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CHAPTER 6
POLAR COORDINATES

TOPICS:
1.Relation Between Polar Coordinates And Cartesian Coordinates
2.Distance Between Two Points
3.Area Of The Triangle
4.Equation Of Straight Line- Various Forms
5.Equation Of The Circle.
6.Equation Of The Conic.
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POLAR COORDINATES
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Let O be a fixed point in a plane and Ox

be a fixed ray in the plane. With respect to these

two we can determine the position of any point in the plane. The fixed point O is called pole and
the fixed ray Ox

is called initial line or polar axis. Let P be a point in the plane such that OP = r. If
Pox = then r, are called polar coordinates of P. The point P is denoted by (r, ). The non-
negative real number r is called radial distance, the vector r OP =

is called radius vector and the

angle is called vectorial angle of the point P.





RELATION BETWEEN POLAR AND CARTESIAN COORDINATES

Let P(x, y) be a point in the Cartesian coordinate plane. Take the origin O as pole and the
positive direction of x-axis as polar axis (initial line). Let (r, ) be the polar coordinates of P. Then
2 2
r OP x y = = + .
x y
cos , sin
r r
= = . Thus x r cos , y r sin = = .
Note . Conversion of Cartesian coordinates into polar coordinates is
2 2
r x y , = +
x
cos ,
r
=
y
sin
r
= .







P

O
x
r
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DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

The distance between points (r
1
,
1
), (r
2
,
2
) is
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
r r 2r r cos( ) + .
Proof :
Let A(r
1
,
1
), B(r
2
,
2
) be the polar coordinates of two points w.r.t to O and OX.

r
1
r
2


Then OA = r
1
, OB = r
2
, AOx =
1
, BOx =
2
.
From OAB,
2 2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
AB OA OB 2OA OBcos AOB
r r 2r r cos( )
= +
= +

AB =
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
r r 2r r cos( ) + .
AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
The area of the triangle formed by the points
(r
1
,
1
), (r
2
,
2
), (r
3
,
3
) is
1 2 1 2
1
r r sin( )
2
.
















A
B

2
O
x

1
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EXERCISE 6(A)
1. Taking the origin as the pole and the positive x-axis as initial ray, convert the following
polar equations into Cartesian forms.
i) r
2
cos 2 = a
2

Sol. The Relations between polar and cartesian coordinates are x=rcos , y = rsin
Given equation is r
2
(cos
2
sin
2
) = a
2

(r cos )
2
(r sin )
2
= a
2

x
2
y
2
= a
2

ii) = tan
1
(m)
Sol.
The Relations between polar and cartesian coordinates are x=rcos , y = rsin
Given tan = m

sin
m
cos

r sin y
m m
r cos x

= =

(The Relations between polar and cartesian coordinates are x=rcos , y = rsin )
i.e. y = mx
iii)
2
r a sin
2

=
Sol. The Relations between polar and cartesian coordinates are x=rcos , y = rsin

Given equation

(1 cos ) x
r a 2r a(1 cos ) a 1
2 r

= = =



2
2 2 2
(r x)
2r a 2r ar ax
r
2r ax ar 2(x y ) ax ar

= =
+ = + + =

2 2 2 2 2
[2(x y ) ax] a r + + =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
4(x y ) a x 4ax(x y ) a (x y )
4(x y ) 4ax(x y ) a x a x a y
4(x y )(x y ax) a y
+ + + + = +
+ + + + = +
+ + + =



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2. Taking origin as the pole and the positive x-axis as initial ray. Convert the following
Cartesian equation into polar forms.
Sol. i) x
2
+ y
2
= a
2

The Relations between polar and cartesian coordinates are x=rcos , y = rsin
r
2
cos
2
+ r
2
sin
2
= a
2

r
2
(cos
2
+ sin
2
) = a
2

i.e. r
2
= a
2

ii) y
2
= 4ax
The Relations between polar and cartesian coordinates are x=rcos , y = rsin
(r sin)
2
= 4a(r cos )
r
2
sin
2
= 4ar cos
2
cos
r 4a
sin

cos 1
r 4a 4a cot csc
sin sin

= =



iii)
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
+ =
The Relations between polar and cartesian coordinates are x=rcos , y = rsin
2 2
2 2
2 2
cos sin
r r 1
a b

+ =
2 2
2
2 2
cos sin
r 1
a b


+ =



iv) x
2
y
2
= a
2

r
2
cos
2
r
2
sin
2
= a
2

r
2
(cos
2
sin
2
) = a
2

r
2
cos 2 = a
2

3. Find the distance between the following pairs of points with polar coordinates.
Sol. i) Given points
2
P 2, , Q 4,
6 3




Distanct between the points is
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
PQ r r 2r r cos( ) = +
=
( ) 4 16 2 2 4 cos 120 30 = +
( ) 20 16 cos 90 20 16 0 = =
PQ 20 2 5 = = units
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ii)
7
P 3, , Q 4,
4 12




Ans:
13 units

iii) Given points P a, , Q 4a,
2 6




PQ 13a = units
II.
1. Show that the points with polar coordinates
(0, 0), (3, /2) and (3, /6) form an equilateral triangle.
Sol. Vertices of the triangle are A(0, 0), B(3, /2) and C(3, /6) .
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
AB r r 2r r cos( ) = +
0 9 2 0 3 cos (0 p / 2) = + 9 3 = =
BC =
( ) 9 9 2 3 3 cos 90 30 = +
=
1
18 18 18 9 3
2
= = =
CA

= = 9 0 2 3 0 cos (p / 6) 9 3 + = =
AB = BC = CA
ABC is an equilateral triangle.
2. Find the area of the triangle formed by the following points with polar coordinates.
i)
2
(a, 0), 2a, , 3a,
3 3

+ +



ii) ( )
2 5
5, , 4, , 0, 0
3 6





Sol. i) vertices of the triangle are
2
A(a, 0), B 2a, , C 3a,
3 3

+ +



Area of the trangle is
1 2 1 2
1
r r sin( )
2

2 2 2
1 2 2
2a sin 6a sin 3a sin
2 3 3 3 3
( | | |
= + + + +
| | | (
\ . \ . \ .

1
2
= [2a
2
sin(60) + 6a
2
sin(60) + 3a
2
sin(120)]
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2 2 2
1 3 3 3
2a 6a 3a
2 2 2 2
1 | | | |

= + +
1 | |
| |
1
\ . \ . ]

2 2 2
3
2a 6a 3a
4
= +
2 2
3 5 3
(5a ) a sq.units
4 4
= =
ii) ( )
2 5
A 5, , B 4, , C 0, 0
3 6




are the vertices of the triangle.
Ans: 10 sq.units.

POLAR EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

The polar equation of a line passing through pole and making an angle with the initial line
is = .
Proof :
If P(r, ) is a point in the line then POX= and hence = .
Conversely if P(r, ) is a point such that = then P lies in the line.

The equation to the locus of a point P in the line is = .
The polar equation of the line is = .

THEOREM
The polar equation of a line passing through the points (r
1
,
1
), (r
2
,
2
) is
2 1 2 1
1 2
sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
0
r r r

+ + = .
Proof :Let A(r
1
,
1
), B(r
2
,
2
) and P(r, ).





Then P lies in the line AB

Area of PAB = 0

1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2
1
r r sin( ) (r r ) sin( ) (r r) sin( ) 0
2
+ + =

[ ]
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
r r sin( ) r sin( ) r r sin( ) =
O
x

O
A
B
P
x
r
1

1
r
2
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The polar equation of line i.e. the locus of P is [ ]
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
r r sin( ) r sin( ) r r sin( ) = .

2 1 2 1
1 2
sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
0
r r r

+ + =
Note . The polar equation of a line passing through the points (r
1
,
1
), (r
2
,
2
) is

[ ]
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
r r sin( ) r sin( ) r r sin( ) = .

COROLLARTY
The polar equation of a line passing through the pole and the point (r
1
,
1
) is =
1
.

THEOREM
The polar equation of a line which is at a distance of p from the pole and whose normal
makes an angle with the initial line is r cos ( ) = p.
Proof : Let O be the pole of Ox

be the initial line.

ON = p, NOx = .
P(r, ) is a point on the line.

ON
cos NOP
OP
=
p
cos( ) r cos( ) p
r
= = .

Note : If p = 0 then rcos ( ) = p rcos ( ) = 0 = /2 = /2 + =
1
,
which is a line passing through pole.

Note . r cos ( ) = p
r(cos cos + sin sin ) = p
(r cos ) cos + (r sin ) sin = p
x cos + y sin = p (normal form in Cartesian system).

NOTE
The equation of a straight line which is at a distance of p units from pole and perpendicular to the
initial ray is r cos = p.

NOTE
The equation of a straight line which is at a distance p units from the pole and parallel to the initial
ray is r sin = p.

O
x

p
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THEOREM
The polar form of the line ax + by + c = 0 is a cos + b sin = k/r where k = c.

THEOREM
The polar equation of a line parallel to the line a cos + b sin = k/r is
1
k
a cos bsin
r
+ = .
THEOREM
The polar equation of a line perpendicular to the line
k
a cos bsin
r
+ = is
1
k
a cos bsin
2 2 r

+ + + =


.
NOTE

The polar equation of a line perpendicular to the line
1
r cos( ) p is r sin( ) p = = .

EXERCISE --- 6(B)

1. Find the polar equation of the line joining the points (5, /2) and (5, /6).
Sol. Given points are A(5, /2) and B(5, /6)
Equation of the line joining A(r
1
,
1
), B(r
2
,
2
) is
2 1 2 1
1 2
sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
0
r r r

+ + =

sin sin sin
6 2 6 2
0
r 5 5




+ + =

sin
3 cos 1 3 6
0 sin cos
2r 5 5 5 6 2r

+ = =



5 3
sin cos
6 2r

=





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2. Find the polar coordinates of the points of intersection of the lines
2
sin sin
r 3

= + +



and
4
3sin 3 cos
r
= .
Sol. Given lines are
2
sin sin
r 3

= + +


(1)
4
3sin 3 cos
r
= (2)
Eliminating r , we get
2 sin sin 3sin 3 cos
3

+ + =



2 sin cos cos sin sin 3sin 3 cos
3 3

+ + =



1 3
2sin 2cos 2sin 3sin 3cos
2 2
+ + = 3sin 3cos 3sin 3cos + =
2 3 cos 0 cos 0
2

= = =
Substituting in (1)
4 4
3sin 4cos 3 1 4 0 3 r
r 2 2 3

= = = =
Point of intersection is
4
P ,
3 2



.
3. Find the polar equation of a straight line with intercepts a and b on the rays = 0 and
= /2 respectively.
Sol. Given line is passing through the points
A(a, 0) and B(b, /2)

Equation of the line is
2 1 2 1
1 2
sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
0
r r r

+ + =
sin
sin
sin(0 ) 2
2
0
r a b

+ + =
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1 cos sin 1 cos sin
0
r a b r a b
1 bcos a sin
r ab

= = +
+
=

r(b cos + a sin ) = ab.
II.
1. Find the polar equations of the lines passing through (2, /4).
(i) parallel to, (ii) perpendicular to the straight line
7
4cos 3cos
r
= + .
Sol. i) Given line is
7
4cos 3sin
r
+ =
Equation of the line parallel to this line is
k
4cos 3sin
r
+ =
This line is passing through A 2,
4

k
4cos 45 3sin 45
2
+ =

1 1 7
k 2 4 3 2 7 2
2 2 2

= + = =



Equation of the parallel line is
7 2
4cos 3sin
r
+ =
ii) Equation of the lint perpendicular to this line is
k k
4cos 3sin 4sin 3cos
2 2 r r

+ + + = + =



This line is passing through A 2,
4




k k 1 1 1
4sin 45 3cos 45 4 3
2 2 2 2 2
+ = = + =
2
k 2
2
= =
Equation of the perpendicular line is
2 2
4sin 3cos 4sin 3cos
r r
+ = =


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2. Two straight roads intersect at angle 60. A car is moving away from the crossing at the
rate of 25 kmph at 10 A.M. Another car is 52 km away from the crossing on the other
and is moving towards the crossing at the rate of 47 kmph at 10 A.M. Then find the
distance between the cars at 11 A.M.
Sol. Let P and Q be the positions of the cars at 11 A.M. and 0 be the pole.

Let O be the intersection of the roads.
Let A be the position of the second car at 10AM
OA = 52km
Let o be the position of the 1
st
car at 10 am.
Velocity of the car is 25 kmph and that of the second is 47 kmph. Let P,Q be the positions of
two cars at 11 am respectively.
OP = 25, OQ = 5, POQ = 60
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
from OPQ, PQ r r 2r r cos POQ
625 25 2 25 5cos 60
1
650 2 125 525
2
= +
= +
= =

PQ 525 5 21 = = km.

POLAR EQUATION OF THE CIRCLE.
The polar equation of the circle of radius a and having centre at the pole is r = a.
Proof :
Let O be the pole and Ox

be the initial line. If a point P(r, ) lies in the

circle then r = OP = radius = a. Conversely if P(r, ) is a point such that
r = a then P lies in the circle.
The polar equation of the circle is r = a.




P(r,)
O
x

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THEOREM
The polar equation of the circle of radius a and the centre at
(c, ) is r
2
2cr cos( ) = a
2
c
2
.

Proof :
Let O be the pole and Ox

be the initial line.

Let P(r, ) be any point on the circle.






Centre of the circle C = (c, ) and radius of the circle = r.
OC = c, CP = r, POx = , Cox = .
From OPC, we get :

2 2 2
CP OP OC 2OP OC cos POC = +

2 2 2
a r c 2rccos( ) = +

2 2 2
r 2rccos( ) a c =
The locus of P is
2 2 2
r 2rccos( ) a c = .
The polar equation of the circle is :

2 2 2
r 2rccos( ) a c = .

NOTE

The polar equation of the circle of radius a and passing through the pole is r = 2a cos( )
where is the vectorial angle of the centre.
NOTE
The polar equation of the circle of radius a, passing through the pole and its diameter as the
initial line is r = 2a cos .
NOTE
The polar equation of the circle of radius a and touching the initial line at the pole is r = 2a sin.




C(c,)
O
x
P(r,)
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POLAR EQUATION OF A CIRCLE FOR WHICH (R
1
,
1
) AND (R
2
,
2
) ARE EXTREMITIES OF DIAMETER.





Given A(r
1
,
1
), B(r
2
,
2
) are the ends of the diameter. LET P(r, ) be any point on the circle.
AB is the diameter APB = 90
AP
2
+ PB
2
= AB
2
(1)
AP
2
= r
2
+ r
1
2
2rr
1
cos(
1
)
PB
2
= r
2
+ r
2
2
2rr
2
cos(
1
)
AB
2
= r
2
+ r
2
2
2r
1
r
2
cos(
1

2
)
Substituting in (1)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2
r r 2rr cos( ) r r + + +
2 2
2rr cos( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
r r 2r r cos( ) = +
Equation of the required circle is : [ ]
2
1 2
r r cos( ) cos( ) +
1 2 1 2
r r cos( ) + = .

POLAR EQUATION OF THE CONIC.
The polar equation of a conic in the standard form is 1 ecos
r
= +

.
Proof : Let S be the focus and Z be the projection of S on the directrix.






Let S be the pole and SZ be the initial line.
Let SL = be the semi latus rectum and e be the eccentricity of the conic.
Let K be the projection of L on the directrix.
L lies on the conic =
LS
e
LK
=
LS eLK eSZ SZ / e = = =
Let P(r, ) be a point on the conic.
S A N Z
M
K
L
P
r l

A B
P(r,)
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Let M be the projection of P on the directrix and N be the projection of P on SZ.
P lies on the conic
SP
e PS ePM
PM
= =
r eNZ e(SZ SN) e(SZ SPcos )
e r cos
e
er cos
= = =

=


=

r recos r(1 cos ) 1 ecos
r
+ = + = = +

The equation of the conic is 1 ecos
r
= +

.

Note : If we take ZS as the initial line then the polar equation of the conic becomes 1 ecos
r
=

.
Note : The polar equation of a parabola is
2
1 cos 2cos
r r 2

= + =

.
Note : The polar equation of a parabola having latus rectum 4a is
2 2
2a
2cos a r cos
r 2 2

= = .
Note :
The equation of the directrix of the conic 1 ecos
r
= +

is ecos
r
=

.
Proof : Equation of the conic is 1 ecos
r
= +

Let Z be the foot of the perpendicular from S on the directrix SZ = / e .
Let Q(r,) be any point on the directrix of the conic
SZ = SQ cos r cos ecos
e r
= =

, which is the equation of the directrix of the conic.









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EXERCISE 6(C)
1. Find the centre and radius of the circle r
2
2r(3cos + 4 sin) = 39.
Sol.
Equation of the circle is
2
r 2r(3cos 4sin ) 39 + =
2 2
3 4 5 + =
2
3 4
r 2r.5( cos sin ) 39
5 5
+ =
Let cos = 3/5, sin = 4/5
2
r 10r(cos cos sin sin ) 39 + =
2
4
r 10r cos( ) 39 where tan
3
= =
Comparing with r
2
2cr cos ( ) = a
2
c
2

we get :
c = 5, = tan
1
(4/3)
a
2
c
2
= 39 a
2
= 39 + c
2
= 25+39 = 64
a
2
= 64 a = 8
centre is
1
4
c 5, tan
3

, radius a = 8.
2. Find the polar equation of the circle whose end points of the diameter are
3
2, and 2,
4 4



.
Sol.
Given
3
A 2, , B 2,
4 4



are the ends of the diameter of the circle.
Let P(r, ) be any point on the circle.
AB is a diameter of the circle APB 90 =
AP
2
+ PB
2
= AB
2
-----(1)





A B
P(r,)
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2 2
2
AP r 2 2r 2 cos
4
r 2 2 2r cos
4

= +



= +



2 2
2
3
BP r 2 2r 2 cos
4
3
AB 2 2 2 2 2 cos
4 4

= +



= +



= 4 4 cos 90 = 4 0 = 4
From (1),

2 2
3
r 2 2 2r cos r 2 2 2r cos 4
4 4

+ + + =



2
3
2r 2 2r cos cos 0
4 4
| |
+ =
| |
\ . \ . ]

2
2r 2 2r cos cos 0
4 4
| | | |
+ + + =
`
| |
\ . \ . )
2
2
2
2r 2 2r cos cos 0
4 4
2r 2 2r 2sin sin 0
4
1
2r 2 2r 2 sin 0
2
| |
+ =
| |
\ . \ . ]

=

]
|
=
|
\ .

2
2r 4r sin 0 2r(r 2sin ) 0
r 2sin 0 r 2sin
= =
= =

Equation of the required circle is r = 2 sin .

3. Find the polar equation of the circle with its centre at (4, /6) and radius 5 units.
Sol. Centre is c 4, , r 5
6

=



c = 4, = /6, a = 5
Equation of the circle with centre (c, ) and radius a is
2 2 2
r 2cr cos( ) c a + =

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2
2
r 8r cos 16 25
6
r 8r 9 0
6

+ =



=



II.
1. If PP and QQ are the perpendicular focal chords of the conic, prove that
1 1
constant
(SP)(SP ) (SQ)(SQ )
+ =

.
Sol.
Equation of two conic is 1 ecos
r
= +

Given PP and QQ are two perpendicular focal chords.
Let P(SP,) where S is the focus then
1 1 ecos
1 ecos
SP SP
+
= + =

Since PP is focal chord, P(SP, 180 + )
1 ecos(180 ) 1 ecos
SP
= + + =

1 1 ecos
SP

=


PSP, QSQ are perpendicular focal chords.
Coordinates of Q are SQ,
2

+


and
3
Q are SQ,
2

+


.
Q SQ,
2

+


is a point on the conic.
1 ecos 1 esin
SQ 2

= + + =

1 1 esin
SQ

=

3
Q SQ,
2

+


is a point on the conic.
3
1 ecos 1 esin
SQ 2

= + + = +

P
Q
S
/2
P

Q
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1 1 esin
SQ
+
=


1 1
(SP)(SP ) (SQ)(SQ )
1 ecos 1 ecos 1 esin 1 esin
+ =

+ +
+


2 2 2 2
2
1 e cos 1 e sin +
=

=
2
2
2 e

which is a constant.
2. In a parabola, prove that the length of a focal chord which is inclined at /6 to the axis is
four times the length of the latus rectum.
Sol. Equation of the conic is 1 ecos
r
= +

For a parabola e = 1
Equation of the parabola is 1 cos
r
= +

and latusrectum is LL = 2 .
Let PP be the given focal chord.
Let P SP,
6



then
7
P SP ,
6





P and P are two points on the parabola, therefore

3 2 3
1 cos30 1
SP 2 2
+
= + = + =

2
SP
2 3
=
+

And 1 cos 210 1 cos(180 30 )
SP
= + = + +

3 2 3
1 cos30 1
2 2

= = =
2
SP
2 3
=

L



L
P
S
P
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2 2
PP SP SP
2 3 2 3
= + = +
+


2 (2 3 2 3)
8 4(2 )
4 3
+ +
= = =

= 4 (latus rectum)
3. Prove that the perpendicular focal chords of a rectangular hyperbola are of equal length.
Sol.
Equation of the rectangular hyperbola is 1 2 cos
r
= +

( For a rectangular hyperbola e 2 = )





Let PP and QQ be the perpendicular focal chords.
Let P(SP, ) then P(SP, 180 + ) , Q(SQ, 90+) and Q(SQ, 270+).
Since P and P are points on the rectangular hyperbola,

1 1 2 cos
1 2 cos
SP SP
+
= + =

SP
1 2 cos
=
+

1 2 cos(180 ) 1 2 cos
SP
= + + =

SP
1 2 cos
=

PP SP SP
1 2 cos 1 2 cos
= + = +
+


2
(1 2 cos 1 2 cos ) 2
cos 2 1 2cos
+ +
= =




2
| PP |
cos 2
=

(1)
Q(SQ, 90+) is a point on the rectangular hyperbola ,
P(SP, )
(SP,180+ )
(SQ,270+ )
(SQ,90+ )
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1 2 cos(90 ) 1 2 sin
SQ
= + + =

SQ
1 2 sin
=

Q(SQ, 270+) is a point on the rectangular hyperbola ,
1 2 cos(270 )
SQ
1 2 sin SQ
1 2 sin
= + +

= + = =
+

QQ SQ SQ
1 2 sin 1 2 sin
= + = +
+


2
(1 2 sin 1 2 sin ) 2
cos 2 1 2sin
+ +
= =


(2)
From (1) and (2) we get PP = QQ.

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1. Taking origin as the pole and the positive X-axis as the initial ray, find the Cartesian
coordinates of point whose polar coordinates are (1, /4).
Ans.
1 1
,
2 2

2. Taking origin as the pole and positive x-axis as initial ray, find the polar coordinates of
the point p whose Cartesian coordinates are
3 3
,
2 2

.
Ans. Polar coordinates of p are 3,
4

3. Taking origin as pole and the positive x-axis as the initial ray, convert the following polar
equation into Cartesian forms.
i) r
2
sin 2 = 18 .Ans = xy = 9 ii)
5
r
sin cos
=

Ans = y x 5 =
iii) r = 5 cos Ans :x
2
+ y
2
= 5x iv)
2
r cos a
2

= , Ans: y
2
+ 4ax = 4a
2


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4. Taking the origin as the pole and positive
X-axis as initial ray, convert the following Cartesian equations into polar equations.
i) x
2
y
2
= 4y ii) y = x tan
iii) x
3
= y
2
(4 x) iv) x
2
+ y
2
4x 4y + 7 = 0
Ans. i) r cos 2 = 4 sin , ii) tan = tan = , iii)r cos = 4 sin
2
,
iv)r
2
+ 7 = 4r(cos + sin)
5. Show that the points with polar coordinates
(0, 0),
7
5, , 5,
18 18



form an equilateral triangle.
6. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points whose polar coordinates are
1, , 2, , 3,
6 3 2



.

7. Find the polar equation of the straight line joining the points (3, 3/4) and (2, /4).
Ans. 5r(sin cos ) 6 2 =
8. Find the polar equation of the line passing through (3, /3) and (i) parallel, (ii) perpen-
dicular to the line
3
3cos 4sin
r
+ = .
Ans. (i)
3(3 4 3)
3cos 4sin
2r
+
+ =
ii)
3(4 3 3)
4cos 3sin
2r

=
9. Find the polar equation of a straight line passing through (4, 20) and making an angle
140 with the initial ray.
Ans. r cos( 50 ) 2 3 =
10. Find the polar coordinates of the point of intersection of the lines cos +
2
cos
3 r

=



and
2
cos cos
3 r

+ + =


.
Ans. P(4/3, 0)



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11. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from
1
,
4 2



on the line
1
sin cos
r
= .
Sol.



Let B

be foot the perpendicular drawn from A on the line
1
sin cos
r
= .
Equation of AB is

k
sin cos
2 2 r

+ + =



k
cos sin
r
+ =
AB is passing through A
1
,
4 2




k
cos 45 sin 45
(1/ 2)
+ =
1 1 1 1 1
k 1
2 2 2 2 2

= + = + =



Equation of AB is
1
cos sin
r
+ = (1)
Equation of L is
1
sin cos
r
= (2)
Solving (1) and (2) :
cos + sin = sin cos
2cos = 0 cos = 0 = /2
1
sin cos 1 0 1
r 2 2

= = =
r = 1.
The foot of the perpendicular from A on L is B(1, /2).
12.Find the equation of the circle centered at (8,120) which pass through the point
(4, 60).
Ans. r
2
16r cos( 120) + 16 = 0
A
B
L
1
,
4 2




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13. Find the centre and radius of the circle
2
r 8r( 3cos sin ) 15 0 + + = .
Ans. Centre (c, ) = 8,
6



, Radius a = 7.
14. If PSQ is a chord passing through the focus S of a conic and l is the semi-latus rectum,
show that
1 1 2
SP SQ
+ =

.
Sol.




Let S be the focus and SX be the initial ray.
Equation of the conic is 1 ecos
r
= +

Let P(SP, ) be a point on the conic.
1 ecos 1 ecos
r SP
= + = +


1 1 ecos
SP
+
=

(1)
Q(SQ, 180 + ) is a point on the conic.
1 ecos(180 ) 1 ecos
SP
= + + =

1 1 e cos
SQ

=

(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
1 1 1 e cos 1 e cos
SP SQ
+
+ = +


1 ecos 1 ecos 2 + +
= =



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15. If PP, QQ are perpendicular focal chords of a conic, show that
1 1
a
PP QQ
+ =

(constant).
Sol.
Let Let PP and QQ be the perpendicular focal chords of the conic 1 ecos
r
= +

Let P(SP, ) then P(SP, 180 + ) , Q(SQ, 90+) and Q(SQ, 270+).


SP , SP
1 ecos 1 ecos
= =
+


SQ , SQ
1 esin 1 esin
= =
+


PP = SP + SP
1 ecos 1 ecos
= +
+



2 2 2 2
(1 ecos 1 ecos ) 2
1 e cos 1 e cos
+ +
= =



QQ = SQ + SQ
1 esin 1 esin
= +
+


2 2 2 2
(1 esin 1 esin ) 2
1 e sin 1 e sin
+ +
= =


2 2 2 2
1 1 1 e cos 1 e sin
PP QQ 2 2

+ = +



2
2 e
(constant)
2

P(SP, )
(SP,180+ )
(SQ,270+ )
(SQ,90+ )