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What is “climate”?
"Climatology for Bozeman MT
Lat=45.5N L at 5 5 on=111.1W Elevation=4467 feet
Number of years available from 1961 to 1990: 30
Maximum temperature 1961 to 1990: 103 F
Minimum temperature 1961 to 1990: -46 F
Mean Annual Precipitation: 14.7 inches
Mean Annual Snowfall: 44.4 inches"
What is “climate”?
"Climatology for Bozeman MT
Lat=45.5N L at 5 5 on=111.1W Elevation=4467 feet
Number of years available from 1961 to 1990: 30
Maximum temperature 1961 to 1990: 103 F
Minimum temperature 1961 to 1990: -46 F
Mean Annual Precipitation: 14.7 inches
Mean Annual Snowfall: 44.4 inches"
What is “climate”?
"Climatology for Bozeman MT
Lat=45.5N L at 5 5 on=111.1W Elevation=4467 feet
Number of years available from 1961 to 1990: 30
Maximum temperature 1961 to 1990: 103 F
Minimum temperature 1961 to 1990: -46 F
Mean Annual Precipitation: 14.7 inches
Mean Annual Snowfall: 44.4 inches"
What is climate? Climatology for Bozeman MT Lat=45.5N Lon=111.1W Elevation=4467 feet at 5 5 o e at o 6 eet Number of years available from 1961 to 1990: 30 Maximum temperature 1961 to 1990: 103 F Minimum temperature 1961 to 1990: -46 F Mean Annual Precipitation: 14.7 inches Mean Annual Snowfall: 44 4 inches Mean Annual Snowfall: 44.4 inches 1 http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/cgi- bin/USclimate/city.pl?state=MT&lane=fast&itypea=1&loc.x=237&loc.y=199&.cgifields=itypea 3. Reading Weather Maps 2 http://www.montana.edu/mcwethy/ERTH303/ 3. Reading Weather Maps 3 http://www.opc.ncep.noaa.gov 3. Reading Weather Maps station data 4 http://www.montana.edu/mcwethy/ERTH303/ 3. Reading Weather Maps station data Sky Conditions: Weather: 5 3. Reading Weather Maps station data Wind: Pressure Trend: 6 3. Reading Weather Maps 7 http://www.opc.ncep.noaa.gov/UA/USA.gif Weather and Climate News Does it feel unusually cold? National Water and Climate Center National Water and Climate Center temperature precipitation snow 8 Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere (ERTH 303, 3 September, 2009) 1. Composition a. The atmosphere b. Permanent gases c. Variable gases 2. Vertical Structure a. Temperature b. Electrical properties c. Function 9 1. Composition of the Atmosphere 100 km 12 km thunder heads Where does Earths atmosphere end? 12 km thunder heads Where does Earth s atmosphere end? 100 km 99.99997% 10 2% of Earths thickness Photo from NASA: http://eobadmin.gsfc.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17542 1. Composition components cycle Physical Processes: i n p r a t e Physical Processes: chemical reactions volcanic eruptions p u t
r a t e o u t p u t
r Biological Processes: photosynthesis p y respiration human activity 11 Photo from NASA: http://eobadmin.gsfc.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17542 1. Composition (and some structure) Permanent Gases (homosphere: 0-80 km alt.) 12 Aguado and Burt, Table 1-2. 1. Composition (and some structure) Variable Gases Methane CH 4 0.00017 76.01 Low abundance, but very important 13 Aguado and Burt, Table 1-3, with Methane added. 1. Composition Water Vapor Gas molecules (not liquid), source for cloud formation Radiative forcing = ++ Created by evaporation Removed by precipitation Residence time = 10 days water vapor clouds 14 http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/GOES/goeseastconuswv.html - 1 September, 2008 1. Composition Carbon Dioxide Radiative forcing = + Input: respiration, i d l i organic decay, volcanic eruptions, anthropogenic activity Uptake: photosynthesis Residence time = 150 yr From the Mauna Loa Observatory: http://www.mlo.noaa.gov/home.html 1. Composition Methane Radiative Forcing = + Input: wetlands, termites, th i ti it anthropogenic activity Uptake: soils, Atmosphere Atmosphere Residence time = 10 yr 10 yr http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/iadv/ 1. Composition Ozone Radiative Forcing = + g (nearby), (up high) Input: chemical Input: chemical reactions involving ultraviolet radiation ultraviolet radiation Destroyed via chlorine containing chlorine-containing compounds - chlorofluorocarbons chlorofluorocarbons http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/gooduphigh/ 18 1. Composition Ozone-depleting chemicals: 100 yr lifetime (effective equivalent chlorine EECl) 100 yr lifetime (effective equivalent chlorine - EECl) NOAA Earth Systems Research Lab: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/graphs/graphs.html year 1. Composition Ozone-depleting chemicals: 100 yr lifetime (effective equivalent chlorine EECl) 100 yr lifetime (effective equivalent chlorine - EECl) http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/multi/ozone_time_series.jpg What is a DU? Dobson Units 1. Composition Ozone-hole http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/multi/ozone_time_series.jpg What is a DU? Dobson Units 2. Vertical Structure via function Ozonosphere: maximum ozone concentrations (20-30 km) 22 http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html August 30 th , 2009 Weather and Climate News 23 NYT Link: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/04/science/04cyclone.html?ref=science# Nature Link: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v455/n7209/pdf/nature07234.pdf 1. Composition Aerosols (aka particulates) Small (0.1 m radii), MT ( ), function as condensation nuclei ID Radiative forcing = Input: sulfate conversion, ID WY dust, volcanoes, sea spray, combustion Removed by precip. Residence time = days k h Fires in Idaho and Montana producing visible aerosols, August 7 2000 Source: NASA Visible Earth project to weeks to months (if in stratosphere) August 7, 2000. Source: NASA Visible Earth project http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=676 Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere 1. Composition a. Permanent gases b. Variable gases 2. Vertical Structure a. Density b. Temperature c. Electrical properties d. Function 25 2. Vertical Structure via density Density = mass per unit volume m 3 )
n s i t y
( k g
/
m Aguado and Burt Fig. 1-8. Because air is compressible and subjected to greater compression at lower elevations, the density of the air at lower levels is greater d e n Mean free path = density of the air at lower levels is greater than that aloft. p average distance traveled before colliding with another molecule. e.g. 0.0001 mm at 0 km asl vs. 1 km at 250 km asl 26 2. Vertical Structure via temp. Wh t t ? Why temperature? temperature impacts how easily air moves vertically (details revealed in Chapter 6) Standard Atmosphere = models defining atmospheric variables as a function of models defining atmospheric variables as a function of altitude, for a given set of mean conditions at sea level 27 For example, the U.S. definition of standard atmosphere is described or defined in the following web sites: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Standard_Atmosphere http://modelweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/atmos/us_standard.html 2. Vertical Structure via temp. Thermosphere (thermos = heat) T increases with alt., to > 15,000C littl h t b/ l d it little heat, b/c low density Mesosphere (mesos = middle) T decreases with alt. T decreases with alt. 99.9% of remaining atm. Stratosphere (strato = layer) T increases with alt., little vert. motion 19.9% of atm. ozone layer between 20-30 km (10 ppm) y ( pp ) Troposphere (tropos = turn) T decreases with alt. 28 80% of atm. by mass depth varies (8-16 km, mean 11 km) 2. Vertical Structure via temp. Mesospause Stratopause Tropopause 29 2. Vertical Structure via electrical properties Ionosphere: defined by electrical properties fl t AM di reflects AM radio waves responsible for aurora 30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere QUIZ #1 Name Date Class (1) Why is the ozone layer important? It blocks harmful shortwave radiation yet allows long-wave radiation to reach the It blocks harmful shortwave radiation yet allows long wave radiation to reach the earths surface which supports biological processes (photosynthesis) (2) What is the difference between water vapor and visible clouds? W i d i ibl l d d f li id l l Water vapor is a gas and visible clouds are made up of liquid molecules (condensed water vapor. 31 QUIZ #1: Answers (3a) 1. (Right plot) what is the atmospheric pressure associated with the High in MT? 1023 2. Where is there a low pressure trough? NE MT or S. Idaho (3b) (Left plot) what is the wind direction and approx. speed? 5 knots 1. (left plot) what is the atmospheric pressure? 1018.5 2. (left plot) what is the atmospheric pressure trend? Decreasing then stable 3 (left plot) what is the sky cover? clear 3. (left plot) what is the sky cover? clear 32 Weather and Climate News Global temperature anomalies: 1881-2008 2008 l t i 2000 b t i th t i 1881 (2005 2008 was coolest yr. since 2000 but ninth warmest since 1881 (2005 1 st , 2007, 2 nd ) 33 http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov