DMA - Digital Precision Density Meters

Density and density-dependent values

Calibration of Density Meters
Determination of apparatus constants
Calculation Examples
Anton Pa a r KG.
A-8O54 GRAZ AUSTRIA -EUROPA
- 1 -
A) Definition of measuring units
1. D e n s i t y : p [kg/ m
3
, g/cm
3
j
The density of a homogeneous,solid substance, a liquid or
a gas is defined as the volumetric density of its mass
(ace. to Austrian LaW, HGBL 17^/1973, 2 (1)).
Occasionally one may still find the dimension g/ml;
the conversion is
1,000 000 g/ml = 0,999972 g/cm
3
but according to Austrian Law (Gsterr. BGBL. as stated
above) now 1 1 = 0,001 m
3
; and, therefore, this dimension
is out of use.
Conversion factors (Anglo-Saxon Measures)
DENSITY
Lb
cuft
c u i n
ib
get (OK)
(b
gat (US)
2,768-10 9,938-f0 *' 1,198-10
1,602.10 2,768-10
1
9,978-10 1193-10
Lb
cuft
6,228
- 2 -
2. Specific Weight :M fkp/m ] , u [N/rrij
It is calculated out of the acceleration due to gravity
and the substance's densityp . It represents the weight
per volume unit.
G
V
Therefore, a substance with the mass 1 kg weighs 1 kp.
It can be written:
thus:
and:
A substance with the mass 1 kg (because of m [kg] g / ^ T ~ J
g
9^81 ^ 5 - ^ weighs approx. 9,81 N (l kgms"
2
= IN).
Therefore,
Because of the elimination of the unit "POND" ((Jsterr. BGBL)
(Austrian Law) the "specific weight" is allowed to be used
only until 31.12.1977.
- 3 -
3. Density Ratio: d
tz
[J
The density ratio - a nondimensional quantity - states,
how many times heavier a solid substance, a liquid or
a gas is at a temperature t
2i
compared to a referring
substance of the same volume at a temperature t^.
Therefore, the density ratio represents the relation of
density of a substance to the density of a comparison substance;
mostly of water at its highest density (4C): j
t &
_ ^subztanc* jtz
For example: The density ratio of d^ shows the relation of
density of a substance at 20C to water at 4C.
4. Relative density: d* [J
It is the ratio of the density of a solid material, a liquid
or a gas at any temperature to the density of water at the
same temperature.
Therefore, the relative density is also a nondimensional
quantity.
d* = fsubstance jt
fwter jt
5. S.G. Specific Gravity: t
1
/t
2
f]
This nondimensional quantity represents the comparison of
the mass of a given volume of any substance at the temperature
t^ to the mass of the same volume of pure water at a temperature
t
2
(= specific gravity t
1
/ t
2
) .
In industry, very often t
1
and t
2
are the same, namely 60F
or 15,56C. That is corresponding to the relative density.
Further density-dependent units:
a) Beaume Index
Liquids heavier than water:
Beaume Index = 14
5
-
s p e G
if|
c gra
vity 60/60
d e
S
r e e s B e a u m &
Liquids lighter than water:
Beaume Index =
s p e c i f
i e
g r a v i t y 6 o / 6 o
- 130 degrees Beaume
b) Brix Index
Liquids lighter than water
Brix number =
s p e c i f
i
c
g
r

av
ity 60/60 -
4 0 0 Ae
Srees Brix
Liquids heavier than water
Sugar Industry Index:lBrix = 1% sugar by weight.
c) Twaddell Index:
Twaddell Index = 200 (specific gravity 60/60 -1)
d) A.P.I. Index Petroleum Index,
A.P.I.Number = s p e d f ^ r a v i t y 60/60 "
1 3 1
'
5
- 5 -
B. Calibration of the Density Meters
'The following values are valid at a pressure of 760 mm Hg; i.e.,
1,013 bar.
Our digital density meter DMA 45, DMA 46. for example, simplifies the
accurate determination of the density p of liquids and gases
by reducing the procedure to the electronic measurement of a
time period from which the density is calculated automatically.
1. Measurement of Density:
Calibration and Measurement at 20C:
H
2
0: f = 0,998202 [g/cm
3
j
Air: p = 0,001205 [ g/cm
3
]
These density values for air and water may be taken directly
from the tables of the DMA - Instruction - Manuals.
By means of the equations used in the manual we obtain:
p = -J L ( T
2
- B) > DMA 45, (is calibrating the
' DMA 46 value automatically)
A, B apparatus constants
T... time period of the measured substance.
The determination of these values is explained in the manuals,too.
If instead of densityp the specific gravity or other indices
are desired, then the corresponding values have to be used for
calibration.
- 6 -
2. Determination of Specific Weight:
R f2J =* p I^-J and analogous
L cm
3
J
Also: ,. , IN , g
9
^
81 <(
This measuring unit, however, may be used only until
31.12.1977.
3.) Determination of density ratio
Reference Substance: Water at 4C
t temperature of sample
Instrument calibration and measurement at 20C:
c
=
0,998202
= 8 2 3 Q
Fl
0999972 faterli+*c 0,999972
analogous
A i r : d
20
=
fair /2Q*C
=
0>OO12O5 = 0,001205 []
k
fwvter/vc 0,999972
For example: Density Ratio of Carbon Tetrachloride
CO
^- f^ter I ii' C 0,99997
1^94l5_.
r 1 > 5 9 4 1 9
That means that carbon tetrachloride at 20C is 1,59^19 times
heavier than an equal volume of water at 4C.
- 7 -
Equally, the instrument could be calibrated at e.g. 25C:
H
2
0: d*
S
= 0,997071 [j
Air: dj* = 0,001185 [J
4. Determination of relative density
*4i
= 1
,
0
00000
* footer /1
Calibration and Measurement at e.g. 20C:
H
2
0:
/20C
, 0 , 9 9 8 2 0 2
0, 998202
Air.: d* = ?'> /?' *
f I
= 0^001205
= 0
,001207
0,998202
The relative density is a nondimensional quantity, too.
5.) Determination of S.G. specific gravity
Mostly, the density of the measured substance is ref^ered to
the density of water at the same temperature of 60F = 15,56C
(= specific gravity 60/60).
Calibration and measurement at 15>56C = 60P:
H
2
0: specific gravity 60/60 = f^^jis;S6
m
c _
la0
00000 [ 1
ft-l-iS
t
<?6
c
C
analogous
Air: specific gravity 60/60 =
Q.OQ1225
= 0,001226 []
The 0 . and & . - values may be taken from the tables
of the DMA Instruction Manuals (as stated before).
The equations as stated under A) enable the determination of
further density units -like Beaume Index, Brix Index etc.
C. E x a m p l e : Sugar solution 1058 by weight
Determination of density and density dependent
units.
Measuring instrument: D M A 45 ( D M A 46)
Equations for
Calibration
with air and
distilled water:
Measuring temperature: 20 C
Q - -
1
( T ^ -E
1. ) D e n s i t y
a) Cali brat i on
Calibration mediums: Water and Air
= 6,4668
f H 0
calculated
automatically
(only at DMA 4
e.g., DMA 4 6)!
g/cm3
T
air
= 0,0012
Determination of calibration constants:
A =
=
41,8195 - 23>OO45
0,9982 - 0,0012
= l 8 > 8
7l6
= T
air "
(A
*fair
) =
- (18,8716.0,0012) = 22,9819
- 9 -
b) Measurement
Measuring value: T
g u g a r
= 6,5182
|. pp.,*.,. = -h ( *!,, - B) =
L
- (42,4869 - 22,9819)
JP sugar.
5
4 <
T
sugar
^s/cm3 (DMA 45, i. e. , DMA 46 displays this
value automatically)!
2. ) S p e c i f i c W e i g h t
Using DMA 45 (-by means of the constants A,B and the measured
value T , , (in this case T ) it calculates the density
SUDSuance sugar
automatically) two measuring methods are possible:
<*) Instrument calibration on density and then calculation
of the desired unit.
y&) Instrument calibration on the desired unit.
OC ) a. Calibration for density: see C) l.a;
b. Density Measurement: see C) l.bj
and then calculation of the desired unit.
f ]
With G> = 1,0335 g/cm
3
we obtain the specific weight
i.e.
- 10 -
/3>) a. Calibration for specific weight
Calibration mediums: water and air
T
H
= 6,4668 it = 0,9982 P/cm
3
T
air
= 4
*
7963
fair
=
>
0 0 1 2 p/cm3
air
Determination of calibration constants:
A =
T
H
2
0 "
T
air
=
41,8195 - 23,0045
= l 8 j 8 7 l 6
/w
2
o -/*> 0,9982 - 0,0012
B = T*. - (A . IL ) = 23,0045 - (18,8716 . 0,0012) = 22,9819
3.11 Q cil r
b. Measurement of specific weight
Measuring value: T = 6,5182
s ugar
i\ M -- f fes*]
therefore: ^
s u g a r
= 1,0335
*
9
'
8 1
1033,5-10138
3. ) D e n s i t y R a t i o
Reference Substance: water at 4C
**) a. Calibration for density: see C) 1. a;
b. Density measurement: see C) l.bj
and then calculation of the desired unit
- 11 -
With f> = 1,0335 g/cm
3
we obtain the density r at i o
*
zo
- VSUQQ, Uoc . 1,0335
._ _*i*a?i
= 1 > O 3 3 6
f 7
0,9999 "
a
Calibration for density r at i o
Calibration mediums: Water and ai r
T
H
= 6 , 4 6 6 8 d *
0
= fW/zo-c
=
0 4 2 8 2 _ -
9 9 8 2
r _
H
2 *'** <?
2
o/vc 0,9999
L J
T = 4 ,7963 df
Q<>
= f^/^c
=
0,0012
=
a i r
' f
H
^/ vc 0,9999
Determination of calibration constants:
A =
T^o ~ Tl-r
=
4 1,8195 ~23^004 5
= l 8 j 8 7 l 6
dfw d?,air 0,9982 - 0,0012
B = T2. - (A . d.
ofr
) = 23,0045 - (18,8716 . 0,0012) = 22,9819
air HI
b. Measurement of density ratio
Measuring value:
T
s u g a r
= 6,5182
d
With measurement equation:
.sugqr = (4 2,4 869 - 22,9819) = 1,0336 []
18,8716.0,9999
- 12 -
4. R e l a t - i v e D e n s i t y
o<.) a. Calibration for density: see C) l.a>
b. Density Measurement: see C) l.b;
and then calculation of the desired unit:
With p = 1,0335 g/cm
3
we obtain the relative density
A
Z 0
- Psucjar jZ O
e
C _ l
a
0 3 3 5 _
1 n
-zr h f ]
-Z fwater \Z OC 0,9982
fi)
a
Calibration for relative density
Calibration mediums: Water and air
T = 6,4 668
2 U
T = 4,7963 d^
Ql
> = fW"'
c
= ^2 i 2 _
=
o,OO12
a i r
PHOI20*C 0,9982
Det ermi nat i on of c a li br a t i on cons t ant s :
A
= Tfa
0
- T"
q/
>
=
4 1,8195 - 23,004 5
=
B = T
l i r "
( A
"
d
,ov
} =
23,004 5 - (18,8376 . 0, ool2) = 22,9819
b. Measurement of relative density
Measuring value: T
oi
,
rt
.
QV
, = 6,5182
S UgaP
- 13 -
_
B ) =
18,8376 v 0,9982
(42,4869 - 22,9819) = 1,0354 []
5.) S.G. S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y
Calibration and measurement at 60F = 15,56C
( in industry very often this measuring temperature is used).
OC) a. Calibration for density : see C) l.a)
b. Density Measurement: see C) l.b;
and then calculation of the desired unit:
with p = 1,0335 g/cm3 we obtain
specific gravity 60/60 = fsu^rjis
f
s6c
=
1
?
Q338
l ^ f L fwater 115,56*0 0,9971
f>>) a. Calibration for specific gravity 60/60
15
3
56C:
T
H n
= 6,4 652 S.G. 6O/6O
H n
= f *
H
2
H
2 fao
At 15
3
56C:
0,9971
T . = 4,7976 S.G. 60/60 . = p,v/is,s*-c
=
2^,0018
= O j O O l 8
fJ
a i r a i r
f^oj^^c 0,9971
Determination of calibration constants:
A
. JL ~ Tair . 4l
a
7988 - 23,0170 _
3.6.60/60^6.60/60^' 1 - 0,0016 "
0 ^
B = T|
i r
- (A . S.G.6O/6O
air
) = 23,0170 - (18,8157 . 0,0018) = 22,9831
- 14 -
b.) Measurement of specific gravity 60/60
Measuring value: T
g u
g
a r
= 6,5142
specific gravity 60/60 = f*"*" / ^
c
= 1 (T
2
S
-
B
) =
(42,4348 - 22,9831) =
18,8157 . 0,9971
=__l_,O_3_68_ [J ... is read out directly
Further density dependent units -e.g. Brix Index, Beaume Index,
Twaddell Index (that are indices of specific gravity) - can be
determined easily in dependence of SPECIFIC GRAVITY by means
of the equation as stated under point A ) .
Now the possibility of a calibration on concentration measurements
is illustrated in an example.
Calibration for Concentration measurement of a sugar solution
between 10 weight % and 20 weight % at 20C.
Concentration c = 0,10 g/g
9.
Concentration c, = 0,20 g/g
C Sugar solution with 10 weight %
a
C
b
Sugar solution with 20 weight %
Density values of these concentrations
Directly displayed at DMA 45, f = 1,0335 g/cm .... with 10 weight
i.e., DMA 46:
p
b
= 1,0655 g/cm .... with 20 weight
- 15 -
Calibration Measurement at 20C
Used calibration mediums: Water and Air
T
H
= 6,4668 p
n
= 0,9982 g/cm
3
T
air
=
^7963 p
a i r
= 0,0012 g/cm
3
Therefore, we obtain the following calibration constants:
A
.
=
T
HI O - Tat,
=
41,8195 - 23,0045
= l 8 > 8 n 6
density <o^
o
-p
a
h> 0,9982 - 0,0012
d e n s i t y
= T
l i r "
( A
' f air> =
2
^
0 0
^ " ( I8, 8
7
l6 . 0,0012)
= 22,9819
Determination of time periods from C
o
and C, :
a u
T
I
=
d e n s i t y
+ ( A
densi t y ' f a
) =
22,9819-+ ( I8
f
8
7
l6 . 1,0335)
= 4 2,4 852
T
g
s
d e n s i t y
+ ( A
densi t y > f ^
= 2 2
>
9
*
1 9 + ( l 8
'
8 7 1 6
*
1
>
T and T. may also be received from T-measurements of samples of
a D
known concentrations. In order to achieve a .direct calculation and
display of "concentration" two new apparatus constants A
c o n c
and
B are to be stored:
16 -
. 43,0896 - 42,4852
B
conc
= T
a "
(A
conc
C
a
} = 4 2
'
These constant values are only valid, assuming the possibility of
linear interpolation between C =
a
manual for DMA 45, i.e., DMA 46).
linear interpolation between C = 1055 and C, = 20$ (see instruction
a u
At a concentration variation of 10% there is a difference of
density:
As the last digit of the displayed concentration corresponds to
3,2 . 10 g/cm
3
the precision of the instrument (1.10" g/cm
3
)
is exceeded slightly.
Digital
Density Meters
D M A
Anton PAAR KG
Karntnerstrai?>e 322
A-80 5*1 Graz/AUSTRIA
MALFUNCTIONS
Causes and Remedies
Please, read instruction manual carefully!
ERROR CAUSE
Display shows The filling of the
0.0000 sample tube was
not homogeneous.
The cell selector
on the back panel
was set to "ext"
and there is no
external cell
connected.
The oscillator is
out of action.
(T
2
-B) < 0 and the
built-in blocking
barrier for
''negative values"
is not cut. The
instrument con-
stants are not set
at the used meas-
uring temperature.
If the concentra-
tion increases
with decreasing
density (e.g. dis-
tilled water-alco-
hol).
Direct light is
falling on sample
tube.
The illumination
is turned on
(switch "Light").
REMEDY
A careful filling
is necessary.
Set the selector
to "int" or connect
an external meas-
uring cell.
Exchanging of the
oscillator cell.
All instrument
constants are valid
only for a certain
temperature. Check
if the instrument
temperature corre-
sponds to the temp-
erature at which
the apparatus con-
stants are set. At
other measuring
temperatures one
has to determine new
constants B and A.
Cut the wire bridge
on the left side of
the instrument (a
small pearl marks
this wire bridge).
The display will
now show the result
without plus or
minus sign.
Prevent the instru-
ment from direct
light!
Switch off the illu-
mination and wait a
short time (until a
stable reading is
observed).
ho
X
X
X
D M
X
X
A
X
X
50
x
X
X
X
X
- 2 -
ERROR
Display shows
88.8888
T h i s i s n
e r r o r o f
s t r u m e n t
i n f o r c h
t h e d i s p
Display remains
at 88.8888
Display shows
fluctuating
values
CAUSE
The measuring cell
does not oscillate
or oscillates out-
side the intended
frequency range.
o t a n
t h e i n -
, b u t b u i l t
e c k i n g
l a y !
The filling of the
sample tube was
not homogeneous.
The sample tube is
not dry enough.
The oscillator is
out of action.
The cell selector
on the back panel
was set to "ext"
and there is no
external cell con-
nected.
The filling of the
sample tube was
performed too fast
and there can
exist small, even
invisible air bub-
bles in the cell.
The water value
scatters more than
one digit in the
last figure, al-
though there seems
to be a good tern -
perature equilibri-
um.
REMEDY
Checking of the dis-
play: The display
88.8888 allows the
examination of func-
tion of all display
elements (of all
7 segments from the
L.E.D.).
It is visible at
once after switching
on the instrument and
disappears within a
few seconds when the
oscillator works with
the intended frequency.
A careful filling is
necessary!
Continue the flow of
air until the dis-
played value repeats
itself several times.
Exchanging of the
oscillator cell.
Set the selector to
"int" or connect an
external measuring
cell.
The filling of the
sample tube has
to be done slowly
and continuously
(no air bubbles in
the plastic tipped
syringe!)
The thermostati-
sation has to be
performed very
carefully!
Check as follows:
Fill the sample
tube with carbon te-
trachloride C Olj..
If there is an
approx. ten times
higher deviation,
the thermostati-
sation is not suf-
ficient .
40
X
X
D M
45
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A
46
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
50
X
X
-3 -
ERROR
Display shows
drifting
values.
Display shows
after measure-
ment another
T-value of air
than before
this measure-
ment .
Display fluc-
tuates depend-
ing from day-
time
Measuring val-
ues do not
correspond
with table
values .
CAUSE
The flow rate is
too large.
Discontinuous flow
rate.
The instrument
works under heavy
vibrations.
The temperature
equilibrium is not
reached..
Gas bubbles are in
the sample.
Solid particles may
be included in the
liquid.
The illumination is
turned on.
There are residues
in the sample tube.
The fluctuation of
surrounding tem-
perature influences
the measurement.
a)Do not confuse
density units
(e.g.,density-
specific
gravity).
b)By measuring the
density differ-
ent calibration
substances Xden-
sity standards)
are used; e.g.,
distilled water-
city water
REMEDY
Be aware for the
maximum and conti-
nuous flow rate!
Do not use piston
pump; prevent
cavitation!
We advise shock
obsorbed instal-
lation.
Wait until the
expected tempera-
ture is reached!
Remove gas from
sample (by means
of,for instance,
vacuum or ultra-
sonics) .
Measure in
continuous flow!
Switch off the illu-
mination and wait a
short time (until a
stable reading is
observed).
Repeat the cleaning
and drying of the
sample tube.
Do not place the
instrument in front
of radiators, venti-
lators and prevent
it from direct sun-
light.
O b s e r v e
density standards
and the used
measuring system!
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
D M
15
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A
46
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
50
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ERROR CAUSE
REMEDY
D M A
Measuring val-
ues are wrong.
The concentra-
tion display
changes inter-
mittently .
The analog
output remains
at a fixed
value.
The measuring tern -
perature is not the
same as used at
determining the
apparatus con-
stants .
A non-corresponding
calibration sub-
stance was used.
There is a non-
linear density-
concentration de-
pendence
The accuracy (ref-
erring to the den-
sity) is exceeded.
If the difference
(T-T
Q
) is too high.
T h
a n
is is no
e r r o r !
The constants are
valid only for
one temperature!
Concentration meas-
urements are valid
only for the used
calibration sub-
stance (check with
water or this cali-
bration substance).
Use a corresponding
small measuring
range for a certain
calibration.
A revision must be
performed).
By means of the
selector switch "N"
(divider)-on the
back panel of the
instrument - the
intended and correct
range is selected.
T - T
< 256
P a r t i c u l a r
a t t e n t i o n
is required when filling the samule tube (oscillator). Use plastic
tipped hypodermic syringes!
In order to prevent a direct contact with the glass oscillator
we recommend the use of an adapter for pressure (Cat.No. 52102),
which is delivered for continuous flow measurement.
In order to guarantee precise measurements place the DMA instrument
such, that no shocks, vibrations or direct sunlight affect the
measurement