A SEMINAR REPORT ON

CENTRIFUGAL CASTING PROCESS

Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the award of
Bachelor Of Mechanical Engineering of University of Pune Pune!
"y
Mr. AARE SAPNIL S.
E#am seat No$ "%%&'(')
*EPARTMENT O+ ME,-ANI,A. EN/INEERIN/
AISSMS0S ,O..E/E O+ EN/INEERIN/
1ENNE*2 ROA* NEAR R!T!O!
PUNE3)&&''&
2EAR %''43')
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled Centrifugal Casting Process submitted
by Aware Swapnil S. Exam seat no: B2210804 for the partial fulfillment for the
award of deree of Bachelor of !echanical Enineerin of "ni#ersity of $une% $une
is appro#ed&
Prof. U.P. Nag!"r#ar$ Prof. %.N. Pha&#"le
/uide -ead of *epartment
Me5hani5al En6ineerin6 *ept! Me5hani5al En6ineerin6 *ept!
E'a(iner)777777777777777777
AC*NOLE+GEMENT
I wish to than8 Prof! U!P! Na6pur8ar for allowin6 me to 5arry out this seminar on
9,entrifu6al ,astin6 Pro5ess:!
I ta8e this opportunity to e#press my deepest 6ratitude to Prof! ;!N!
Phad8ule -ead of Me5hani5al En6ineerin6 *epartment and all the tea5hin6 and
non3tea5hin6 staff of Me5hani5al *epartment whose 5onsistent help made me to
5omplete this wor8!
This wor8 is the fruit of all those who helped me to 5omplete the seminar!
Mr. A,are S,a!nil S.
ABSTRACT
,entrifu6al 5astin6 pro5ess is a sub<e5t whi5h is emer6in6 in the present foundries! The
reason for this seminar bein6 5hosen is to 6et theoreti5al 8nowled6e of 5entrifu6al 5astin6
pro5ess and ma5hines!
In this seminar all 5entrifu6al 5astin6 methods pro5esses and the ma5hines bein6
used are dis5ussed! An installation desi6n different types of molds and pourin6 pro5ess
are also studied! This sub<e5t is be5omin6 very popular in the 5astin6 of pressure
5ontrollin6 parts su5h as valves and a5tuators!
CONTENTS
T'T(E $)*E+
& Title $ae '
% ,ertificate ''
4 )c-nowledement '''
) )bstract '.
= ,ontents .
&!' Introdu5tion '&3'4
&!& ,entrifu6al 5astin6 ;s for6in6 and stati5 5astin6
&!% ,entrifu6al 5astin6 pro5ess
&!4 Shrin8a6es
%!' Methods of 5entrifu6al 5astin6 ')3'=
%!& True 5entrifu6al 5astin6
%!% Semi 5entrifu6al 5astin6
%!4 ,entrifu6e or pressure 5astin6
4!' Types of ma5hines '>3'?
4!& -ori@ontal a#is 5astin6 ma5hines
4!% ;erti5al a#is 5astin6 ma5hines
)!' Installation desi6ns '(3'A
)!& Introdu5tion
)!% ;erti5al 5astin6 ma5hines installation
)!4 -ori@ontal 5astin6 ma5hines installations
=!' Molds &'3&&
=!& Molds types
=!% E#pandable molds
=!4 Permanent molds
=!) Mold pretreatments
>!' Pourin6 &%3&)
>!& Pourin6 temperatures
>!% Rainin6
>!4 Pourin6 eBuipments
>!) Pourin6 rates
>!= ,astin6 removal
?!' ,on5lusion &=
Referen5es &>

-.. INTRO+UCTION
,astin6 is the pro5ess whereby liBuid or molten material is poured into a mold
and permitted to solidify! The mold and 5astin6 are separated from ea5h other! Molds are
freBuently made of sand or other 5erami5 materials althou6h they may also be made of
metal or 5arbon C6raphiteD! The latter type of mold whether metal or 6raphite is
referred to as 9permanent mold: be5ause it is reusable for ma8in6 a lar6e number of
5astin6s! ,erami5 or sand molds by 5ontrast produ5e only one 5ast of metal and are
then destroyedE new molds must be made for ea5h 5y5le of 5astin6!
-.- CENTRIFUGAL CASTING %/. FORGING AN+ STATIC CASTING
The fa5ilities reBuired for 5entrifu6al 5astin6 are not elaborate but somewhat more
e#pensive than those reBuired for stati5 5astin6! -owever the smaller floor spa5e
reBuirements of 5entrifu6al 5astin6 may offset its 6reater initial e#pense!
Most 5entrifu6al foundries have 5omplete testin6 fa5ilities to meet 5ustomers hi6h
Buality demands! On the avera6e initial eBuipment investment is hi6hest for for6in6 and
for e#truded material and lowest for stati5 sand 5astin6 with 5entrifu6al lyin6 between
5ompetin6 with both!
-.0 CENTRIFUGAL CASTING PROCESS.
The pro5ess for 5entrifu6al 5astin6 differs from stati5 5astin6 in that the mold
itself is spinnin6 durin6 the time the 5astin6 is solidifyin6! ,entrifu6al 5astin6s are
usually poured while the mold is spinnin6E however for 5ertain appli5ations parti5ularly
in the 5ase of a verti5al 5astin6 it is sometimes preferable that the mold be stationary
when pourin6 be6ins! The ma5hine then a55elerates the speed of rotatin6 mold either
durin6 the fillin6 of mold or after 5ompletion of pourin6! In other 5ases su5h as
hori@ontal 5entrifu6al 5astin6 it is often desirable to have the mold rotatin6 at a lower
speed!
,entrifu6al ,astin6s are produ5ed by pourin6 molten metal into a mold that is bein6
rotated or revolved! Molten metal is poured into the spinnin6 mold 5avity and the metal
is held a6ainst the wall of the mold by 5entrifu6al for5e! The speed of the rotation and
metal pourin6 rate vary with the alloy and si@e and shape bein6 5ast!
Speed pourin6 is followed by rapid a55eleration to a hi6her speed durin6 the
solidifi5ation period! The appli5ation of 5entrifu6al for5e to a metal as it solidifies 5an be
used to a5hieve a dense sound 5astin6!
-.1 S2RIN*AGE
Most metals and alloys when 5han6in6 from the liBuid to the solid state under6o
a redu5tion in volume referred to as 9solidifi5ation shrin8a6e:! The e#tent of this
shrin8a6e is often Buite si6nifi5ant usually mountin6 to = F or more! Unless pre5autions
are ta8en in the produ5tion of 5astin6 this type of shrin8a6e 5an manifest itself either as
lo5ali@ed or distributed 5avities inside the solidified 5astin6!
Unless the mold 5avity is initially made lar6er than the si@e of the spe5ified
finished 5astin6 the part will be undersi@e! Thus an allowan5e must be made for the
5ontra5tion of the 5astin6 after is has solidified and subseBuently 5ools to room
temperature! This is 8nown as the 9pattern allowan5e: or 9 patternma8er0s shrin8a6e
allowan5e and depends on pattern 6eometry metal 5ast and method of 5astin6!
-.3 CENRIFUGAL CASTING
The basi5 pro5ess is
&! a mold is set up and rotated alon6 a verti5al or hori@ontal C%''3&''' rpm is
reasonable D a#is!
%! The mold is 5oated with a refra5tory 5oatin6!
4! Ghile rotatin6 molten metal is poured in!
)! The metal that is poured in will then distribute itself over the rotatin6 wall!
=! *urin6 5oolin6 lower density impurities will tend to rise towards the 5enter of
rotation!
>! After the part has solidified it is removed and finished!
Type metals 5ast are
> Steel
? Ni58el alloys
( ,opper
A Aluminum
Typi5al appli5ation are
&' Train wheels
&& Hewelry
&% Seamless pressure tubesIpipes
Advanta6es
&4 /ood uniform metal properties
&) No spru5esI6ates to remove
&= The outside of the 5astin6 is at reBuired dimensions!
&> .ower material usa6e!
&? No partin6 lines
&( .ow s5rap rates
*isadvanta6es
&A E#tra eBuipment needed to spin mold
%' The inner metal of the part 5ontains impurities!
0.. MET2O+ OF CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
There are to basi5 5lasses of 5entrifu6al 5astin6 ma5hines$ ;erti5al and hori@ontalE
These terms are related to the position of the rotation a#is of the ma5hines!
There are three methods for the utili@ation of 5entrifu6al for5e for 5astin6! All are
referred to as 95entrifu6al 5astin600 thou6h more spe5ifi5ally we 5an distin6uish between
them as follows!
0.- MET2O+ I4 TRUE CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
Ghere no 5ore is used essentially all of the heat is e#tra5ted from the molten
metal throu6h the outer mold wall! The poor thermal 5ondu5tivity of the air in 5onta5t
with the internal diameter results in little heat loss from this dire5tion! Thus we obtain
perfe5t dire5tion solidifi5ation from the outside inward and 6rain 6rowth is typi5ally
5olumnar! "e5ause of favorable thermal 6radients in addition to the outward 5entrifu6al
for5e a5tin6 upon the molten ea5h su55essive in5rement of metal to solidity is fed by the
residual liBuid metal in 5onta5t with it until solidifi5ation is 5omplete! Under proper
5onditions shrin8a6e porosity is non3e#tent!
This type of 5astin6 is 9true 5entrifu6al 5astin6:! Perfe5t dire5tional solidifi5ation
e#ists with little or no effort on the part of the operator! It is due to the 5onformation of
the mold! True dire5tional solidifi5ation usually e#ists in all 5ylindri5al 5astin6s!
0.0 MET2O+ II4 SEMI4CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
This is very similar to Method IE however due to the irre6ular 5ontour of the
internal bore it is ne5essary to use a 5ore! Solidifi5ation o55urs in both in ward and
outward dire5tion with the 5onseBuent problem of 5enterline soundness! +eedin6
however is enhan5ed by 5entrifu6al for5e and is eBuivalent to the use of very hi6h risers!
/ates of various types may be used some of whi5h serve as a riser and others for the
dire5tional f metal into mold 5avity! Method II is adaptable to a wide variety of 5ast parts
su5h as <aw 5lut5hes sheaves 6ear blan8s 5asin6 heads and flan6es!
,entrifu6al 5astin6 is also used for the produ5tion of another type of 5asin6 one
whi5h has very thin metal se5tion! Su5h 5astin6 would be very diffi5ult to pour stati5ally
be5ause the molten mi6ht solidify before 5ompletely fillin6 the mold 5avity! The molten
metal would not run into the very thin 5astin6 se5tionsE thus the 5astin6 would not be
5omplete! "y usin6 5entrifu6al for5e in pourin6 the metal into the spinnin6 mold the
additional for5e added to the normal stati5 pressure head 5auses the metal to flow into the
thin or narrow 5astin6 se5tion!
0.1 MET2O+ III4 CENTRIFUGE$ OR PRESSURE CASTING
In this method Cusually done verti5ally but sometimes hori@ontallyD there is a
5entral spru5e at the a#is of rotation of the mold! Mold 5avities are 5lustered about the
5entral spru5e in a symmetri5al array ea5h 5onne5ted to the spru5e by one or more radial
6ates! Sin5e 5onditions are not desi6ned to promote ideal dire5tional solidifi5ation it is
ne5essary to apply s8ill and in6enuity in 6atin6 so as to promote solidifi5ation from
remote points of the 5astin6 towards the 6ate Cwhi5h also a5ts as the riserD! Usually only
small 5astin6s su5h as union valve bodies 6ates plu6s and intri5ate parts are 5ast by this
method!
1.. T5PES OF MAC2INES
1.- INTRO+UCTION
There are various types of 5astin6 ma5hines used to produ5e 5entrifu6al 5astin6s$
hori@ontal a#is ma5hines verti5al a#is ma5hines and fa5e3plate ma5hines! True
5entrifu6al 5astin6s may be produ5ed in either verti5al or hori@ontal a#is 5astin6
ma5hines!
1.0 T5PES OF CENTRIFUGAL CASTING MAC2INES
*ifferent types of ,entrifu6al 5astin6 ma5hines are $
%& -ori@ontal a#is 5astin6 ma5hines!
%% ;erti5al a#is 5astin6 ma5hines!
%4 ;erti5al Roll ma5hines!
%) ;a5uum Ma5hines!
%= "abbittin6 ma5hines!
%> +a5e plate 5astin6 ma5hines!
%? In5lined a#is 5astin6 ma5hines!
%( Over and Under 5astin6 ma5hines!
The most 5ommonly used 5astin6 ma5hines are dis5ussed below $
1.0.- 2ORI6ONTAL A7IS CASTING MAC2INES
+or true 5entrifu6al 5astin6 we assume that it is essentially a tube or 5ylinder with the
bore 5on5entri5 to the outside diameter! It is possible for the tube or 5ylinder to have
various diameters on the outside but it must have a uniform diameter on the inside! In
other words the inside diameter of the tube must be a 5ylinder! As a rule of thumb one
ordinarily uses a verti5al ma5hine to ma8e 5astin6s whose len6th is less than two times its
inside diameter! If the len6th is more than two times the inside diameter the 5astin6 is
usually made in a hori@ontal ma5hine!
In the 5ase of hori@ontal trunnion ma5hines the mold itself is mounted on the
trunnions! If the mold is ma5hined with the inside diameter of the mold 5on5entri5 with
the outside diameter of the mold the 5astin6s produ5ed will always be absolutely
5on5entri5 with the mold! The wall se5tion is the same throu6hout the 5ir5umferen5e of
the 5astin6! It is usual to use hori@ontal ma5hines to produ5e 5astin6s havin6 a true
5ylinder as the inside diameter!
1.0.0 %ERTICAL A7IS CASTING MAC2INES
;erti5al 5entrifu6al 5astin6 ma5hines are made in many different si@es 5apable of
handlin6 loads up to at least =' tons! -ori@ontal 5entrifu6al ma5hines are also 5apable of
handlin6 loads in this ran6e or 6reater! There appears to be no limitation as to the wei6ht
or si@e of 5astin6s that 5an be produ5ed 5entrifu6ally! The same basi5 5riteria e#ist for
small 5astin6s as for lar6e 5astin6s! A55ordin6ly the verti5al 5astin6 ma5hines are made
in several 5onfi6urations! Some of them are mounted on the floor and are readily
portable while others for produ5in6 heavier 5astin6s are mounted below floor level in
heavy 5on5rete foundations! ;arious types of 6uards are used about the ma5hines to
prote5t the wor8men from the possibility of any flyin6 molten metal!
"asi5ally a verti5al ma5hine is one havin6 spindle or shaft with a set of bearin6s driven
at one end by some type of motor and havin6 a fa5e3 plate or table at the other end! In
5ase of a true verti5al 5entrifu6al 5astin6 there will be some verti5al taper on the inside
surfa5e of the 5astin6 due to the earth0s 6ravitational for5e! At the speed normally used
for the rotation of the mold the amount of this taper is 6enerally &I( in5h C4mmD per foot!
This small amount of taper is usually imper5eptible unless the len6th of the 5astin6 is
6reat! +or this reason there is a pra5ti5al limitation on the hei6ht of 5astin6s made in
verti5al ma5hines!
3.. INSTALLATION +ESIGNS
3.- INTRO+UCTION
All 5entrifu6al 5astin6 ma5hines reBuire a relatively heavy firm foundation! It is hi6hly
desirable that the mold be perfe5tly dynami5ally balan5ed! -owever as a pra5ti5al
matter it is not possible to have perfe5tly balan5ed mold on a ma5hine! The 5astin6
ma5hines are desi6ned to a55ept a relatively lar6e amount of imbalan5e in the molds and
even in the 5astin6! The ma5hines are mounted on heavy bases usually of steel or 5ast
iron and then on very heavy 5on5rete foundations! Sometimes small verti5al or
hori@ontal ma5hines are mounted on a stru5tural steel base whi5h 5an then be bolted
down so as to allow the ma5hine to be moved from one pla5e to another for e#perimental
or varied wor8!
3.0.- %ERTICAL CASTING MAC2INE INSTALLATION
;erti5al 5entrifu6al 5astin6 ma5hines are 6enerally mounted in a 5on5rete pit with the
table of the ma5hine at floor level! In some 5ases parti5ularly with the lar6e verti5al
ma5hines the table is lo5ated below floor level! Ghen the table is lo5ated below floor
level the top of the mold will also be below the floor level!
3.0.0 GUAR+S
This 5onfi6uration utili@es the pit itself as 6uard for prote5tion from flyin6 molten metal
et5! -owever for smaller ma5hines it is 5onvenient for the table to be lo5ated at floor
level so that molds 5an be easily pla5ed on or removed from the ma5hine! In this 5ase a
6uard surroundin6 the ma5hine would be used durin6 the pourin6 operation!
;arious types of 6uards are available! Some raise themselves up and rotate so as to
present an area of the ma5hine table to the wor8men for mold removal and repla5ement!
In other 5ases a simple bail3type 6uard is used and is later removed by means of a 5rane
or hoist!
3.1.- 2ORI6ONTAL CASTING MAC2INE INSTALLATION
-ori@ontal 5entrifu6al 5astin6 ma5hines are usually mounted at floor levelE sometimes
sli6htly lower! The elevation above floor is determined by the need for easy a55essibility!
The 5enterline of a ma5hine should be elevated or lowered dependin6 upon the ease of
pourin6 atta5hin6 and removin6 end plates mold preparation and 5astin6 removal! Pipe
ma5hines are 6enerally lo5ated somewhat above floor level so that the 5enter of rotation
of the mold is at a 5onvenient hei6ht for the operator to pla5e the bell 5ores in one end of
the mold! In most 5ases a permanent mold has to be internally 5oated with mold 5oatin6!
This 5an be performed more 5onveniently if the mold 5enterline is lo5ated above floor
level!
3.1.0 GUAR+S
+rom a safety standpoint it is desirable for the ma5hine to be en5losed to prote5t the
wor8ers parti5ularly durin6 the pourin6 operation ! It is possible for a run3out to o55ur
from one or both ends of spinnin6 mold whi5h would 5ause a pinwheel of molten metal
to be e<e5ted from the end of the mold! A suitable 6uard is Buite important!
The 6uards are made of steel! Some have a hin6ed top so that the molds 5an be
readily removed and repla5ed! In other 5ases the entire 6uard is lifted off the ma5hine to
repla5e the mold! +or very small ma5hines it is usually possible to remove the mold from
under the 6uard without removin6 the 6uard from its normal position!
8.. MOL+S
8.- MOL+ T5PES
Two 5ate6ories of molds are used in 5entrifu6al 5astin6 $ e#pendable molds and
permanent molds! Ea5h will be 5onsidered in more detail below!
8.- E7PEN+ABLE MOL+S
The e#pendable molds are usually made of sand 5erami5 or plaster! Gith su5h
materials it is ne5essary to 5ompletely destroy the mold to remove the 5astin6! The
methods for produ5in6 su5h molds for 5entrifu6al 5astin6 are very similar to those used in
ordinary stati5 sand 5astin6 or in the 9lost wa# pro5ess:!
In 5entrifu6al 5astin6 e#pendable molds find only limited use! They are primarily used
when a very slow rate of 5oolin6 is reBuired for metallur6i5al reasons or be5ause the
5astin6 is so lar6e that a permanent mold would not be e5onomi5ally <ustified! This type
of moldin6 method is Buite popular for the produ5tion of lar6e tubular produ5ts su5h as
stern tube bearin6 and ship shaft liners!
,urrent 5entrifu6al pra5ti5e is to produ5e everythin6 possible in a permanent mold of one
type or another! -owever there are spe5iali@ed 5ases where the use of permanent molds
is not feasible! These in5lude desi6ns 5onfi6urations where the 5astin6 5annot be
e#tra5ted from a permanent mold due to ba58 drafts or protuberan5es or simply where
produ5tion reBuirements are very small! A55ordin6ly it would not be e5onomi5al or
possible to produ5e the 5astin6 in a permanent mold! In su5h 5ases sand3lines molds are
used!
The material for the mold 5an be sili5ate3,'% sand dry sand 5hamotte or any type of
fairly stron6 5erami5 mold material! No spe5ial reBuirements are ne5essary for these
materials for use in 5entrifu6al 5astin6 it is almost imperative that a suitable mold wash
be applied to all surfa5e that 5ome into 5onta5t with the molten metal in order to redu5e
mold erosion! E#5lusive mold erosion does not usually o55urs be5ause the speed of
rotation are 6enerally rather low when produ5in6 5entrifu6al 5astin6s in sand!
8.0 PERMANENT MOL+S
A permanent mold is one mode of metal or 6raphite and 5an be used repeatedly for the
produ5tion of many 5astin6 of the same form! Permanent molds are divided into two
rou6h 5lassifi5ation vi@ molds made 6raphite or 5arbon and molds of metal as steel 5ast
iron or 5opper!
8.1 MOL+ PRE4TREATMENT
After a mold has been made it reBuires a pre3treatment pro5ess before bein6 put into
servi5e! The pre3treatment reBuires that the mold be heated to a temperature of from %''
to 4'' +IA4 to &)A ,! The inside of the mold is then swabbed with a saturated solution of
ammonium persulfate or other mild et5hant! This will very sli6htly et5h the inside of the
mold as well as 5lean the mold of all oil or 6rease! Sometimes the inside of the mold is
li6htly blast35lean to provide li6htly rou6h finish! After the treatment the mold should be
5leaned thorou6hly with fresh water!
The purpose of this pre3treatment is to remove all oil or 6rease that may be on the mold
as well as to sli6htly rou6hen the mold surfa5e! This will permit the mold wash that will
be used to have better adheren5e to the mold! This treatment need not be performed ea5h
time the mold is put in servi5e but only on a few mold or on a mold whi5h has in some
way a55umulated oil or 6rease on the inside diameter!

9.. POURING
9.- POURING TEMPERATURES
Althou6h some emphasis has been pla5ed on the importan5e of the a5tual pourin6
temperature it is not most important fa5tor when produ5in6 a 5entrifu6al 5astin6! The
speed of rotation and the te5hniBue of introdu5in6 molten metal into the spinnin6 molds
are of eBual if not 6reater importan5e! Nevertheless a few thin6s re6ardin6 temperature
should be mentioned here!
Ghen pourin6 metal 5astin6 in permanent molds either stati5ally or 5entrifu6ally in most
5ases the metal pourin6 temperatures are e#a5tly the same -owever in a few 5ases it is
ne5essary to pour 5entrifu6al 5astin6 at a hi6her or lower temperature than that used
for stati5 5astin6 !"e5ause of the fa5t that the mold is spinnin6 durin6 the 5entrifu6al
5astin6 pro5ess the molten metal is supplied with additional velo5ity over that whi5h
e#ists durin6 the stati5 5astin6 pro5ess! The result is that the metal has more mobility and
additional 8ineti5 ener6y! At the same time it is possible for the metal to be5ome super3
5ooled when pourin6 into permanent molds! This a55ount for the fa5t that 5entrifu6al
5astin6 5an in many 5ases be poured at lower metal temperature than stati5 5astin6!
9.0 RAINING
Rainin6 is harmful and 5an be 5aused by molten metal bein6 poured at too hi6h a
temperature! It is very detrimental to the produ5tion of 5entrifu6al 5astin6 as it 5auses
o#idation of the metal and is very li8ely to 5ause the formation of 5old shuts laps or
other types of similar defe5ts on the outside diameter of the 5entrifu6al tube!
E#5ept in very spe5iali@ed 5ases su5h as the *e .avaud pro5ess the metal is
introdu5ed at one end of the mold and 5aused to flow by 5entrifu6al a5tion throu6hout the
mold len6th! If the spinnin6 speed is adeBuate and if the fluidity of the molten metal is
satisfa5tory the metal will distribute itself uniformly in se5tion throu6hout the mold
before solidifi5ation!
If the temperature of the molten metal is too hi6h or if the fluidity of the molten metal is
too 6reat the metal will not readily a55elerate to the speed of the mold! In a hori@ontally
spinnin6 mold it will not have suffi5ient rotational velo5ity! The for5e of 6ravity will
tend to ma8e part of the metal fall from the top of the mold down into the body of the
metal at the bottom of the mold ! This phenomenon in 5entrifu6al 5astin6 is 5alled
9rainin6 :!
If rainin6 o55urs several 5orre5tional measures 5an be ta8en dependin6 on whi5h effe5t
is 5ausin6 the rainin6 !It is possible that the fluidity is too hi6h whi5h 5ould be 5aused by
the metal bein6 at an e#5essively hi6h temperature! Therefore redu5tion in the
temperature of the metal would be advisable! The mold 5oatin6 mi6ht be too smooth in
whi5h 5ase a rou6her mold 5oatin6 5ould be applied! This would permit the metal to 6ain
velo5ity more readily be5ause of the in5reased fri5tion between the molten metal and the
spinnin6 mold! The speed of rotation 5ould be in5reases whi5h would tend to assist the
metal rea5hin6 a hi6her spinnin6 speed more Bui58ly be5ause of the in5reased fri5tion
effe5t!
9.1 POURING E:UIPMENT
Ghen pourin6 into either a hori@ontally or verti5ally spinnin6 mold the metal should be
introdu5ed so that it has initial velo5ity in the dire5tion of the molds rotation! This 5an be
done fairly easily by utili@in6 a ri6ht 3an6le no@@le spout in the runner pot! The spout
effe5tively diverts the flow of the molten mental from a dire5tion in line with the a#is of
rotation to one at nearly A' de6rees to the a#is of rotation! "y utili@in6 this re3dire5ted
flow and the for5e of 6ravity the flowin6 mental 5an be diverted to impin6e upon the
mold in a dire5tion 5loser to that of the dire5tion 5loser to that of the dire5tion of rotation!
Sin5e the initial velo5ity of the molten metal is appre5iable it 5an more readily be
a55elerated to the spinnin6 speed of the mold and therefore inhibit slippa6e and mold
erosion!
Ghen the initial molten metal is introdu5ed into the mold it should enter the mold
Bui58ly and more or less as mass in one lo5ation! The 5entrifu6al for5e will drive! the
molten metal lon6itudinally 5ausin6 it to flow down the len6th of the mold and form a
tube! Ghen this o55urs there will be an absen5e of 5old shuts and the metal will flow
smoothly from the pourin6 end of the mold to the far end of the mold!
9.3 POURING RATES
Pourin6 rates for 5entrifu6al 5astin6s are 6enerally appre5iably hi6her than those used in
stati5 5astin6! It is found that for heavy 5astin6 wei6hin6 )'' 86 or more pourin6 rates
from )'' to ('' 86 or less a pourin6 rate of only ( 86 per se5ond 5an be obtained! This is
be5ause is pra5ti5ally impossible to have a hi6her pourin6 rate for a small Buantity of
metal! A )' 86 5astin6 should be poured in about = se5onds!
9.8 CASTING REMO%AL
,astin6 5an be removed from metal molds by usin6 a lon6 bar with a flan6e at the far
end! The bar is inserted into the bore of the 5astin6 hoo8s onto the end and pulls the
5astin6 out of the mold! In some 5ases it may be ne5essary to use a hydrauli5 ram to
for5e the 5astin6 out of the mold! -owever this is only ne5essary if an in5orre5t type of
mold 5oatin6 is used that does not permit an easy release of the 5astin6 from the mold!
/enerally the 5astin6s are very free and 5an be easily removed from the mold!
;arious types of pullin6 ton6s 5an be used for 5astin6 removal and 5an be operated either
me5hani5ally or pneumati5ally! These ton6s are inserted into one end of the bore of the
5astin6 and 5lamped a6ainst the inside diameter of the pipe! This permits the pipe or tube
to be readily removed from the mold! +or the smaller si@es the 5astin6 removal devi5e is
similar to a reverse i5e ton6 and 5an be used by an operator to pull the 5astin6 out of the
mold very easily by hand! This 5astin6 removal devi5e 5an also used to 5arry the 5astin6
a short distan5e to put it in a tool bo# or into stora6e!
;. CONCLUSION
The parameters in this report are introdu5ed and dis5ussed to 6et a brief and 9to the
point: behaviors of 5entrifu6al 5astin6 ma5hines J 5entrifu6al 5astin6 pro5ess!
As the whole industrial @one is swit5hin6 towards sili5on wave of automation it is but
essential to wor8 for the 5ore te5hnolo6i5al issues in me5hani5al industries!
Now onwards power se5tor will have a tremendous demand and responsibility so
industries li8e ON/, "-E. and others who are in the manufa5turin6 of produ5ts su5h
as valves a5tuators have adopted this 5entrifu6al 5astin6 te5hnolo6y!
There are further details to study as this 6ives the e#planation in brief!
REFERENCES
%A ,lavert E!*! ,entrifu6al 5astin6 pro5ess "ureau of mines publi5ations
Pittsbur6!
4' Nathan Han5o ,entrifu6al ,astin6 Ameri5an +oundry man0s So5iety In5!
4& P!,!Sharma Produ5tion Te5hnolo6y S!,hand and 5ompany .td! Ramna6ar New
*elhi!