ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my chemistry teacher Mr.

WILLIAM LAZUR for helping me to complete the
project. I would also thank my parents and my
sister to provide me with my requirements
regarding this project.

KOUSHALI BANERJEE
XII


1.INTRODUCTION
2.GREEN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION
3.BIO-DIESEL USING RENEWABLE RESOURCES
3.1 BLENDS
3.2 APPLICATIONS
3.3 PROPERTIES
4.BIOPETROL
4.1 MARKET AND ANALYSIS
4.2 TECHNOLOGY
5.CONCLUSION
6.BIBLIOGRAPHY






introduction
Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a
philosophy of chemical research and engineering that
encourages the design of products and processes that
minimize the use and generation of hazardous
substances. Whereas environmental chemistry is the
chemistry of the natural environment, and of pollutant
chemicals in nature, green chemistry seeks to reduce
and prevent pollution at its source.
As a chemical philosophy, green chemistry applies to
organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry,
analytical chemistry, and even physical chemistry.
While green chemistry seems to focus on industrial
applications, it does apply to any chemistry choice.
Click chemistry is often cited as a style of chemical
synthesis that is consistent with the goals of green
chemistry. The focus is on minimizing the hazard and
maximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. It is
distinct from environmental chemistry which focuses
on chemical phenomena in the environment.
In 2005 Ryji Noyori identified three key developments
in green chemistry: use of supercritical carbon dioxide
as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for clean
oxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric
synthesis. Examples of applied green chemistry are
supercritical water oxidation, on water reactions, and
dry media reactions.

Bioengineering is also seen as a
promising technique for achieving
green chemistry goals. A number of
important process chemicals can be
synthesized in engineered organisms,
such as shikimate, a Tamiflu
precursor which is fermented by
Roche in bacteria.
The term green chemistry was coined by Paul Anastas
in 1991. However, it has been suggested that the
concept was originated by Trevor Kletz in his 1978
paper where he proposed that chemists should seek
alternative processes to those involving more
dangerous substances and Green chemistry:
technologies of the invention, design and application
of chemical products and processes to reduce or to
eliminate the use and generation of hazardous
substances ,and where possible utilize renewable raw
materials conditions.
As human beings --- we are part of the environment
The way in which we interact with our environment
influences the quality of our lives Green chemistry, is
called also Benign chemistry or clean chemistry for
sustainability

Green chemistry education


A key to sustain the development of new educational
materials
Chemistry students need to be encouraged to
consider the principles of green chemistry when
designing processes and choosing reagents

Interactive Teaching Units (ITU) have been
developed specifically to introduce undergraduate
students to green chemistry

There are numerous scholarships and grants
available for researchers and young scholars who
are furthering the goals of green chemistry


Some examples of green chemistry are as follows:-

Example 1:
Disinfection of water by chlorination.
Chlorine oxidizes the pathogens there by killing them,
but at the same time forms harmful chlorinated
compounds.
A remedy is to use another oxidant, such as




O
3
or supercritical water oxidation
Example 2:
Production of allyl alcohol CH2=CHCH2OH
Traditional route: Alkaline hydrolysis of allyl chloride,
which generates the product and hydrochloric acid as a
by-product




Greener route, to avoid chlorine: Two-step using
propylene (CH2=CHCH3), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and
oxygen (O2)



Added benefit: The acetic acid produced in the 2nd
reaction can be recovered and used again for the 1st
reaction, leaving no unwanted by-product.

Example 3:
Production of styrene (=benzene ring with CH=CH2
tail)
Traditional route: Two-step method starting with
benzene, which is carcinogenic) and ethylene to form
ethylbenzene, followed by dehydrogenation to obtain
styrene



Greener route: To avoid benzene, start with xylene
(cheapest source of aromatics and environmentally
safer than benzene).
Another option, still under development, is to start
with toluene (benzene ring with CH3 tail).

Biodiesel - using renewable
resources
Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based
diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl,
or propyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by
chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal
fat with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.


Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines
and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils
used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be
used alone, or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel can
also be used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil.
The National Biodiesel Board (USA) also has a
technical definition of "biodiesel" as a mono-alkyl ester


Blends
Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-
based diesel are products most commonly distributed
for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much of
the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state
the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix:
100% biodiesel is referred to as B100, while
20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20
5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5
2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2.
Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel
equipment with no, or only minor modifications,
although certain manufacturers do not extend
warranty coverage if equipment is damaged by these
blends. The B6 to B20 blends are covered by the ASTM
D7467 specification. Biodiesel can also be used in its
pure form (B100), but may require certain engine
modifications to avoid maintenance and performance
problems. Blending B100 with petroleum diesel may be
accomplished by:
Mixing in tanks at manufacturing point prior to
delivery to tanker truck
Splash mixing in the tanker truck (adding specific
percentages of biodiesel and petroleum diesel)
In-line mixing, two components arrive at tanker truck
simultaneously.
Metered pump mixing, petroleum diesel and biodiesel
meters are set to X total volume, transfer pump pulls
from two points and mix is complete on leaving pump.


Applications
Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B100) or may be
blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration in
most injection pump diesel engines. New extreme high-
pressure (29,000 psi) common rail engines have strict
factory limits of B5 or B20, depending on
manufacturer.[citation needed] Biodiesel has different
solvent properties than petrodiesel, and will degrade
natural rubber gaskets and hoses in vehicles (mostly
vehicles manufactured before 1992), although these
tend to wear out naturally and most likely will have
already been replaced with FKM, which is nonreactive
to biodiesel. Biodiesel has been known to break down
deposits of residue in the fuel lines where petrodiesel
has been used. As a result, fuel filters may become
clogged with particulates if a quick transition to pure
biodiesel is made. Therefore, it is recommended to
change the fuel filters on engines and heaters shortly
after first switching to a biodiesel blend.



Properties
Biodiesel has better lubricating properties and much
higher cetane ratings than today's lower sulfur diesel
fuels. Biodiesel addition reduces fuel system wear, and
in low levels in high pressure systems increases the life
of the fuel injection equipment that relies on the fuel
for its lubrication. Depending on the engine, this might
include high pressure injection pumps, pump injectors
(also called unit injectors) and fuel injectors.

biopetrol
BIO-PETROL Introduction Measures to be
implemented to resolve the problem of sewage sludge
that contain a high degree of organic matter could
primarily aim at recycling it through a thermo
chemical pyrolysis process in order to recover
hydrocarbons that make up the structure of sewage
sludge. Pyrolysis of sewage sludge produces oil, gas and
char products. The pyrolysis oils have also been shown
to contain valuable chemicals in significant
concentrations and hence may have the potential to be
used as chemical feedstock. The production of a liquid
product increases the ease of handling, storage and
transport. The technology, improved by BioPetrol Ltd.
(patent pending) is capable of processing carbon
wastes, other than sewage sludge, including agri-
wastes, bagasse, pulp and paper residues, tannery
sludge and other end-of-life products such as plastics,
tires and the organics in municipal solid waste.The
process of low temperature thermochemical
conversion of municipal sewage sludge to oil is a new
technology in developed countries. The amount of
investment is still less than the amount invested in the
sewage sludge incineration process, and the
operational economy of the process is obviously
superior to incineration. The BioPetrol, Ltd. integrated
thermochemical process (patent pending) recovers
about 1,100,000 Kcal from each 283 kg of sewage sludge
90% D.S. after the thermal evaporating of 717kg water
from each dewatered ton (1,000 kg) of sewage sludge
26% D.S. The BioPetrol process begins with sewage
sludge at 90% D.S. Sewage sludge drying equipment is
used commonly for the evaporative removal of
interstitial water from the sludge. Numerous drying
technologies exist on the market.



Market Analysis and Strategy
Three potential products/services:
Disposal of Sewage Sludge Disposal of sewage
sludge comprises over 30% of wastewater
treatment plants budget. Customers of this
service are local communities. They are willing to
pay top dollar for the disposal of their sludge. For
example: Holland $50-$90 per ton, U.S., Canada
and Australia, up to $150 per ton. The US produces
25 million tons of sludge annually (2001).

Synthetic Crude Oil Excess crude oil, beyond
what is being recirculated to run equipment A+B is
about 30 kg per 1 ton sewage sludge 90% D.S. Oil
energy = 8,900 Kcal/kg same as diesel oil used in
heavy industry. There are references in
professional literature to numerous valuable
chemicals in significant concentration that are
present in pyrolysis oils. BioPetrol Ltd has on
board, as a shareholder, an internationally
renowned scientist-academician to address this
issue.

Selling the Technology With the completion of
the development of the process and equipment for
its operation, BioPetrol. Ltd. will have the
technology to sell to world markets. Potential
markets are water authorities, municipalities,
wastewater treatment plants, entrepreneurs,
sewage sludge disposal contractors, sludge drying
operators. BioPetrol, ltd. has been awarded a
grant of $300,000 for a period of 2 years by Israels
Office of the Chief Scientist to conduct advanced
R&D. The company has concluded and proved the
viability of the process and is now on the verge of
constructing a demonstration pilot for a
continuous process. BioPetrol is seeking an
investment of US$400,000 for the completion of
the demonstration pilot. A business plan is
available for further details.





Technology
The technological processes at issue in the Bio-Petrol
project belong to the sphere of liquefying carbon-rich
solid fuels. The liquefaction processes common today
comprise two stages:
1. Thermal breakdown of the molecular structure to
create radical fractions different in size.
2. Stabilization of the radicals by recombining
themselves or by redistribution of hydrogen from the
raw material itself or by hydrogen that is introduced
from outside (molecular hydrogen or from hydrogen-
donor matter).
Bio-Petrol Company has carried out R&D work which
has resulted in the formulation of a suitable process
for producing synthetic oil from sewage sludge with
larger output than that obtained from the common
process-i.e. pyrolysis. By integrating familiar
liquefaction methods the company developed a process
of high utilization of the organic matter that is in the
sewage sludge that produces oil and gas in larger
quantities and of better quality.







CONCLUSION
Chemists Must Place a Major Focus on the
Environmental Consequences of Chemical
Products and the Processes by which these
Products are made.
We must consider our chemical
ecological footprint.















BIBLIOGRAPHY








CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Koushali Banerjee of class
12
th
studying in Indian School Dar-es-salaam has
completed her project under my guidance and
supervision.






William Lazur

.