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)
+ I(t) 1 e
(
tt
0
c
t
V
p
( )
p
wf,t
p
wf,0
t t
0
1 e
(
tt
0
q(t) =
1
i(t) J
dp
wf
dt
=
c
t
V
p
J
Ordinary Differential Equation:
Continuity:
Solution:
q(t)
i(t)
BHP
Injection
Primary
q(t) = J p p
wf
( )
Production Rate:
Signal Response
Production response to an injection signal
Connectivity
ij = 1 day
fij = 0%
Connectivity
ij = 1 day
fij = 100%
Connectivity
ij = 6 days
fij = 100%
Connectivity
ij = 6 days
fij = 65%
Capacitance-Resistance Model (CRMT)
( ) k
t t
k k
I e e q q
+ =
1
1
q(t) I(t)
J
V c
p t
=
Time constant
f
2j
f
6j
f
4j
f
3j
f
5j
j
f
1j
f
11
f
12
f
13
I
6
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
q
j
(t)
Capacitance-Resistance Model (CRMP)
( ) ik
n
i
ij
t t
k j jk
I f e e q q
i
j j
+ =
1
1
1
j
p t
j
J
V c
=
1
1
=
p
n
j
ij
f
Time constant
Inter-well connectivity or gain
Drainage volume
around a producer
Capacitance-Resistance Model (CRMIP)
I
i
(t)
q
j
(t)
f
ij
ij
ij
p t
ij
J
V c
=
1
1
=
p
n
j
ij
f
Time constant
Inter-well connectivity or gain
( )
=
+ =
i
ij ij
n
i
ik ij
t t
k ij jk
I f e e q q
1
1
1
Steady-State Connectivity Map
0
0
0
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Producer
Water Injector
Carbon Dioxide Injector
0 1,000 ft
Better CO2
Performance
Interwell Connectivity
Two Equally Viable Solutions
Transient Interwell Connectivity
After 10 days
Transient Interwell Connectivity
After 30 days
Transient Interwell Connectivity
After 90 days
Transient Interwell Connectivity
After 180 days
Transient Interwell Connectivity
After 365 days
Transient Interwell Connectivity
After 2 years
Transient Interwell Connectivity
After 4 years
Transient Interwell Connectivity
4 years <<
Gains >0.5
Mature West Texas Waterflood
Injector
Producer
Gains>0.5
Gains >0.4
Mature West Texas Waterflood
Injector
Producer
Gains >0.3
Mature West Texas Waterflood
Gains>0.3
Injector
Producer
Gains >0.2
Mature West Texas Waterflood
Gains>0.2
Injector
Producer
Mature West Texas Waterflood
R-squared
Producer Number
Time Constants
Reservoir A
Producer 184 Good Fit
R
2
= 0.961
err = 0.146
Bbl/
day
Month
Producer 127 Good Fit
R
2
= 0.696
err = 0.037
outliers
Bbl/
day
Month
Producer 74 Poor Fit
R
2
= -1.03
err = 0.143
Bbl/
day
Month
Producer 201 Poor Fit
R
2
= 0.793
err = 6.58
Bbl/
day
Month
CRM: Oil Fractional-Flow Model
f
o
(t) =
q
o
q
o
+ q
w
=
1
1+ WOR(t)
q
o
(t) = f
o
(t)q(t)
f
o
(t) =
1
1+ a CWI(t)
b
log
1
f
o
(t)
1