Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Office: Rm. 5-26, Haking Wong Building • Phone: 2859-1973 • E-mail: kshih@hku.hk
1
Keeping sustainable water resources is to….
2
Major Problems of Water Environment
3
precipitation
4
Global Water Distribution
12900 m3/c.a (1970), 9000 m3/c.a (1990), 7000 m3/c.a (2000), 5100 m3/c.a (2025).
5100 m3/c.a would be enough to meet individual human needs, if it
distributes equally among the world's population.
5
The annual precipitation in Hong Kong is about 2169 mm.
Transport of Water
6
Engineering for Development: Aqueduct
“Aqueduct” is a water supply channel (conduit) constructed to convey water.
r
W ate
Purposes g
prin
• Irrigation S
• Drinking water
• Transportation
(More recent time,
such as canals)
City
• Early Time:
Time
Pont du Gard - “Bridge of the Gard (river)”. A 275 m
Earth or porous material
aqueduct constructed by the Roman Empire circa 19
BC. (World Heritage Site in 1985) • Modern time:
time
Concrete, polymers, or
impermeable soils
7
Hoover Dam
8
Dedicated aqueduct from Dongjiang intake to
Shenzhen Reservoir (since 2003)
9
Plover Cove Reservoir (1967)
Storage capacity 0.22973 km3
(229.73 Mm3)
10
Functional Components of Modern-Day Water Utility
11
Knowledge Applied in Water Resources Engineering
Hydrology
Sources and quantity of water
Hydraulic engineering
Design of wells, dams, reservoirs, transport, distribution systems
Management
Policies, administration
Economics
Cost evaluation, pricing
Water Treatment
12
Why We Need Water Treatment ?
Examples
• Domestic use:
Thoroughly disinfected, appreciate level of mineral ions
• Boiler use:
Very low mineral ions but may tolerate bacteria
13
Application Example:
Treating Well Water for Municipal Use
Application Example:
Treating Water for Industrial Use
External Treatment
Basic treatment for entire water supply
• Aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, etc.
Internal Treatment
Further modify properties for specific applications
• Addition of inhibitors to prevent corrosion
• Agents to prevent metal ions precipitation
• Disinfection for food processing
• Membrane filtration for electronic components fabrication
14
Disinfection Technique: Chlorination
15
Sewage (Wastewater)
Treatment
Oxygen-Demanding
Materials
Hazardous
Algal Nutrients
Metals
Viruses
Pathogenic
Bacteria
Pesticides
Municipal Oil
Grease Sewage
Scum
Salts
Refractory
Sediments Organics
16
Strategy of Sewage (Wastewater) Treatment
17
Primary Treatment
• Strategy:
Using aerobic biological processes. Microorganisms
provided with added oxygen to degrade organic matters in
water, in order to reduce organic matters (also BOD) to
acceptable levels.
18
Secondary Treatment (2)
- Trickling Filter
Wastewater is sprayed over hard solid
support covered with microorganisms, and
is exposed to air.
- Activated Sludge
Add dissolved oxygen to
promote the growth of
microorganisms on suspended
sludge that substantially
removes organic matters. The
process create large surface
area for reaction, but will need to
settle and treat the sludge
particles during the process.
19
Tertiary Treatment
• Further remove:
- Dissolved small organic compounds (potential toxicity)
- Dissolved inorganic materials (algal nutrients, nitrates,
phosphates, hazardous metals)
Technology Outlook:
Membrane Filtration for Water
Recycling
20
Membrane Filtration
Advantages:
High treatment efficiency, stable system, compact facility (low capital cost)
Disadvantages:
Energy consumption (high operational cost), cost of membranes*
* Largely decreased recently but is still a major cost for good membranes
21
Orange County Water District’s Reclaimed Water
[2:25]
Water Factory – 21
One of the best known projects of the Orange
County Water District (OCWD), located along
the Southern California coast between Los
Angeles and San Diego.
Water Reuse
Most difficult is on the controversy swirling around the "Toilet to
Tap" idea, which appears to offend the sensibilities.
22
The Role of Engineered Treatment, Reclamation, and
Reuse Facilities in The Cycling of Water
23
Got Safe Water to Drink ?
pH
Acidic Neutral Basic
pH2.5 pH2.5
0.1 M of CH3COOH(aq) 0.003 M of HCl(aq)
[CH3COOH] = 10-4.75
pH4 pH11
24
It Is NOT Just Water !!
Engineer’s TOOLBOX…
25
Henry’s Constant
Henry’s Law:
[Dissolved Gas]
[Dissolved Gas] = KH Pg William Henry (1775-1836),
an English chemist.
26
Ammonia Stripping – An example of removing
volatile organic chemicals from water
Q: Wastewater is contaminated by ammonia
[NH3] and ammonium [NH4+] ions with a total
concentration of 7.1 × 10-4 M. You are given
the equilibrium condition between these two
species:
NH4+ = NH3 + H+ Ka = 5.5×10-10
Dr. Shih’
Shih’s Catch & Treat Lab.
Henry’s Law:
[NH3] = KH Pg
← Inject Air
Pg of NH3(g)
= 5 × 10-10 atm
AFTER START
Total NH3(aq) : Total NH3(aq) :
[NH3] + [NH4+] [NH3] + [NH4+]
=?M = 7.1 × 10-4 M
27
ANS:
o Due to:
(1) In person
September 7, 14, 21, 28 (Mondays) 5-7pm at Haking Wong Building
Room 5-26
Kaimin Shih
(PhD, Stanford University)
Office: Rm. 5-26, Haking Wong Building • Phone: 2859-1973 • E-mail: kshih@hku.hk
28