Gh.

Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures

Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 1 -

PLANE FRAMES WITH SIDESWAYS
THE DIRECT ANALYTICAL DISPLACEMENTS METHOD

Let draw the internal efforts diagrams for the shown frame, applying the direct analytical
displacements method.
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
5000daN
800daN
1400daN/m
6I
0
6I
0
6I
0
I0
I0
2I
0
2I
0
3m
4m
5m 5m 12m

Fig. 1

1. The elastic-kinematic degree indeterminacy is given by the following relationship:

Z N m = +
where N is the number of the stiff joints or the number of unknown joint rotations, and m is the number of
unkown joint translations or the kinematic degree of freedom of the frame, sometimes referred to as the
number of degrees of freedom in sidesway. To find it, hinges in all stiff joints must be introduced (including
the fixed ends Fig. 2), transforming the structure into a critical system, and then the following relationship
will be applied:
3 5 14 3 7 2 2
s
m n r l c = = + = + = =


1 2
3 4
5 6
7
6I
0
6I
0
6I
0
I0
I0
2I
0
2I
0
3 m
4 m
5 m 5 m 12 m


Fig. 2 Critical system after hinges were introduced
For the above frame, the elastic-kinematic degree is:
4 2 6 Z N m = + = + =


Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 2 -
a
b
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
5000daN
800daN
1400daN/m
6I
0
6I
0
6I
0
I0
I0
2I
0
2I
0
3 m
4 m
5 m 5 m 12 m

Fig. 3 The attached primary system

2. Establishing the primary system
The primary system (Fig. 3) is obtained by introducing 6 restraints in total ( 6 Z = ) - 4 totally joint
restraints in the stiff joints, and 2 simple supports on the corresponding kinematic degrees of sidesway.
3. For this primary system, the following static equilibrium equation could be written:

1
0
z
ij j ip
j
s y S
=
+ =

(1)
or, in the expanded form
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
11 1 12 2 13 1 3 14 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
0
0
0
0
0
0


a
b
a b
M
M
M
M
Q
I
s y s y s y s s
Q
y
A II
= = = = = =
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ + + +

1
2 2
3 3
21 1 22 2 23 3 24 4
31 1 32 2 33 3 34 4
41 1 42 2 43 3 4
1 1 2 2 3 3 4
4
4
4
1
3
4
2
4 4
0
0
0
0
aa a
a a b b
a a b b
a a b b
a a b b
ab b
p
a
p
p
a a a
p
s y s y s y s y
s y s y s y s y
s y s y s y
y
s y s y s y s
s y
s y s y
s y s y
s y s y s y
s y s
S
y y
S
S
S
+ + =
+ + + + + + =
+ + + + +

+ =
+ + + + + + =
+ + + +

+

+
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
0
0

ba a bb b b b b
p
b
a
bp
S
S s y s y s y s y
III
s y
B
s y
IV

+ + + + + + =

and, as it could be observed, four different groups (I to IV) of the unknown coefficients could be
identified as follows:
Group I: s
ij
are reactive bending moments in the joints i caused by an imposed rotation y
j
=1,
Group II: s
ij
are reactive bending moments in the joints i caused by an imposed translation y
j
=1,
Group III: s
ij
are reactive forces (equivalent in same particular cases with the floor shear forces)
in the corresponding simple support of the kinematic degree of freedom i caused by an
imposed rotation y
j
=1,
Group IV: s
ij
are reactive forces (equivalent in same particular cases with the floor shear forces)
in the corresponding simple support of the kinematic degree of freedom i caused by an
imposed translation y
j
=1,
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 3 -
and two different groups (A and B) of the free terms, which have the following meanings:
Group A S
ip
arethe reactive bending moments in the joints i caused by the external loads,
Group B S
ip
are the reactive forces (or the floor shear forces) in the corresponding simple
support of the kinematic degree of freedom i caused by the external loads.
The matrix
ij
s

is known as the stiffness matrix of the structure.

4. Find the unknowns coefficients and the free terms
4.1 Find the unknown coefficients (groups IIV)
The primary system is consecutively loaded with only one unit displacement
(
i
1 , or 1
i
= = , respectively), in a positive sense (clockwise, left to right, or bottom to top), keeping
totally fixed all the other imposed restraints. The deflected shape is drawn, and the corresponding fixed
ends bending moments are identified (characteristic beam stiffness coefficients), toward the joint, and from
the null equilibrium equations written for each node, and for each corresponding kinematic degree of
freedom, respectively, the main and secondary coefficients will be obtained, corresponding to a matrix
column.

Absolute rotation stiffnesses of the beams are:

1
2
=1
1
k
k
12
1
2
l
1
2
l
E,I
k
E,I
12 12
=1
1

4EI
k
l
=
3EI
k
l
=


Absolute translation stiffnesses of the beams are:
1
2
k
l
E,I
k
12
y
1
2
l
E,I
k
y
21
21

12 21
2
6EI
k k
l

= =
12
2
3EI
k
l

=


Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 4 -
4.2 A unit angular rotation is imposed to the node 1 (
1
1 = ), the deflected shape is drawn, and
the corresponding bending moments (stiffness characteristics) are identified:
a
b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
=1
1
k
16
k
12
k
13
k
13
k
16
k
12
s
11
s
31
s
41
s
21
s
b1
s
a1
1
2
1
2
1
2
The corresponding deflected frame after the imposed unit angular rotation
1
1 =
0 0 0 0
11 13 12 16 11
1
0
2
21 12 21 0
3
0 0
31 13 31
4
41
4 4 6 4 2 16
0
3 12 4 3 0
1 1 4 6
0
0
2 2 12
0
1 1 4 2
0
0
2 2 3 3
0
E I E I E I EI
s k k k s
M
E I
M
s k s EI
M
E I EI
s k s
M
s

= = + + =

=
= = =

=


= = =

=

=

To find the reactive forces in the simple supports of the kinematic degrees of freedom, a
corresponding floor mechanism is drawn by introducing hinges in all stiff joints (including the fixed
ends), and on the directions of each kinematic degree of freedomvirtual translations (arbitrary ones or unit
values) are consecutively applied. Only one side sway degree of freedom is relaxed, and all the other
ones will be restrained against its translation. These resulted bending moments (of the corresponding
deformed shape) are applied only on the corresponding rotated beams of the floor mechanisms, and from the
null virtual work equilibrium condition (VW =0) thes
ij
reactive forces are obtained. It must be mentioned
here that, in order to apply the virtual work equation, all the bending moments toward the joints must be
transformed into bending moments toward the beams.
a
b
1
2
3 4
5 6
7
X
s
a1
a
31
1
2
k
31
k
61
k
61
1
2
k

The floor mechanism corresponding to the kinematic degree of freedom (a)
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 5 -
1 31 31 31 61 61 16
0 0 0 0 0
1
1 1
0 0
2 2
4 1 4 1 4 2 1 4 2 1

3 2 3 3 4 2 4 4 12
a a
a
Q s k k k k
E I E I E I E I EI
s


= + + + =



= + + =

a
b
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
X
s
b1
31
1
2
k
b b b
31
k

The floor mechanism corresponding to the kinematic degree of freedom (b)

0 0 0
1 31 31 31 1
1 4 1 4 1 2
0 0
2 3 2 3 3 3
b b b
E I E I EI
Q s k k s

= + + = = + =

4.3 A unit angular rotation is imposed to the node 2 (
2
1 = ), the deflected shape is drawn, and
the corresponding bending moments (stiffness characteristics) are identified:
b
2
3 4
5
6
7
=1
2
k
25
k
21
k
24
k
25
k
21
a
1
s
b2
s
a2
s
12
s
32
s
42
s
22
1
2
1
2
1
2
k
24
The corresponding deflected frame after the imposed unit angular rotation
2
1 =

0
12 21 12 0
1
0 0 0 0
2
22 21 24 25 22
3
32
4
0 0
42 24 42
1 1 4 6
0
2 2 12 0
4 6 4 4 2 16
0
0
12 3 4 3
0
0
0
1 1 4 2
0
2 2 3 3
E I
s k s EI
M
E I E I E I EI
M
s k k k s
M
s
M
E I EI
s k s

= = =

=
= = + + =

=

=

=


= = =

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 6 -
a
b
1
2
3 4
5 6
7
X
s
a2
a
24
1
2
k
24
k
25
k
25
1
2
k


The floor mechanism corresponding to the kinematic degree of freedom (a)


2 24 24 24 25 25 25
0 0 0 0 0
2
1 1
0 0
2 2
4 1 4 1 4 2 1 4 2 1

3 2 3 3 4 2 4 4 12
a a
a
Q s k k k k
E I E I E I E I EI
s


= + + + =



= + + =

a
b
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
X
s
b2
24
1
2
k
b b b
24
k

The floor mechanism corresponding to the kinematic degree of freedom (b)


0 0 0
2 24 24 24 2
1 4 1 4 1 2
0 0
2 3 2 3 3 3
b b b
E I E I EI
Q s k k s

= + + = = + =

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 7 -
4.4 A unit angular rotation is imposed to the node 3 (
3
1 = ), the deflected shape is drawn, and
the corresponding bending moments (stiffness characteristics) are identified:

a
b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
43
s
23
s
b3
s
a3
=1
3
k
31
k
31
s
33
k
34
k
34
k
37
s
13
1
2
1
2


The corresponding deflected frame after the imposed rotation
3
1 =

0 0
13 31 13
1
23
2
0 0 0 0
33 31 34 37 33 3
4
0
43 34 43 0
1 1 4 2
0
2 2 3 3 0
0
0
4 4 6 3 6 77
0 0
3 12 10 15
0
1 1 4 6
0
2 2 12
E I EI
s k s
M
s
M
E I E I E I EI
s k k k s M
M
E I
s k s EI

= = =

= = + + = =


=


= = =

a
b
1
2
3 4
5 6
7
X
s
a3
a
31
1
2
k
31
k

The floor mechanism corresponding to the kinematic degree of freedom (a)


0 0 0
3 31 31 31 3
1 4 1 4 1 2
0 0
2 3 2 3 3 3
a a a
E I E I EI
Q s k k s

= + = = + =

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 8 -
a
b
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
X
s
b3
31
1
2
k
b b b
31
k


The floor mechanism corresponding to the kinematic degree of freedom (b)


0 0 0
3 31 31 31 3
1 4 1 4 1 2
0 0
2 3 2 3 3 3
b b b
E I E I EI
Q s k k s

= + + = = + =

4.5 A unit angular rotation is imposed to the node 4 (
4
1 = ), the deflected shape is drawn, and
the corresponding bending moments (stiffness characteristics) are identified:
b
2
3
4
5
6
7
=1
4
k
42
k
43
k
42
k
43
a 1
s
b4
s
a4
s
14
s
34
s
44
s
24
1
2
1
2

The corresponding deflected frame after the imposed rotation
4
1 =


14
1 0
24 42 24
2
0
34 43 34 0 3
4
0 0
44 42 43 44
0
0 1 1 4 2
0
2 2 3 3
0
1 1 4 6
0 0
2 2 12
0
4 4 6 10
0
3 12 3
s
M E I EI
s k s
M
E I
s k s EI M
M
E I E I EI
s k k s
=

= = =

= = = =


=


= = + =

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 9 -

a
b
1
2
3 4
5 6
7
X
s
a4
a
42
1
2
k
42
k


The floor mechanism corresponding to the kinematic degree of freedom (a)


0 0 0
4 42 42 42 4
1 4 1 4 1 2
0 0
2 3 2 3 3 3
a a a
E I E I EI
Q s k k s

= + = = + =

a
b
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
X
s
b4
42
1
2
k
b b b
42
k


The floor mechanism corresponding to the kinematic degree of freedom (b)


0 0 0
4 42 42 42 4
1 4 1 4 1 2
0 0
2 3 2 3 3 3
b b b
E I E I EI
Q s k k s

= + + = = + =

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 10 -
4.6 A unit translation is imposed on the direction of the kinematic degree (a) ( 1
a
= ), the
deformed shape is drawn, and the corresponding bending moments (stiffness characteristics) are identified:
a
b
1
2
5
6
7
s
ba
s
aa
3
4
s
3a
s
2a
k
31
k
13
k
16
k
61
s
4a
k
42
k
24
k
25
k
52
s
1a
a
X

The corresponding deflected frame after the imposed unit angular translation 1
a
=
0 0 0
1 13 16 1 2 2
1
0 0 0
2 24 25 2 2 2
2
0 0
3
3 31 3 2
4
0 0
4 42 4 2
6 6 2
0
3 4 12
0
6 6 2
0
0
3 4 12
6 2
0
0
3 3
0
6 2
0
3 3
a a
a a
a a
a a
E I E I EI
s k k s
M
E I E I EI
s k k s
M
E I EI
M
s k s
M
E I EI
s k s

+ = = =

=


+ = = =
=

=

= = =

=

= = =

a
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
6I
0
6I
0
6I
0
I0
2I
0
2I
0
3m
4m
5m 5m 12m
b
I0
s
aa
31
k
13
k
s
ba
42
k
24
k
16
k
61
k
25
k
52
k
16
t
16
t
25
t
16
t
25
t
25
t
52
t
61
t
13
t
31
t
42
t
24
t
24
t
42
t
13
t
31
t

The reactive forces, developed in the simple supports applied on the corresponding
directions of the degrees of freedom of side sway, could also be obtained from the floor shear force
equilibrium equation, as illustrated above, and there are:

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 11 -

13 16 25 24
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
0 0
6 6 6 6 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 1 1 1 1

3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
59

36
a aa
aa
aa
Q s t t t t
EI EI EI EI E I E I E I E I
s
EI
s

= =

= + + + + + + +


=

0 0 0 0 0
31 42
2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6 8 1 1
0 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 9
b ba ba ba
EI EI EI EI EI
Q s t t s s


= + + = = + + =

4.7 A unit translation is imposed on the direction of the kinematic degree (b) ( 1
b
= ), the
deflected shape is drawn, and the corresponding bending moments (stiffness characteristics) are identified:

a
b
1
2
5
6
7
s
bb
s
ab
3
4
k
31
k
13
k
24
k
42
s
3b
s
4b
s
1b
s
2b
b
X


The corresponding deflected frame after the imposed translation 1
b
=


0 0
1 13 1
2
1
0 0
2 24 2
2
2
0 0
3
3 31 3
2
4
0 0
4 42 4
2
6 2
0
3 3
0
6 2
0
0
3 3
6 2
0
0
3 3
0
6 2
0
3 3
b b
b b
b b
b b
E I EI
s k s
M
E I EI
s k s
M
E I EI
M
s k s
M
E I EI
s k s

+ = = =

=


+ = = =
=

=

+ = = =

=

+ = = =

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 12 -
a
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
6I
0
6I
0
6I
0
I0
2I
0
2I
0
3m
4m
5m 5m 12m
b
I0
s
ab
31
k
13
k
s
bb
42
k
24
k
13
t
31
t
42
t
24
t
24
t
42
t
13
t
31
t



And, as was explained before, the last coefficients of the stiffness matrix are:

0 0 0 0 0
13 24
2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6 8 1 1
0 0
3 3 9 3 3 3 3
a ab ab ab
EI EI EI EI EI
Q s t t s s


= + + = = + + =

0 0 0 0 0
31 42
2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6 8 1 1
0 0
3 3 9 3 3 3 3
b ba ba ba
EI EI EI EI EI
Q s t t s s


= = = + + + =

5. Find the free terms
5.1 Let find the free terms of the Group A
The primary system is loaded with the external loads and the deflected shape is drawn, with its
corresponding fixed end bending moments. These values are given in tables, and are strictly dependent by
the external links and if the moment of inertia is constant along the beam or not.








2
1 12 1 12
1
2
2
2 21 2 21
3
3 37 3 37
4
4
1400 12
0 16 800
12 0
1400 12
0
0 16 800
12
0
3 5000 10
0 9 375
0
16
0
p p
p p
p p
p
S s daNm
M
M
S s daNm
M
S s daNm
M
S

+ = = = =

=
= = = =

=


= = = =
=

M M
M M
M M
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 13 -

The corresponding deflected shape of the primary system
after all external loads were applied


5.2 The free terms of the Group B

...are obtained from the equilibrium condition, projecting all joint forces on the corresponding directions of
the kinematic degrees of freedom, as follows:



6. Solving the equation system...

1
2
3
0
4
16 2 1 2
1 0
3 3 12 3
16 2 1 2
1 0
16800
3 3 12 3
16800
2 77 2 2
0 1
9375
3 15 3 3
2 10 2 2 0
0 1
3 3 3 3 0
1 1 2 2 59 8
800
12 12 3 3 36 9
2 2 2 2 8 8
3 3 3 3 9 9
a
b
y
y
y
EI
y
y
y

0





=








...the displacement values result:
1
2
3
4 0
4537
-3889
-2661
1
1711
1714
2387
a
b
y
y
y
y EI
y
y







=







0
800 0 800
ap
bp bp
S
S S
=

+ = =

a
b
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
5000 daN
800 daN
1400 daN/m
6I
0 6I
0
6I
0
I0
I0
2I
0
2I
0
m
21
m
12
m
37
s
1p
s
4p
s
3p
s
7p
s
2p
s
ap
s
bp
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 14 -

The final bending moments at the beam ends could be obtained using the simple superposition
method as follows because the perfect elastic structural behaviour has been assumed:

final
ij ij i ij
i
M k y = +

M
which means:
1 2
16 16 1 16
y y final
M k y k = +
3
2 16
y
y k +
4
3 16
y
y k +
4 16 16
a b
y y
a
y k y k + +
3 1 2
12 12 1 12 2 12
b
y y y final
y
M k y k y k

= +
4
3 12
y
y k +
4 12
a
y
y k +
12
b
y
a
y k +
1 2
13 13 1 13
b
y y final
y
M k y k

= +
1 4
2 13 3 13
y y
y k y k +
4 13 13
.
a b
y y
a b
y k y k y
etc
+


or in a more easy following matrix form:



16
12
13
25
21
24
31
34
37
42
43
61
52
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M










=











1
EI
2
2
4
3

0
1
0
2
3

0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
2
4
3

0
0
0
2
3

0
0
1
0
0
2
3

0
0
0
4
3

2
18
10

0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3

0
1
0
4
3

2
0
0
3
4
0
2
3

3
4
0
2
3

2
3

0
0
2
3

0
3
4
3
4
0
0
2
3
0
0
2
3
2
3
0
0
2
3
0
0
0

4537
3889
2661
1711
1714
2387

EI
0
16800
0
0
16800
0
0
0
9375
0
0
0
0

+
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
3
-7.788510
4
1.161510
3
-3.826710
3
9.063510
4
-1.355910
3
4.493310
972
3
3.61110
3
-4.585210
760
-761
3
-3.251510
3
5.174510
=
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 15 -
The final bending moments (toward the joints) are:

16
12
13
25
21
24
31
34
37
42
43
61
52
7788
11615
3827
9065
13559
4494
[da 972
3612
4584
760
760
3251
5175
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M

Nm]


1 2
3 4
5
6
7
5000 daN
800 daN
1400 daN/m
3m
4m
5m 5m 12m
7788
11615
3827
9065
13559
4494
972
3612 4584 760
760
3251
5175


Final bending moments (toward the nodes)
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 16 -
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
5000 daN
800 daN
1400 daN/m
3m
4m
5m 5m 12m
7788
11615
3827
9065
13559
4494
972
3612 4584 760
760
3251
5175


Final bending moments (toward the beams)


5 6
3m
4m
5m 5m 12m
972
5000 daN
800 daN
1400 daN/m
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
3827
7788
3251
11615 13559
9065
4494
760
760 3612
5175
4584
4584
10210 760
3612
4494
760
9065
5175
7788
3251
972
3827
2042
2958
2042 2958
238
238 238
1752
1752
1752
11615
13559
2760
952
952
952
2760
2760
3560
3560
3560
8562
8238
8238 8562
12622
x=5.88 m
2 1
4 3 7
Q
M
Q M Q M
Q
M

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Hyperstatic structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.



- 17 -
The axial efforts in the beams are obtained from the simple projection equations on the
vertical and horizontal axis, respectively, isolating each node of the structure.


FINAL INTERNAL EFFORTS DIAGRAMS
952
3196
11430
238
1808
8324
-
-
+
-
N
-
-


+
-
2042
2958
+
238
952
8238
2765
1752
8562
3560
-
-
+
+
+
-
Q



972
11615
M
10210
4584
3612
760
12622
3251 5175
3827
13559
9065
4494
7788