are critical.
JIt is the happy medium of mediocrity,J #rites -te"en Kotler. J<unboard riders either
ha"e nothing left to pro"e or lack the skills to pro"e anything.J
C 1% D
0here are also "arious niche styles, such as the -gg , a longboard$style short board
targeted for people #ho #ant to ride a shortboard but need more paddle
po#er. 0he +ish , a board #hich is typically shorter, flatter, and #ider than a normal
shortboard, often #ith a split tail (kno#n as a swallow tail ). 0he <ish often has t#o
or four fins and is specifically designed for surfing smaller #a"es. <or big #a"es
there is the.un , a long, thick board #ith a pointed nose and tail (kno#n as a pin
tail) specifically designed for big #a"es.
- edit .Famus surfing lcatins
- edit .Arugam Bay 8 9llae 0 Pttu*il 8 ,ri Lanka
( small fishing "illage up to recently only kno#n to some die hard surfers. <or #hich
(ba/ counted as (sia=s -urfing Mecca, e"er since the 1H7%=s. *ue to -ri +anka=s
long ci"il #ar this remote half moon shaped Bay has been almost unkno#n to any
other "isitors and tourists. 0he consistent s#ell, long runs, shark free, permanently
#arm (!G5) crystal clear #aters, relaAed life onshore and budget accommodation
ho#e"er has ele"ated (rugam Bay onto the international surfer=s map. In 3une,
!%1% (-& ((ssociation of -urfing &rofessionals) held a successful international
competition at ($Bay K as it=s kno#n K #hich #as #on by (ustralian 3ulian
,ilson. C!D . (rugam Bay is often mentioned to be in the top 1% of the #orld=s surf
spots, due to a basket of fa"orable factors. 0he a"erage #a"e height ho#e"er rarely
eAceeds 'K2 Meters. Most of the resort #as #iped off in the !%%2 0sunami #hen
(ba/ suffered a direct hit by a 17K1G Meter #a"e, caused by its long coral reef
located at the Main -urf &oint also kno#n as J9pali=sJ point. Ether kno#n surf
breaks nearby are &ottu"il &oint, ,hisky &oint, Ekanda Bay, &anama, Breen
1oom, 9rani. J(rugam -urfJ is -ri +anka=s first and rather remarkable, popular
<acebook page #ith !F,%%% fans gi"ing almost daily updates of rele"ant e"ents from
the Bay itself.
- edit .Bells Beach 8 :ictria 8 Australia
(lthough the final scene of the film &oint Break is set at Bells Beach, the scene #as
not filmed there. Bells Beach is a straight stretch and the beach in the film is a co"e
#ith spruce trees atop a hill. 0he actual location of the film #as a beach called
Indian Beach, in ?cola -tate &ark, located in 5annon Beach, Eregon, 9-(. Bells
Beach is "isited in the 1H77 documentary film 0he ?ndless -ummer.
Bells Beach is the home of the #orld=s longest$running surfing competition K the 1ip
5url &ro -urf N Music <esti"al. 0he e"ent #as formerly kno#n as the Bells Beach
-urf 5lassic. 0he competition #as first held in 3anuary 1H71 and then at ?aster
e"ery year since although occasionally, #hen conditions at Bells aren=t suitable, the
competition has been transferred to other breaks such as 3ohanna.
(s early as 1H'H surfers from 0or>uay made their #ay to Bells but access #as a
considerable problem until 1H7% #hen 0or>uay surfers and Elympic #restler 3oe
-#eeney hired a bulldo:er and cleared a road along the Bells cliff C1D from the 5obb
N 5o 1oad, #here the concrete #a"e no# stands, do#n to the beach. .e charged
one pound per surfer to reco"er his eApenses. 0his is no# part of the 0or>uay to
(nglesea #alking track.
6earby surf breaks include J-outhsideJ, J5entresideJ, J1inconJ, J,inki &opJ,
(9ppers and +o#ers), Boobs and -teps. (lthough Bells is kno#n internationally as
one of the best breaks in Lictoria, J,inki &opJ often #orks better under more
di"erse conditions than the other nearby breaks.
C citation needed D
-urfers (ppreciating 0he 6atural ?n"ironment -(6?
In 1HGG a group of local surfers #ho #ere concerned about the human impact that
tourism #as ha"ing on the Bells Beach -urfing 1eser"e started a group called
-urfers (ppreciating the 6atural ?n"ironment. -ince 1HGG they ha"e met monthly to
re"egetate the reser"e in an effort to bring it back to its original state. 0hey ha"e
planted o"er 1%%,%%% plants there to date.
- edit .Jeffreys Bay 8 (astern 7ape 8 ,uth Africa
0he break is regarded as one of the best right$hand point breaks in the entire #orld,
in both consistency and >uality, in season. It has been di"ided up into se"eral
sections, including, from the top of the point, Kitchen ,indo#s, Magna tubes,
Boneyards, -upertubes, Impossibles, 0ubes, the &oint, and
(lbatross. J-upertubesJ, #hich itself breaks for about '%%m or more, is regarded as
the best part of the #a"e. En rare occasions (large #a"e si:es, #ide$breaking
#a"es, and e"en s#ells), Boneyards can link up all the #ay to the &oint for a ride
o"er one kilometer long. 0he most consistent #a"es occur bet#een about May to
mid -eptember, also often coinciding #ith offshore #inds, although good #a"es can
occasionally occur at other times of the year.
C citation needed D
0he initial disco"ery and promotion of the #a"e is curious. (nother nearby right
hand point #a"e at -t. <rancis Bay (Bruce=s Beauty) #as first idolised and promoted
in the cult classic surf mo"ie 0he ?ndless -ummer in the 1H7%s (although
both 3effreys Bay and -t. <rancis Bay #ere probably surfed much earlier). -urfers
#ho tra"elled to the area soon stumbled upon the nearby 3effreys Bay surf break,
#hich #as found to be not only a faster, more po#erful, and hollo#er #a"e, but also
much more consistent.
- edit .La Li#ertad "(l ,al*adr$
Main article: ,a ,ibertad/ ,a ,ibertad
-urfers in +a +ibertad. ?l -al"ador is considered a surfers= paradise, ha"ing the best
#a"es in the continent, and is considered one of the top ten beaches in the #orld.
?l &uerto is home to one of the best right points in 5entral (merica, kno#n for its
fast hollo#, pulsing, o"er '%$second ride #a"es. &unta 1oca (also called J+a &untaJ
by local surfers) has been the perfect spot for many kno#n surfers #ho back in the
1HF%s disco"ered the point #ith only a fe# local surfers bra"e enough to "enture
into its rocky bottom plane. It is kno#n that legend Berry +ope:, tra"elled fre>uently
to this surf spot back in the F%=s encouraging a ne# #a"e of locals to get into the
sport.By the 1HG%s, ?l -al"ador #ent through a ci"il #ar, and getting to the point
#as rather dangerous slo#ing "isitors, and #ith that, a scarcity of surf boards to the
locals #hose only means of getting a surf board #as by tra"elers lea"ing them
behind in eAchange of guidance and accommodations. +ocal legend, J/epiJ #as
one the first of his generation to take on full self$support and help maintain the sport,
a popular acti"ity among locals. +ocals ha"e also been increasing the popularity of
the sport throughout the country by offering custom surf tours to tourists and "isitors
in the region.
0he main #a"e eAtends from +a &unta to the to#nship, a distance of about G%%m,
although single rides do not normally connect along this #hole distance. En a good
7 to G feet day (.a#aiian scale), the top part of the point produces the best #a"es,
gi"ing a ride of about '%%m or more. 0he #a"e features a relati"ely easy takeoff
#ith long, fast, po#erful #alls, #ith longer hollo# barrels on the best days. 0his
#a"e #orks from about ' to 1! feet (.a#aiian scale), and can barrel any#here
along the point, but most often closest to the takeoff area. 0he main takeoff is close
to a dangerous rock #hich often sticks out of the #ater, and has caused injuries. It
#orks on all tides, although lo# tide probably has more barrels. 0he #a"e is unusual
in that it often breaks at a slight angle to the shoreline, hitting it slightly s>uarely,
creating po#erful and fast #alls. It can be difficult to get out the back in large s#ells,
and the rocky shoreline is notorious for its rather difficult entry.
<urther do#n the point are a fe# other breaks, including neAt to the cemetery and in
the to#n itself. 0hese are less cro#ded and can produce #aist$high #a"es on
occasions, but the #orld$class section of the point is #ay on the outside.
Ether surf spots around the region include) 5onchalio, +a &a:, -an *iego, ?+
@un:al, +a Bocana, ?l @onte
- edit .Ma*ericks "7alifrnia $
Main article: Mavericks !location&
0he famous break of Ma"ericks
Ma*erick;s or Ma*ericks is a #orld$famous surfing location in 6orthern
5alifornia . It is located approAimately one$half mile (%.G km) from shore in &illar
&oint .arbor , just 6orth of.alf Moon Bay at the "illage of &rinceton$By$0he$
-ea . (fter a strong #inter storm in the 6orthern &acific Ecean , #a"es can routinely
crest at o"er !8 feet (Gm) and top out at o"er 8% feet (18m). 0he break is caused by
an unusually$shaped under#ater rock formation.
- edit .Pipeline "3ahu8 &a2aii$
Main article: Banzai 0ipeline
Pipeline is a surf reef break located in .a#aii , off ?hukai Beach &ark
in &upukea on E=ahu=s 6orth -hore . 0he spot is notorious and famous for its huge
#a"es breaking in shallo# #ater just abo"e its sharp and ca"ernous reef, forming
large, hollo# and thick curls of #ater that surfers can ride inside of. 0here are
three reefs at &ipeline in progressi"ely deeper #ater further out to sea that acti"ate
at "arious po#er le"els applied by ocean s#ells .
- edit .Teahup "Tahiti$
Main article: *eahupo(o
Teahup (pronounced cho$po) is a #orld$reno#ned surfing location off the -outh
,est of the island of 0ahiti , <rench &olynesia , southern&acific Ecean . It is kno#n
for its hea"y, glassy #a"es , often reaching ! to ' m (F to 1% ft) and higher. It is the
site of the annual Billabong&ro 0ahiti surf competition, part of the ,orld
5hampionship 0our (,50) of the (-& ,orld 0our professional surfing circuit.
- edit .<icatela Beach "Me!ican Pipeline$
Main article: 0uerto -scondido/ )axaca
<icatela is a beach located in the to#n of &uerto ?scondido, EaAaca . 6icknamed
the JMeAican &ipelineJ due to the similar po#er and shape of the Ban:ai &ipeline on
the 6orth -hore of Eahu, the #a"e that breaks on @icatela Beach dra#s an
international cro#d of surfers, bodyboarders and their entourages. Mid to late
summer is lo# season for tourists, but a prime time for #a"es and international
tournaments.( number of international competitions such as the ?-&6 T Bames ,
and the MeA&ipe 5hallenge ha"e taken place.
- edit .%angers
- edit .%r2ning
-urfing, like all #ater sports, carries the inherent danger of dro#ning . ((nyone at
any age can learn to surf, but must ha"e at least intermediate s#imming skills.)
(lthough the board assists a surfer in staying buoyant , it cannot be relied on for
floation if it becomes separated from the user.
C 11 D
0he leash, #hich is attached at
the ankle, keeps the surfer connected to the board for con"enience but does not
pre"ent dro#ning. -urfers should be careful to remain in smaller surf until they="e
ac>uired the ad"anced skills necessary to handle bigger #a"es and challenging
conditions.
0op surfers ha"e dro#ned in eAtremely challenging conditions. -ome dro#nings
occurred as a result of leashes tangling #ith reefs, holding the surfer under#ater. In
"ery large #a"es such as ,aimea or Ma"ericks , a leash may be undesirable,
because the #ater can drag the board for long distances, holding the surfer
underneath the #a"e.
- edit .7llisins
( surfer eAiting a closeout
9nder the #rong set of conditions, anything that a surfer=s body can come in contact
#ith is potentially a danger, including sand bars, rocks, reefs, surfboards, and other
surfers.
C 1! D
5ollisions #ith these objects can sometimes cause injuries such as cuts
and scrapes and in rare instances, death.
( large number of injuries, up to 77I,
C 1' D
are caused by collision #ith a surfboard
(nose or fins). <ins can cause deep lacerations and cuts, as #ell as bruising. ,hile
these injuries can be minor, they can open the skin to infection from the sea groups
like -urfers (gainst -e#age campaign for cleaner #aters to reduce the risk of
infections. +ocal bugs and disease can be a dangerous factor #hen surfing around
the globe.
C 12 D
<alling off a surfboard or colliding #ith others, is commonly referred to as a wipeout .
- edit .Marine life
-ea life can sometimes cause injuries and e"en fatalities. (nimals such
as sharks ,
C 18 D
stingrays , seals and jellyfish can sometimes present a
danger.
C 17 D
-urfers do the J-tingray -huffle,J #here they shuffle their feet in the
sand as they head out to catch #a"es to scare a#ay the stingrays that may be
relaAing in the #arm, shallo# #ater.
C 1F D
- edit .'ip currents
1ip currents , also kno#n as 1iptides, can endanger both eAperienced and
ineAperienced surfers. 1ip currents are #ater channels that flo# a#ay from the
shore. -ince these currents lurk in seemingly calm #aters, tired or ineAperienced
s#immers or surfers can be s#ept a#ay. ( riptide can ha"e a #idth of up to forty or
fifty feet. .o#e"er, by paddling parallel to the shore, a surfer can easily escape the
rip current.
C 1G D
- edit .,ea#ed
0he seabed can pose dangers for surfers. If a surfer falls #hile riding a #a"e, the
#a"e #ill then toss him around, usually do#n#ards. (t reef breaks and beach
breaks, surfers ha"e been seriously injured or e"en killed because of a "iolent
collision #ith the sea bed, the #ater abo"e #hich can sometimes be "ery shallo#,
especially on beach breaks during lo# tide. 5yclops, ,estern (ustralia , for
eAample is one of the biggest and thickest reef breaks in the #orld, #ith #a"es
measuring up to 1% metres high, and yet the reef belo# is only about ! meters (7
feet) belo# the surface of the #ater.
.unting
<rom ,ikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1Hunter1 redirects here2 +or other uses/ see Hunter !disambiguation&2
+or other uses/ see Hunting !disambiguation&2
Boar hunting, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (12th century)
&unting is the practice of pursuing any li"ing thing, usually #ildlife, for food, recreation, or trade.
In present$day use, the term refers to la#ful hunting, as distinguished frompoaching, #hich is
the killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species contrary to applicable la#. 0he species
#hich are hunted are referred to as game, and are usuallymammals and migratory or non$
migratory gamebirds.
.unting can also in"ol"e the elimination of "ermin, as a means of pest control to pre"ent
diseases caused by o"erpopulation. .unting ad"ocates state that hunting can be a necessary
component
C1D
of modern #ildlife management, for eAample to help maintain a population of
healthy animals #ithin an en"ironment=s ecological carrying capacity #hen natural checks such
as predators are absent.
C!D
In the 9nited -tates, #ildlife managers are fre>uently part of hunting
regulatory and licensing bodies, #here they help to set rules on the number, manner and
conditions in #hich game may be hunted.
0he pursuit, capture and release, or capture for food of fish is called fishing, #hich is not
commonly categorised as a form of hunting. 0rapping is also usually considered a separate
acti"ity. It is also not considered hunting to pursue animals #ithout intent to kill them, as
in #ildlife photography or bird#atching. 0he practice of hunting for plants ormushrooms is a
collo>uial term for foraging or gathering.
-kilful tracking and ac>uisition of an elusi"e target has caused the #ord hunting to be used in
the "ernacular as a metaphor, as in Jbargain huntingJ or Jhunting do#n corruption and #asteJ.
Mughal (ristocracy .unting a Blackbuck alongside an(siatic 5heetah.
7ntents
ChideD
1 .istory
o 1.1 &aleolithic
1.1.1 5riticism
o 1.! (nti>uity
o 1.' &astoral and agricultural societies
o 1.2 9se of dogs
! 1eligion
o !.1 Indian and ?astern religions
o !.! 5hristianity, 3udaism, and Islam
' 6ational traditions
o '.1 6e# @ealand
o '.! -hikar (India)
o '.' -afari
o '.2 9nited Kingdom
o '.8 9nited -tates
o '.7 1ussia
2 ,ildlife management
o 2.1 Bag limits
o 2.! 5losed and open season
o 2.' +a#s
8 Methods
7 0rophy hunting
o 7.1 .istory
o 7.! 5ontro"ersy
F ?conomics
G 5onser"ation
o G.1 &ittman$1obertson ,ildlife 1estoration (ct of 1H'F
o G.! <ederal *uck -tamp program
o G.' 5onser"ation organisations
H -ee also
1% 1eferences
11 <urther reading
-edit.&istry
-edit.Palelithic
+urther information: Hunting hypothesis
.unting has a long history and may #ell pre$date the rise of the species Homo sapiens. ,hile
our earliest .ominid ancestors #ere probablyfrugi"ores or omni"ores, there is e"idence that
earlier Homo species, and possibly also "ustralopithecine
C'D
species utilised larger animals
forsubsistence.
<urthermore there is e"idence that hunting may ha"e been one of the multiple en"ironmental
factors leading to eAtinctions of the holocene megafauna , and their replacement by
smaller herbi"ores.
C2D
It has been found that the 6orth (merican megafauna eAtinction #as
coincidental #ith the /ounger *ryas impact e"ent, possibly making hunting a less critical factor
in prehistoric species loss than had been pre"iously thought.
C8D
.o#e"er, in other locations such
as (ustralia, humans are thought to ha"e played a "ery significant role in the eAtinction of
the(ustralian megafauna that #as #idespread prior to human occupation.
C7DCFD
Ef the closest sur"i"ing relati"es of the human species, 0an, the 5ommon 5himpan:ee has
an omni"orous diet, #hich includes troop huntingbeha"iour based on beta males being led by
an alpha male, ho#e"er the less "iolent Bonobos, ha"e a mostly frugi"orous diet.
CGD
,hile it is undisputed that early humans #ere hunters, the importance of this for in the
emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier (ustralopithecines, including the production
of stone tools and e"entually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis, and
de$emphasised in scenarios that stress omni"ory and social interaction, including mating
beha"iour, as essential in the emergence of humanbeha"ioural modernity. ,ith the
establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths,
as #ell asrituals such as dance and animal sacrifice.
.unting #as a crucial component of hunter$gatherer societies before the domestication of
li"estock and the da#n of agriculture, beginning about 11,%%% years ago. By
the Mesolithic, hunting strategies had di"ersified #ith the de"elopment of the bo# by 1G,%%%
years ago and thedomestication of the dog about 18,%%% years ago. 0here is fossil e"idence
for spear use in (sian hunting dating from approAimately 17,!%% years ago.
CHD
Moche deer hunting scene, +arco Museum 5ollection, +ima, &eru
Many species of animals ha"e been hunted throughout history. It has been suggested that in
6orth (merica and ?urasia 5aribou and #ild reindeer Jmay #ell be the species of single
greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on huntingJ
C1%D
(see also 1eindeer
(ge), although the "arying importance of different species #ould depend on the geographic
location.
.unter$gathering lifestyles remained pre"alent in some parts of the 6e# ,orld, -ub$-aharan
(frica, and -iberia, as #ell as all of (ustralia, until the ?uropean (ge of *isco"ery. 0hey still
persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. &eoples that preser"ed paleolithic
hunting$gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the
(ma:onas ((chU), some 5entral and -outhern (frican Bushmen (.ad:a people, Khoisan),
some peoples of 6e# Buinea(<ayu), the Mlabri of 0hailand and +aos, the Ledda people of -ri
+anka, and a handful ofuncontacted peoples.
[edit]Criticism
(rchaeologist +ouis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans #ere
hunters. En the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals he
concluded that hominids and early humans #ere mostly sca"engers, not hunters,
C11D
and this
idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists. 1obert Blumenschine
proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging,
C1!D
#hich in"ol"es challenging and scaring off
other predators after they ha"e made a kill, #hich he suggests could ha"e been the leading
method of obtaining protein rich meat by our ancestors.
-edit.Anti)uity
(ncient Breek black$figure potterydepicting the return of a hunter and his dog. Made
in (thens bet#een 88%$8'% B5?, found in 1hodes.
"rtemis with a Hind, a 1omancopy of an (ncient Breeksculpture, c'!8 B5, by +eochares
?"en as animal domestication became relati"ely #idespread and after the de"elopment of
agriculture, hunting #as usually a significant contributor to the human food supply. 0he
supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for
implements, sine# for cordage, fur, feathers, ra#hideand leather used in clothing. Man=s earliest
hunting #eapons #ould ha"e included rocks, spears, theatlatl, and bo# and arro#s. .unting is
still "ital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited forpastoral uses or agriculture.
Ccitation
neededD
<or eAample, Inuit people in the (rctic trap and hunt animals for clothing, and use the
skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and foot#ear.
(n eAample of a Boguryeo tomb mural of hunting
En ancient reliefs, especially from Mesopotamia, kings are often depicted as hunters of big
game such as lions, and are often portrayed hunting from a #ar chariot. 0he cultural
and psychologicalimportance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such
as the horned god 5ernunnos , and lunar goddesses of classical anti>uity, the Breek (rtemis or
1oman *iana. 0aboosare often related to hunting, and mythological association of prey species
#ith a di"inity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reser"e surrounding a
temple. ?uripides= tale of (rtemis and(ctaeon, for eAample, may be seen as a caution against
disrespect of prey, or impudent boasting.
,ith the domestication of the dog, birds of prey, and the ferret, "arious forms of animal$aided
hunting de"eloped including "enery(scent hound hunting, such as foA hunting), coursing (sight
hound hunting), falconry, and ferreting. ,hile these are all associated #ith medie"al hunting,
o"er time "arious dog breeds#ere selected for "ery precise tasks during the hunt, reflected in
such names as pointer and setter.
-edit.Pastral and agricultural scieties
0his section des nt cite any references r surces. &lease
help impro"e this section by adding citations to reliable
sources. 9nsourced material may
be challenged and remo"ed. !May #$%%&
+adies hunting in the fifteenth century
?"en as agriculture and animal husbandry became more pre"alent, hunting often remained as a
part of human culture #here the en"ironment and social conditions allo#ed. .unting may be
used to kill animals #hich prey upon domestic animals, or to attempt to eAtirpate animals seen
by humans as competition for resources such as #ater or forage.
(s hunting mo"ed from a subsistence acti"ity to a social one, t#o trends emerged. Ene #as
that of the specialist hunter #ith special training and e>uipment. 0he other #as the emergence
of hunting as a =sport= for those of an upper social class. 0he meaning of the #ord JgameJ
in middle ?nglish e"ol"ed to include an animal #hich is hunted. (s game became more of a
luAury than a necessity, the stylised pursuit of it also became a luAury. *angerous hunting, such
as for lions or#ild boars, often done on horseback or from a chariot, had a function similar
to tournaments and manly sports. .unting #as considered to be an honourable, some#hat
competiti"e pastime to help the aristocracy practice skills of #ar in times of peace.
In most parts of medie"al ?urope, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain
areas of a feudal territory. Bame in these areas #as used as a source of food and furs, often
pro"ided "ia professional huntsmen, but it #as also eApected to pro"ide a form of recreation for
the aristocracy. 0he importance of this proprietary "ie# of game can be seen in the 1obin
.oodlegends, in #hich one of the primary charges against the outla#s is that they Jhunt the
King=s deerJ. In the ?uropean medie"al period, hunting #as considered part of the set of seven
mechanical arts.
-edit.9se f dgs
.unting dogs #ith pheasants
(lthough "arious animals ha"e been used to aid the hunter, none has been as important as the
dog.
Ccitation neededD
0he domestication of the dog has led to a symbiotic relationship in #hich the dog
has lost its e"olutionary independence from humans in eAchange for support.
Ccitation neededD
*ogs today are used to find, chase, and retrie"e game, and sometimes to kill it. .unting
dogsallo# humans to pursue and kill prey that #ould other#ise be "ery difficult or dangerous to
hunt.
-edit.'eligin
+urther information: Homo 3ecans
0his section des nt cite any references r surces.
&lease help impro"e this section by adding citations
to reliable sources. 9nsourced material may
be challenged and remo"ed.!May #$%%&
Many prehistoric deities are either predators or prey of humans, often in a :oomorphic form,
perhaps alluding to the importance of hunting for most &alaeolithic cultures.
In many pagan religions, specific rituals are conducted before or after a hunt the rituals done
may "ary according to the species hunted or the season the hunt is taking place.
Ccitation neededD
Eften
a hunting ground, or the hunt for one or more species, #as reser"ed or prohibited in the conteAt
of a temple cult.
Ccitation neededD
-edit.=ndian and (astern religins
.indu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as #ell as a sport of the kingly.
?"en figures considered godly are described to ha"e engaged in hunting. Ene of the names of
the god -hi"a is Mriga"yadha, #hich translates as the deer hunter (JmrigaJ means deer,
JvyadhaJ means hunter). In the epic 1amayana, *asharatha, the father of 1ama, is said to ha"e
the ability to hunt in the dark. *uring one of his hunting eApedition he accidentally
killed -hra"ana, mistaking him for game. *uring 1ama=s eAile in the forest, 1a"ana kidnapped
his #ife-ita from their hut #hile 1ama #as hunting a golden deer, and his
brother +akshman #ent after him. (ccording to the Mahabharat, &andu, the father of
the &anda"as, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his #ife #ith an arro# mistaking them
for a deer. Krishna is said to ha"e died after being accidentally #ounded by an arro# of a
hunter.
3ainism teaches follo#ers to ha"e tremendous respect for all of life. &rohibitions for hunting and
meat eating are the fundamental conditions for being a 3ain.
Buddhism=s first precept is the respect for all sentient life. 0he general approach by all
Buddhists is to a"oid killing any li"ing animals. BuddhaeAplained the issue by saying Jall fear
death comparing others #ith oneself, one should neither kill nor cause to killJ.
-edit.7hristianity8 Judaism8 and =slam
<rom early 5hristian times, hunting has been forbidden to 1oman 5atholic 5hurch clerics. 0hus
the 4orpus 5uris 4anonici (5. ii, T, *e cleric. "enat.) says J,e forbid to all ser"ants of Bod
hunting and eApeditions through the #oods #ith hounds and #e also forbid them to keep ha#ks
or falconsJ. 0he <ourth 5ouncil of the +ateran, held under &ope Innocent III, decreed (canon
A")) J,e interdict hunting or ha#king to all clericsJ. 0he decree of the 5ouncil of 0rent is #orded
more mildly) J+et clerics abstain from illicit hunting and ha#kingJ (-ess. TTIL, *e reform., c. Aii),
#hich seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction
declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unla#ful, but not >uiet (6uieta) hunting.
6obleman in hunting costume #ith his ser"ant follo#ing the scent of a stag, 12th century
<erraris (s.". J5lericusJ, art. 7) gi"es it as the general sense of canonists that hunting is allo#ed
to clerics if it be indulged in rarely and for sufficient cause, as necessity, utility or JhonestJ
recreation, and #ith that moderation #hich is becoming to the ecclesiastical state. @iegler,
ho#e"er (*e episc., l. IL, c. AiA), thinks that the interpretation of the canonists is not in
accordance #ith the letter or spirit of the la#s of the 5hurch.
6e"ertheless, although a distinction bet#een la#ful and unla#ful hunting is undoubtedly
permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his
diocese, as #as done by synods at Milan, ("ignon, +iVge, 5ologne, and else#here. Benedict
TIL(*e synodo diWces., l. II, c. A) declared that such synodal decrees are not too se"ere, as an
absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical la#. In practice,
therefore, the synodal statutes of "arious localities must be consulted to disco"er #hether they
allo# >uiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.
It is important to note that the Bible places no such restrictions on any 5hristian, as most do not
obser"e kosher dietary la#s. .ence &rotestant clerics, 5atholic lay parishioners, and
&rotestants ha"e no religious restrictions on hunting. 0his is in accord #ith #hat is found in
the book of (cts18)!GK!H, and 1 0imothy 2)2.
3e#ish hunting la#, based on the 0orah, is similar, permitting hunting of non$preying animals
that are considered kosher for food, although hunting preying animals for food is strictly
prohibited under 1abbinic la#. .ence birds of prey are specifically prohibited and non$kosher.
.unting for sport, and not for food, is also forbidden in 1abbinical +a#.
Islamic -haria +a# regarding hunting is the same as 3e#ish la#, in that only non$preying
animals that can be considered halal for food can be hunted, but only for food and not as blood$
sport.
C1'D
-edit.1atinal traditins
-edit.1e2 <ealand
Main article: Hunting in 3ew 7ealand
6e# @ealand has a strong hunting culture. 0he islands making up 6e# @ealand originally had
no land mammals apart from bats. .o#e"er, once ?uropeans arri"ed game animals #ere
introduced by acclimatisation societies to pro"ide 6e# @ealanders #ith sport and a hunting
resource. *eer, pigs, goats, rabbits, tahr and chamois all adapted #ell to the 6e# @ealand
terrain, and #ith no natural predators their population eAploded. Bo"ernment agencies "ie# the
animals as pests due to their effects on the natural en"ironment and on agricultural production,
but hunters "ie# them as a resource.
-edit.,hikar "=ndia$
( hikar party in Mandalay, Burma, soon after the conclusion of the 0hird (nglo$Burmese
,ar in 1GG7 #hen Burma #as anneAed to British India
*uring the feudal and colonial times in India hunting #as regarded as a #ikt)regal sport in the
numerous princely states, as many maharajas, na#abs, as #ell as British officers maintained a
#hole corps of shikaris, #ho #ere nati"e professional hunters. 0hey #ould be headed by a
master of the hunt, #ho might be styled mir$shikar. Eften these #ere recruited from the normally
lo#$ranking local tribes because of their traditional kno#ledge of the en"ironment and hunting
techni>ues. Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant.
Indian social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, #hile a fe# sects like the Bishnoi lay
special emphasis on the conser"ation of particular species like the antelope. India=s ,ildlife
&rotection (ct of 1HF! bans the killing of all #ild animals. .o#e"er, the 5hief ,ildlife ,arden
may, if satisfied that any #ild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life,
or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond reco"ery, permit any person to hunt such an
animal. In this case the body of any #ild animal killed or #ounded becomes go"ernment
property.
C12D
-edit.,afari
Main article: afari
( safari, from a -#ahili #ord meaning a long journey, especially in (frica is defined as an
o"erland journey.
-afari as a distincti"e #ay of hunting #as popularised by the 9- author ?rnest .eming#ay and
&resident 0heodore 1oose"elt. ( safari may consist of se"eral days or e"en #eeks$long
journey, #ith camping in the bush or jungle, #hile pursuing big game. 6o#adays, it=s often used
to describe tours through (frican national parks to #atch or hunt #ildlife.
.unters are usually tourists, accompanied by licensed and highly regulated professional
hunters, local guides, skinners, and porters in more difficult terrains. ( special safari type is the
solo$safari, #here all the license ac>uiring, stalking, preparation, and outfitting is done by the
hunter himself.
&hoto$safaris #ere popular e"en before the ad"ent of ecotourism. 0he synonym Jbloodless
huntJ for hunting #ith the use of film and a still photographic camera #as first used by the &olish
photographer ,Xod:imier: &uchalski.
Ccitation neededD
-edit.9nited 4ingdm
Main article: Hunting and shooting in the 8nited 9ingdom
ee also: 'eer stalking and +ox hunting legislation
<oA hunting in 1G8%s ?ngland
<oA hunting is the type of hunting most closely associated #ith the 9nited Kingdom. Eriginally a
form of "ermin control to protect li"estock, it became a popular social acti"ity for ne#ly #ealthy
upper classes in Lictorian times, and a traditional rural acti"ity for riders and foot follo#ers alike.
-imilar to foA hunting in many #ays is the chasing of hares #ith hounds. -ight hounds, such
asgreyhounds, may be used to run do#n hare in coursing, #ith scent hounds such as beagles.
Ether sorts of foAhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. .unting deer on
foot using stealth #ithout hounds or horses is called deer stalking.
0hese forms of hunting ha"e been contro"ersial in the 9K. (nimal #elfare supporters belie"e
that hunting causes unnecessary suffering to foAes, horses, and hounds. &roponents argue that
it is culturally and perhaps economically important. 9sing dogs to chase #ild mammals #as
madeillegal in <ebruary !%%8 by the .unting (ct !%%2.
,hting traditins
0he shooting of game birds, especially pheasants, still eAists in the 9K, #ith the British
(ssociation for -hooting and 5onser"ation saying that o"er a million people per year participate
in shooting, although this figure includes game shooting, clay pigeon shooting, and target
shooting.
C18D
-hooting, as opposed to traditional hunting, re>uires little >uesting for gameYaround thirty$fi"e
million birds are released onto shooting estates e"ery year, some ha"ing been factory farmed.
-hoots can be elaborate affairs #ith guns placed in assigned positions, and assistants to help
load shotguns. ,hen in position, JbeatersJ mo"e through the areas of co"er, s#inging sticks or
flags to dri"e the game out. -uch e"ents are often called Jdri"esJ. 0he open season
for grouse in the 9K begins on 1! (ugust, the so$called .lorious *welfth. 0he definition of game
in the 9nited Kingdom is go"erned by the Bame (ct 1G'1.
-edit.9nited ,tates
5arrying a bear trophy head at the Kodiak (rchipelago
6orth (merican hunting pre$dates the 9nited -tates by thousands of years, and #as an
important part of many pre$5olumbian 6ati"e (merican cultures. 6ati"e (mericans retain some
hunting rights, and are eAempt from some la#s as part of Indian treaties and other#ise
under federal la#YeAamples include eagle feather la#s and eAemptions in the Marine Mammal
&rotection (ct. 0his is considered particularly important in (laskan nati"e communities.
.unting is primarily regulated by state la# additional regulations are imposed through 9nited
-tates en"ironmental la# in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. 1egulations
"ary #idely from state to state, and go"ern the areas, time periods, techni>ues and methods by
#hich specific game animals may be hunted. -ome states make a distinction bet#een protected
species and unprotected species (often "ermin or "armints for #hich there are no hunting
regulations). .unters of protected species re>uire a hunting license in all states, for #hich
completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prere>uisite.
0ypically game animals are di"ided into se"eral categories for regulatory purposes. 0ypical
categories, along #ith eAample species, are as follo#s)
Big game) #hite$tailed deer, mule deer, moose, elk, caribou, bighorn
sheep, pronghorn, boar, ja"elina
mall game) rabbit, hare, s>uirrel, oppossum, raccoon, porcupine, skunk, ring$tailed
cat, armadillo
+urbearers) bea"er, red foA, mink, pine martin, musk rat, otter, bobcat
0redators) cougar (mountain lion and panther), bear, coyote
8pland game bird ) grouse, turkey, chukar, pheasant, >uail, do"e
:aterfowl ) duck, teal, merganser, geese, s#an
.unting big game typically re>uires a JtagJ for each animal har"ested. 0ags must be purchased
in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an indi"idual is typically
limited. In cases #here there are more prospecti"e hunters than the >uota for that species, tags
are usually assigned by lottery. 0ags may be further restricted to a specific area or wildlife
management unit. .unting migratory #aterfo#l re>uires a duck stamp from the <ish and ,ildlife
-er"ice.
.unting camp #ith dressed deer at -choodic +ake, Maine in 1H%8
.ar"est of animals other than big game is typically restricted by a bag limit and a possession
limit. ( bag limit is a maAimum number of a specific animal species that an indi"idual can
har"est in a single day. ( possession limit is a maAimum number of a specific animal species
that can be in an indi"idual=s possession at any time.
,hting
Bun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area #ithin the state, and time
period. 1egulations for big game hunting often specify a minimum calibre or mu::le
energy forfirearms. 0he use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas #ith
high population densitiesor limited topographic relief. 1egulations may also limit or ban the use
of lead in ammunitionbecause of en"ironmental concerns. -pecific seasons for bo# hunting
or mu::le$loading black po#der guns are often established to limit competition #ith hunters
using more effecti"e #eapons.
.unting in the 9nited -tates is not associated #ith any particular class or culture a !%%7 poll
sho#ed se"enty$eight percent of (mericans supported legal hunting,
C17D
although relati"ely fe#
(mericans actually hunt. (t the beginning of the !1st century, just siA percent of (mericans
hunted. -outherners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of fi"e percent,
slightly belo# the national a"erage, and #hile hunting #as more common in other parts of the
-outh at nine percent, these rates did not surpass those of the &lains states, #here t#el"e
percent of Mid#esterners hunted. .unting in other areas of the country fell belo# the national
a"erage.
C1FD
E"erall, in the 1HH7K!%%7 period, the number of hunters o"er the age of siAteen
declined by ten percent, a drop attributable to a number of factors including habitat loss and
changes in recreation habits.
C1GD
'egulatin
1egulation of hunting #ithin the 9nited -tates dates from the 1Hth century. -ome modern
hunters see themsel"es as conser"ationists and sportsmen in the mode of 0heodore
1oose"elt and the Boone and 5rockett 5lub. +ocal hunting clubs and national organisations
pro"ide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future
hunting use. -ome groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as *ucks
9nlimited, &heasants <ore"er, or *elta ,aterfo#l <oundation. Many hunting groups also
participate in lobbying the federal go"ernment and state go"ernment.
?ach year, nearly S!%% million in hunters= federal eAcise taAes are distributed to state agencies
to support #ildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open to hunters, and hunter
education and safety classes. -ince 1H'2 the sale of <ederal *uck -tamps, a re>uired
purchase for migratory #aterfo#l hunters o"er siAteen$years$old, has raised o"er SF%% million to
help purchase more than 8,!%%,%%% acres (G,1!% s> mi !1,%%% km
!
) of habitat for the 6ational
,ildlife 1efuge -ystem lands that support #aterfo#l and many other #ildlife species, and are
often open to hunting. -tates also collect monies from hunting licenses to assist #ith
management of game animals, as designated by la#. ( key task of federal and state park
rangers and game #ardens is to enforce la#s and regulations related to hunting, including
species protection, hunting seasons, and hunting bans.
:armint hunting
Larmint hunting is an (merican phrase for the selecti"e killing of non$game animals seen as
pests. ,hile not al#ays an efficient form of pest control, "armint hunting achie"es selecti"e
control of pests #hile pro"iding recreation, and is much less regulated. Larmint species are
often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, li"estock, landscaping, infrastructure, and
pets. -ome animals, such as #ild rabbits or s>uirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often
no use is made of the carcass. ,hich species are J"armintsJ depends on the circumstance and
area. 5ommon "armints may include "arious rodents, coyotes, cro#s, foAes, feral cats, and
feral hogs. -ome animals once considered "armints are no# protected, such as #ol"es. In the
9- state of +ouisiana, a non$nati"e rodent kno#n as a nutria ha"e become so destructi"e to the
local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population.
<eral dogs and cats, rats, starlings,?nglish sparro#s, and pigeons may be hunted #ithout a
hunting license in the 9nited -tates.
Fair chase
-n uheldig b;<rne;akt ((n 9nfortunate Bear .unt) by 0heodor Kittelsen
0he principles of the fair chase
C1HD
ha"e been a part of the (merican hunting tradition for o"er
one$hundred years. 0he role of the hunter$conser"ationist, popularised by 0heodore 1oose"elt,
has been central to the de"elopment of the modern fair chase tradition.
,hen internet hunting #as introduced in !%%8, allo#ing people to hunt o"er the internet using
remotely controlled guns, the practice #as #idely criticised by hunters as "iolating the principles
of fair chase. (s a representati"e of the 6ational 1ifle (ssociation (61() eAplained, JCtDhe 61(
has al#ays maintained that fair chase, being in the field #ith your firearm or bo#, is an
important element of hunting tradition. -itting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a
mouse, has nothing to do #ith huntingJ.
C!%D
'anches
Indian blackbuck, nilgai, aAis deer, fallo# deer and barasingha can no# be found on
huntingranches in 0eAas, #here they #ere introduced for sport hunting. .unters can pay
up#ards of S2%%% as fees for hunting a barasingha.
-edit.'ussia
Main article: Hunting in =ussia
0he 1ussian imperial hunts e"ol"ed from hunting traditions of early 1ussian rulersYBrand
&rinces and 0sarsYunder the influence of hunting customs of ?uropean royal courts. 0he
imperial hunts #ere organised mainly in &eterhof, 0sarskoye -elo, and Batchina.
-edit.5ildlife management
.unting gi"es resource managers an important tool
C!1DC!!D
in managing populations that might
eAceed the carrying capacity of their habitatand threaten the #ell$being of other species, or, in
some instances, damage human health or safety.
C!'D
.unting reduces intraspecific
competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals.
-ome en"ironmentalists assert
Cwho?D
that (re)introducingpredators #ould achie"e the same end
#ith greater efficiency and less negati"e effect, such as introducing significant amounts of
free leadinto the en"ironment and food chain. .unters often disagree, arguing that hunting is
more selecti"e, remo"ing fe#er old, sick, or young animals than natural predation. (ldo
+eopold, an early en"ironmentalist and hunter, also belie"ed hunting could be used to manage
animal populations.
Management agencies sometimes rely on hunting to control specific animal populations, as has
been the case #ith deer in 6orth (merica. 0hese hunts may sometimes be carried out by
professional shooters although others may include amateur hunters. Many 9- city and local
go"ernments hire professional and amateur hunters each year to reduce populations of animals
such as deer that are becoming ha:ardous in a restricted area, such as neighbourhood parks
and metropolitan open spaces.
( large part of managing populations in"ol"es managing the number and, sometimes, the si:e
or age of animals har"ested so as to ensure the sustainability of the population. 0ools #hich are
fre>uently used to control har"est are bag limits and season closures, although gear restrictions
such as archery$only seasons are becoming increasingly popular in an effort to reduce hunter
success rates.
Ccitation neededD
-edit.Bag limits
Main article: Bag limits
Bag limits are pro"isions under the la# #hich control ho# many animals of a gi"en species or
group of species can be killed, although there are often species for #hich bag limits do not
apply. 0here are also jurisdictions #here bag limits are not applied at all, or are not applied
under certain circumstances. 0he phrase Jbag limitsJ comes from the custom among hunters of
small game to carry successful kills in a small basket, similar to a fishing creel.
,here bag limits are used there can be daily or seasonal bag limits for eAample, ducks can
often be har"ested at a rate of siA per hunter per day.
C!2D
Big game, like moose, most often ha"e
a seasonal bag limit of one animal per hunter.
C!8D
Bag limits may also regulate the si:e, seA, or
age of animal that a hunter can kill. In many cases, bag limits are designed to more e>uitably
allocate har"est among the hunting population rather than to protect animal populations.
-edit.7lsed and pen seasn
( closed season is a hunting term used to describe a time during #hich hunting an animal of a
gi"en species is contrary to la#. 0ypically, closed seasons are designed to protect a species
#hen they are most "ulnerable, or to protect them during their breeding season.
C!7D
By eAtension,
the period that is not the closed season is kno#n as the open season.
-edit.La2s
Illegal hunting and har"esting of #ild species contrary to local and
international conser"ation and #ildlife management la#s is termedpoaching. Liolations of
hunting la#s and regulations in"ol"ing poaching are normally punishable by la#.
-edit.Methds
6ati"e (mericans hunting bison, from an 1G88 illustration
.istorical, subsistence, and sport hunting techni>ues can differ radically, #ith modern hunting
regulations often addressing issues of #here, #hen, and ho# hunts are conducted. 0echni>ues
may "ary depending on go"ernment regulations, a hunter=s personal ethics, local custom,
hunting$e>uipment, and the animal being hunted. Eften a hunter #ill use a combination of more
than one techni>ue. +a#s may forbid sport hunters from using some methods used primarily in
poaching and #ildlife management.
Baiting is the use of decoys, lures, scent, or food
Battue in"ol"es beating animals into a killing$:one or ambush
Beagling is the use of beagles in hunting rabbits, and sometimes in hunting foAes
Beating uses beaters to flush out game and4or dri"e it into position
Blind hunting or stand hunting is #aiting for animals from a concealed or ele"ated
position
4alling is the use of animal noises to attract or dri"e animals
4amouflage is the use of "isual or odour concealment to blend #ith the en"ironment
'ogs may be used to course or to help flush, herd, dri"e, track, point at, pursue, or
retrie"e prey
'riving is the herding of animals in a particular direction, usually to#ard another hunter
in the group
+lushing is the practice of scaring animals from concealed areas
.lassing is the use of optics,such as binoculars, to more easily locate animals
.lue is an indiscriminate passi"e form to kill birds
C!FD
>nternet hunting is a method of hunting o"er the internet using #ebcams and remotely
controlled guns
3etting in"ol"es using nets, including acti"e netting #ith the use of cannon
nets and rocket nets
0ersistence hunting is the use of running and tracking to pursue the prey to eAhaustion.
C!GD
couting includes a "ariety of tasks and techni>ues for finding animals to hunt
olunar theory says that animals mo"e according to the location of the moon in
comparison to their bodies, and is said to ha"e been used long before this by hunters to
kno# this times that are best to hunt their desired game
C!HD
potlighting or shining is the use of artificial light to find or blind animals before killing
talking or still hunting is the practice of #alking >uietly in search of animals, or in
pursuit of an indi"idual animal
*racking is the practice of reading physical e"idence in pursuing animals
*rapping is the use of de"ices such as snares, pits, deadfalls to capture or kill an animal
-edit.Trphy hunting
Main article: *rophy hunting
1oyal +iechtenstein trophy collection at Zso" 5h[teau, the5:ech 1epublic
0rophy hunting is the selecti"e seeking of #ild game. It may also include the contro"ersial
hunting of capti"e or semi$capti"e animals eApressly bred and raised under controlled or semi$
controlled conditions so as to attain trophy characteristics this is sometimes kno#n as canned
hunts.
Ccitation neededD
-edit.&istry
In the 1Hth century, southern and central ?uropean sport hunters often pursued game only for
a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, #hich #as then displayed as a sign of pro#ess.
0he rest of the animal #as typically discarded. -ome cultures, ho#e"er, disappro"e of such
#aste. In 6ordic countries, hunting for trophies #asYand still isYfro#ned upon. .unting in
6orth (merica in the 1Hth century #as done primarily as a #ay to supplement food supplies,
although it is no# undertaken mainly for sport.
Ccitation neededD
0he safari method of hunting #as a
de"elopment of sport hunting that sa# elaborate tra"el in (frica, India and other places in
pursuit of trophies. In modern times trophy hunting persists, and is a significant industry in some
areas.
Ccitation neededD
-edit.7ntr*ersy
0rophy hunting is most often criticised #hen it in"ol"es rare or endangered animals.
C'%D
Epponents may also see trophy hunting as an issue of morality
C'1D
or animal cruelty, criticising
the killing of li"ing creatures for recreation. Lictorian era dramatist ,. -. Bilbert remarked,
J*eer$stalking #ould be a "ery fine sport if only the deer had gunsJ.
C'!D
0here is also debate about the eAtent to #hich trophy hunting benefits the local economy.
.unters argue that fees paid contribute to the local economy and pro"ide "alue to animals that
#ould other#ise be seen as competition for gra:ing, li"estock, and crops.
C''D
0his analysis is
disputed by opponents of trophy hunting.
C'2D
-ome argue that the animals are #orth more to the
community for ecotourism than hunting.
C'8D
-edit.(cnmics
5hatelherault, built by ,illiam (dam in 1F2' as the *uke of .amilton=s hunting lodge.
( "ariety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds.
In 0an:ania, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one$hundred times that of the
a"erage ecotourist. ,hile the a"erage photo tourist may seek luAury accommodation, the
a"erage safari hunter generally stays in tented camps. -afari hunters are also more likely to use
remote areas, unin"iting to the typical ecotourist. (d"ocates argue that these hunters allo# for
anti$poaching acti"ities and re"enue for local communities.
Ccitation neededD
In the 9nited Kingdom, the game hunting of birds as an industry is said to be eAtremely
important to the rural economy. 0he 5obham 1eport of 1HHF suggested it to be #orth around
\F%% million, and hunting and shooting lobby groups claimed it to be #orth o"er a billion pounds
less than ten years later.
Ccitation neededD
.unting also has a significant financial impact in the 9nited -tates, #ith many companies
specialising in hunting e>uipment or speciality tourism. 0oday=s hunters come from a broad
range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In !%%1, o"er thirteen million hunters
a"eraged eighteen days hunting, and spent o"er S!%.8 billion on their sport.
Ccitation neededD
In the 9-
proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including
preser"ation of #ildlife habitat.
-edit.7nser*atin
0he neutrality f this sectin is disputed. &lease see the discussion on the talk page.
&lease do not remo"e this message until the dispute is resol"ed. !5anuary #$$?&
0his section des nt cite any references r surces. &lease help impro"e this
section by adding citations to reliable sources. 9nsourced material may
be challenged and remo"ed. !5anuary #$$?&
0he eAamples and perspecti"e in this 9nited -tates and 5anada related section may
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Main articles: 4onservation !ethic& and 4onservation movement
0unishment of a Hunter (c172F) by&aulus &otter
.unters ha"e been dri"ing forces throughout history in the mo"ement to ensure long$term
sustainability of natural resources and #ildlife habitats. .unters established game parks
inMedie"al ?urope, such as the 6e# <orest, #ith often "iolent punishments for poaching. In
modern times, hunters ha"e founded some of the most significant #ildlife conser"ation
organisations, such as *ucks 9nlimited. .unters in industrialised nations generally comply
#ith bag limits to ensure the sustainability of #ildlife populations. Many contribute acti"ely to
preser"ing and protecting #ildlife habitats internationally, kno#ing from eAperience that
uncontrolled hunting can result in population crashes, such as in the 9- in the 1Hth century
#hen common #ild species that had been staple foodsYmost famously the passenger pigeon
Y#ere uneApectedly hunted toeAtinction.
.unters ha"e at times #orked closely #ith local and federal go"ernments to enact legislation to
protect #ildlife habitats. <or eAample, the Entario <ederation of (nglers and
.unters successfully lobbied to pre"ent cuts in funding for the 5ommunity <isheries and ,ildlife
In"ol"ement &rogram by fifty percent.
-edit.Pittman-'#ertsn 5ildlife 'estratin Act f >?@A
In 1H'F, hunters successfully lobbied 5ongress to pass the &ittman$1obertson ,ildlife
1estoration (ct, #hich placed an ele"en percent taA on all hunting e>uipment. 0his self$
imposed taA no# generates o"er SF%% million each year, and is used eAclusi"ely to establish,
restore and protect #ildlife habitats.
C'7D
0he act is named for 6e"ada -enator Key &ittman and
Lirginia 5ongressman (bsalom ,illis 1obertson.
-edit.Federal %uck ,tamp prgram
En 17 March 1H'2 &resident <ranklin *. 1oose"elt signed the Migratory Bird .unting -tamp
(ct, #hich re>uires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters o"er the age of siAteen. 0he
stamps are created on behalf of the program by the 9- &ostal -er"ice and depict #ildlife
art#ork chosen through an annual contest. 0hey play an important role in habitat
conser"ation because ninety$eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly to#ard
the purchase or lease of #etland habitat for protection in the 6ational ,ildlife 1efuge -ystem. In
addition to #aterfo#l, it is estimated that one third of the nation=s endangered species seek food
and shelter in areas protected using *uck -tamp funds.
-ince 1H'2, the sale of <ederal *uck -tamps has generated S7F% million, and helped to
purchase or lease 8,!%%,%%% acres (G,1!% s> mi !1,%%% km
!
) of habitat. 0he stamps ser"e as a
license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all 6ational ,ildlife 1efuge areas, and are
also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting
and birding communities. (lthough non$hunters buy a significant number of *uck -tamps,
eighty$se"en percent of their sales are contributed by hunters. *istribution of funds is managed
by the Migratory Bird 5onser"ation 5ommission (MB55).
C'FD
-edit.7nser*atin rganisatins
0here are a number of organisations founded by hunters and by those interested in preser"ing
#ildlife populations and habitats. Ene of the oldest and most #ell$kno#n organisations is *ucks
9nlimited. (nother internationally recognised hunters= conser"ation organisation is -afari 5lub
International.