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1-Introduction to
contract
!
Simple unwritten
contracts are
enforceable
agreements and
governed by law and
court


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*+
.&,
Agreement is the
means by which
exchange
relationship are
supported.
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1 .2!
Some agreement are
quick in exchange
and other extended
over a larger period .
3 #$4
* (/ 15
6 3
78 ( 9:
6); <0=
A promise is an act
whereby one person
binds himself to do
or refrain from doing
smoothing.
2 -!
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A contract is a
promise. The promise
is the person to whom
the promise is made.
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A promise must have
formalities. It is being
if its made in new
form of a deed.
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2- OFFER AND
ACCEPTENCE
"#$ %&
An offer has been
defined as 'an
expression of
willingness to
contract on certain
terms made with the
intention that it shall
be binding as soon as
it is accepted by the
person to whom it is
addressed.
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An offer must be
clear and contain.
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An offer can be
withdrawn or
revoked before it has
been accepted but
not after that time.
-# 5
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The acceptance must
be communicated to
the offerer and
exactly match the
offer.
" " *;
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(%( .BD!
Any deviation from
the terms of the offer
is called a
counteroffer which
the original offerer is
then free to accept or
reect.
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A failure to fulfill a
contractual
obligation is called a
breach of contract.
; V7 2
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A pre!contractual
statement such as b
is called an invitation
to treat.' It is very
important to
distinguish between
an offer and
invitation to treat but
this becomes more
difficult in prolonged
and complex
negotiations.
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.
the conventional
analysis of offer and
acceptance" it was
necessary to 'look at
the correspondence
as a whole and at the
conduct of the parties
and see whether the
parties had come to
an agreement on
everything that was
material'.
15 -$
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NJ(O 6
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15 = .V$
#n appeal$ the %ouse
of &ords
unanimously
reversed the decision
" *
!; ^D 15
H2 ._(
'This letter should
not be regarded as a
firm offer of a
mortgage.' The
necessary
implication from
this$ it is suggested$
is that the first
paragraph of the
letter is to be
regarded as a firm
offer to sell despite
the fact that this is
plainly inconsistent
with the express
language of that
paragraph.
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3- Communication
of acceptance
'(% %&
"#$)
(e have already
seen that for an
acceptance to be
effective it must
exactly match the
offer and be
communicated to the
offerer.
1 M+ L;
NJ(O 6
IJ( *; M+ L;
/ 64
5 .&D
In face!to!face
transactions the time
of communication is
easy to establish.
5

`
W BW &
.
%owever$ many
business transactions
are conducted at a
distance and offer
and acceptance may
be communicated by
a variety of means.
" D2 *(
NJ(O 6
L[( 64
" "5
GH ( "
.-./
)ifferent rules have
therefore been
established to take
account of different
forms of
communication.
@<] $
1 SR 15
* 12
-./ 64
A general distinction
is drawn between
instantaneous
communication and
communication by
post.
V$5 "
64 G$
64 (
2a .
`

The rule for

acceptance by post is
that it is effective
from the time of
posting.
5 6
" 607 64
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4- Nature of
Crime
!&* +#,
The best that can be
offered is to say that
a criminal offence is
conduct which may
be followed by
criminal proceeding
and sentence.
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A crime as an act
which is capable of
being followed by
criminal proceedings
and may result in
punishment.
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*rime which
analyses the
characteristics of
criminal conduct$
'*rime is crime
because it consists in
wrongdoing which
directly and in
serious degree
threatens the security
and well!being of
society.
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And because it is not
safe to leave it
redressable only by
compensation of the
inured party.
" \ (J
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" .
+iven the disparate
nature of criminal
acts$ to seek for any
common$
distinguishable
feature and through
this a single
definition of crime is
an impossible task.
" 607
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*( _(
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2 *; (J
12

%ow is the udge to

know whether to
make solemn and
formal
pronouncement of
condemnation or to
give udgment as in a
civil action,
_, &+ 9!
b1K 6 ;
35
"
*0!O .1/
Surely $ only by
ascertaining whether
the legislature -or the
courts in the case of
a common law
crime. have
prescribed that the
proceedings shall be
criminal" and this
must depend $
primarily $ upon
whether it is intended
to be punitive.
H2 " 607
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/0 terminolo!
: write
what you know
about ? ... .......
123 45,!
6# #7 89
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: ? Definition
of Obligations
write what you
know about

1- Definition of
O"liation#
_( @%4
' An obligation is a
legal bond$ the obect
of which is to
procure an advantage
for one person by
constraining another
to do or to abstain
from a definite act .
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.
The legal bond may
arise from a contract
or from one of the
other sources of
obligations.
@%4 1++
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@%4 2 -
$ource# of
O"liation#
O 1 - %ill
O $D
&nilateral
contract#
O .De
"ilateral
contract#
-$ ; -
2 - Act
-$ S5D
'enefit Act
-$ ?
Damae Act
3- (ariou#
Cla##e# of
O"liation#
!
1-Accordin to
t)eir #ource#*
"# !
$%&
2-Accordin to
t)eir o"+ect#
' "# ! :
3-Cla##ification
of o"liation#
accordin to t)e
modalitie# "!
,)ic) t)e! are
affected*
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4-Accordin to
t)eir leal
effect#-
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4-Cla##ification
of o"liation#
accordin to t)e
modalitie# "!
,)ic) t)e! are
affected*
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As obligation is said
to be pure and simple
when it is normal$
that is when it
produces the effects
which the law gives
to ordinary
obligations of that
class.
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/ut the parties or the
law itself may give
to the obligation a
special character in
order to produce
different legal effects
from an ordinary
obligation.
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In this case$ the
obligation is said to
be affected by a
modality. The
modalities which
affect the legal
effects of the
obligation are
numerous There are0
conditional
obligations$
obligations with a
term$ alternative
obligations$ oint and
several obligations $
divisible and
indivisible
obligations.
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.-Cla##ification
of contract#*
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1-Bilateral and
unilateral
contracts
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2-Imperfect
bilateral
contracts !
, '3 A)
-!ratuitous and
onerous contracts
%_____! _____+
% ;!+
" - #onsensual
formal and real
contracts
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$-%ominate and in
nominate
contracts
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&-'rincipal and
accessory
contracts %!
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(-#ommutati)e
and aleatory
contracts
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/-Commutati0e
and aleator!
contract#1
%! ^0+
%! +28A :
A contract is
commutative when
each of the parties
binds himself to give
or to do something
which is regarded as
the equivalent for
that which is given
or done for him.
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In this kind of
contracts$ each party
gets something and
the value of every
prestation of the two
parties is known and
fixed from the date
of the contract. The
parties know$ at that
date$ what they get
and what they give.
Things can be$
instantly$ valued.
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aleator!
contract#*- (hen
the equivalent
consists of chances
of gain or of loss for
each of the parties$
depending upon an
uncertain event$ the
contract is aleatory
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In these contracts
theparties know that
they are making a
speculation . #ne of
them is going to gain
and the other to
loose. (hat each of
the parties gets is not
anything which can
be instantly valued$
1x. *ontracts of
insurance$ bet...etc
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2-At ,)ic)
moment i# t)e
contract
complete 3
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(hen the parties are
prsent$ and the
offeree accepts at
once$ the contract is
complete at the
moment of this
acceptance.
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It is also complete$
although the when it
appears that the
offerer did not
revoke his offer
during the time
between the offer
and the acceptance"
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The acceptance must
emanate before the
end of the meeting
between the parties.
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!
(hen the parties are
not present the
problem of the
moment of the
completion of the
contract arises. They
may make the
contract by
correspondence or by
telephone.
! 5 8 Q!2 )
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There are four
theories as to the
moment when the
contract by
correspondence is
complete.
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It is not enough that
the acceptance has
been declared or
dispatched or
received by the
offerer$ but he must
know what has been
written in the letter
of acceptance.
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*ontracts by
telephone are treated
as those made inter!
present parties" there
is no delay for
acceptance.
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23 2 2 )
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Place of
contractin* ,-
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(hen the agreement
is reached between
parties present in a
particular country$
the contract is made
in that country . /ut
where the parties in
different countries$
the contract is made
in the country where
the offerer receive
the acceptance .
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2- (ice# of
con#ent "%
^$ ) ;, )
4i#ta5e of error
/0 1'2
mistake be essential.
It is considered to be
essential in the
following examples0
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R,J%] D%E# C
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-a. (hen ther is a
mistake as to some
quality which the
parties showed that
they regarded it as
essential.
7m9 D%E# C
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-b. It is essential also
when there is a
mistake as to the
identity or to a
quality of the person
contracted with
D%E#m" C
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Fraud 30 4:
According to the
1gyptian *ivil *ode
the contracts can be
annulled because of
fraud when the
artifices practiced by
one party or by his
representative were
such that without
them the other party
would not have
contracted.
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18( ! "E
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It appears from this
provision that0!
l\2# 7
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2. There must be
some artifices
without which the
consent would not
have been given.
1 1____# m D9 D%____E#
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3. The fraud must be
by the other party$ if
it emanates from a
third person$ the
victim cannot ask for
annuity unless he
proves that the other
party of the contract
knows or necessarily
deemed to know
2 D9m @%____# '____0)
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4. The intention to
deceive the other
party must exist" a
mere false statement
is not enough to
constitute fraud$ but
it is a question of
circumstances.
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5. 6raud must have
induced the consent
of the other party.
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Dure## or
(iolence *50 67
)uress occurs where
a party enters into a
contract under
violence or
threatened violence
to himself or to the
others$ in his life$ in
his person$ in his
honor or in his
property.
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7iolence may be
physical or moral . In
the first kind$ the
consent is not
vitiated it is absent
and the contract is
void -absolutely." but
in moral violence the
contract is viodable"
it vitiates the consent
and the contract is
viodable at the
instance of the
person whose will is
coerced .
G,3$ Q D%E# )
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7iolence must be in
ustified" it must be
illegal. A creditor is
entitled to threat the
debtor that he will
take legal
proceedings to make
him debtor
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7iolence must
induce a person to
give his consent$ in
this case he gives his
consent$ but it is not
freely given.
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(hen the violence is
exercised by a third
party in this case the
victim of violence is
not allowed for
annulling the
contract unless he
proves that the other
party to the contract
knows.
7 __+# N,__*
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E6ploitation * 80
9:2;!
the obligations of
one party to a
contract must not be
equivalent with the
advantages which he
has obtained from
this contract or with
the obligations of the
other party.
D />2A !Q%
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There must be an
evident disproportion
between these
obligations This is a
material element.
1# D9 D%__E# @__
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There is another
element which is
psychologies'$ that is
the exploitation of
one party to the
difficult situation of
the other.
,___.7! ___ %___J
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7!+) D9 89 __5,*
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#ne party exploits
the obvious legerity
and the non!
controlled passion of
the other .The udge$
on the demand of the
victim can annul the
contract$ he can also
reduce his
obligations to the
contract.
'25 y- &
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In onerous contracts$
the beneficiary$ can
avoid the annulment
of the contract by
offering a sufficient
supplement to avoid
the lesion
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7-&ni0er#el and
particular 8a!ant
cau#e8
T @! T__
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The expression
'ayant cause' is of
6rench origin" it has
no equivalent in the
1nglish terminology.
The universal 'ayant
cause' are those who
succeed to the whole
estate of the author$
or to an aliquot share
of it$ such as a half or
a third... These will
be$ generally$ the
heirs of a deceased
person. The creditors
are$ in a sense$
'ayant cause' of this
kind" as their rights
are over the whole
patrimony of their
debtor.
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The particular 'ayant
cause' Are those
who succeed to their
author in some
particular right or
acquire some
particular right from
him - 1x. The buyer$
the person to whom a
determined thing is
left as a legacy..
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9- 'enefit
producin Act#
'+! :57
+eneral principle of
unust enrichment0
9&+ @! b,Hr K)
1& ) : @J ] )
every person who
has been enriched
without legitimate
cause'$ on the
account of another
person $ is bound to
indemnify this latter
for the
impoverishment
which he has
suffered.
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The indemnity must
be up to the limit of
the enrichment. It
appears from this
provision that0
_____&7# D9 D%_____E#
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2!There must be
enrichment" the
defendant must have
been enriched.
{ 1# m D9 2# b,__H
+ 4
3!The enrichment
must be the
consequence of the
impoverishment of
the plaintiff. There
must be a convexity
between the
enrichment of the
one and the
impoverishment of
the other.
| b,___H$m ___&7# D9
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4!The enrichment
must have been
unust$ without
legitmate cause. In
other words$ the
defendant does not
have a ust cause for
retaining the benefit
without payment.
LJ b,H$ __&7# D9
D%E# ,j ,__Z R9
D) 1&__ %__Q U
R9 D9 __+ 4__
n 4# 1&
_______E ~_______O20#
1E+) RL '.8
4 U
1:-Damae <
producin act#
;tort#< ci0il
lia"ilit!
5 gD -5
R ) -$
? ( h
+
Re#pon#i"ilit!
ari#in from
per#onal act# *
h
) 1 (
[AD " 65]
A (
1very fault -faute.
which causes a
damage to-another
obliges that who has
committed this fault
to repair it .
-, [7 I/
R @%(
" B
3(
There must be an act
which constitutes a
fault or wrong on the
dependent's part
IJ( *; W( -5
-A( [7 15
I+W 1!
B!
It must be proved
that this fault has
caused damage to the
plaintiff
-demendant .-
IJ( L: *; H2
[ I/ R
1! .
Re#pon#i"ilit!
ari#in from act#
of ot)er# *
h 1
[AD "! 65;

In this case$ a person

may be responsible
for the act done by
persons under his
surveillance -control
or supervision .-
15 >H2
*( A
4h "! M
BL<; iK;
U B(=
1veryone who$ by
law or by
convention$ exercises
a surveillance upon a
person$ in need of
this surveillance
because of his
minority$ his mental
or his physical state$
person to a third
party. obliged to
repair the damage by
the illicit act of this
A GH
( (=
++# ; #$
1! 7; I
># ; B<
; +
*( %
F0=d ?
gD "! M
P CA H
A
the vicarious
liability$ which arises
most commenly in
the case of master
and servants$
companies and their
agents$ the employer
and his employees.
h (
12 1 [AD
-A S.K 15
<
@ ,A
2b0, I<=
- B$a
In this case the
master the company
the employer Is
generally vicariously
liable for torts
committed by his
servant$ his agent$ his
employee$ in the
course of their
employment.
15 >H2
*(
,A I<=
- P (;
&D 4h
h ( "!
R] 1
( B7 ;
B, ; B$a
15 bDL; -
&atter persons are
dependent" they are
under the control of
their master These
/oth as to what they
must do and how
when$ and where
they must do the
business$
b4Q2 iK]
P "
&5 U :
&2/ 0, &D
" j< k IJ(
&! _,
1 "(; IJ(
*; ( &
Re#pon#i"ilit!
ari#in from
t)in# *
h JD
"! -5 bK]
According to the
1gyptian civil code$
a person may be
liable for damage
caused by things
under his control in
three cases
5 *+
( A
6h "! ?
cKD "!
bK] R
B# 15 4<
l0L :
2! in case of damage
caused by an animal
1 - 15 < k:
S# ? "
*
3!In case of damage
caused from the
destruction of a
building$ and
2 - 15 < k:
*, ? J+
l< @ bD .
4! in case of
damages caused by
things which demand
a special standard of
care in their control$
i.e. machinery
3 - 15 < ?
GH B -5
bK] 1
1? (D!
(D! =7 -e
48 +
In such cases$ the
fault is said to be
presumed the
controller
-the owner or the
keeper of the thing.
is presumed to be
liable. The plaintiff
has no need to prove
the fault of the owner
or the keeper in
general" he is liable
for all damage done
15 >H2 4
48 m$+ *;
[ 1!
& -e
n ; <
bK] m$(
h "!
-$ ? .
1! T 15
W< L4 [7
n ; l
$ ! 2
6h "! -,
? GH S#
11 - (oid
contract# and
t)eir
c)aracteri#tic# *
%! *&
.`.P
(hen the contract
does not contain one
of the elements
which are essential to
its formation$ it is
void. It is also void$
even when all the
elements required are
present$ but the
obect or the cause is
not lawful.
D! 4 "?(
<; =D
(2J B[AD
*( -) *(
-) ?(; 1<
5 -,
=D
" - ;
I P
CA .
7oid contracts never
produce any legal
effect.
-) 4
gD( G; L;
++#
The nullity of a void
contract may be
claimed by any
person having an
interest. It is the
court's duty to
declare
*0 L[
-) "( *;
I( " G;
K B
" IW
*; B
$D
A void contract can
never acauire
validity by
prescription.
) 4
I
@
These are$ in brief$
the main
characteristics of a
void contract.
H2 7[
.
. 60
12-(ioda"le
contract# and
t)eir
c)aracteri#tic#*
%! ) -)K
.`.P
The contract
produces legal
effects from the
beginning$ but for
some determined
reasons it may be
annulled at the
instance of the party
whose consent was
given by mistake or
obtained by duress or
fraud$ or was a
victim to an
exploitation.
-) gD(
>L; " (
\D2 N/;
*; B ,
" M);
!; &.R
"! '() [
; < ! "!
'() o ;
T ; *,
R 60/0
It may be annulled
also on the ground of
want of capacity"
contracts made by an
incapable person are
voidable.
"( *; -(
?(; 15 6J
@+ 2]

"! '() K
&(! 2] *
# 6Z
A viodable contract
produces legal
effects until it is
annulled by the
court.
-
6Z gD( >Lf
++ 9< &(
>p:
The action to have it
annulled is
competent only to
the party protected.
! n
Bd 1
q5 9: A
GH B(<
(hen the counteract
is annulled the
parties are put back
to the same position
as if the contract had
never been made
D! &( 6:
&( CW:
*#
1 +, !
*[, &
D(
:
tran#lation t)e
follo,in into
Ara"ic 3
&W
8 9: r
1[( 6Q/ "

8 1[( D
(%J+O
BW 9:

1-T)e offer
lap#e# * b\
"#$
2! /y the end a fixed
delay for the
acceptance.
1 - (D
6
3! /y the death of
offerer or the offeree
before acceptance
2 - 5 IW
; IW B -#
6
4! The offer lapses if
it is not accepted
within the specified
time$ or within a
reasonable time$ if
none is specified.
3 - 1?D(
NJ(O k: &
-( 607 5
DX ;
607 U# 6
) k &
(
5! The offer lapses
also when the offeree
does not make a
valid acceptance
-e.g. makes a counter
offer or conditional
acceptance.
4 - 3D( NJ(O
?(; D! *(
IW B &
B( 4# =
8! It lapses also if the
offer is subect to the
fulfilment of a
condition and that
condition is not
ftilfiled.
5 - 1?D(
NJ(O k: *,
NJ(O S?( 9:
' sK
" H2 sA
@X0 NJ(Z &
'(
2-Communication
of Acceptance*
"=' 9> 9&?@
9ormally an
acceptance is
ineffective unless
and until it is
communicated to the
offerer
! 6 4
-= B 4: k: &
B(: 9: &!
IW
/ut sometimes the
communication of
acceptance to the
offerer is not
necessary.
" +<; -=
6 IW 4
*( (R
that the offerer does
not wait for an
express acceptance.
In this case$ the
contract is complete
unless the offer is
reected in a suitable
time
H *5 IW
4 &^D( 6#
E(= 15 >H2
*(
-, 4 k
IW B?5
15 U#
I/D
2! when there has
been a course of
dealing between the
parties which make it
reasonable for the
offerer to assume
that silene on the part
of the offere means
consent.
1 - D! *(
\D2 N/
- '$ !
" "5
-J+ "
6 D
IW *
m$( *
s "
I+W " BW B
NJ(4 1D(
6
3! (hen the offer is
entirely made to the
advantage of the
offeree and he has no
motive to lead him to
refuse it.
2 - D! *(
NJ(4 -
D( 1! $D
" BW B
NJ(4 2 T
B( S5 >(
1 35
3-T)e o"+ect of
o"liation# * A
B!
*ules which
go)ern the
ob+ect , %
2 E0 '0+
The obect of an
obligation is what the
debtor promises to
pay. It is the thing
which is due. It may
be a prestation or an
abstention.
- @%4 2
* "( @%(
S5 B+ cA
' "(
* *( b
CD
It must not be
confused with the
obect of a contract.
The obect of a
contract is to produce
obligations.
IJ( @! q
BD " -
-5
gD( %
1very obligation
created by a contract
has an obect. The
obect of the
obligation is to do$
not to do and to give.
-, @% cAD(
"! '() ! B
- -
@%4 @
- CD4
"! -! @%4
b
/0 CDE FGHEIJ KLMJ
GE NOEMEPJQ /0
- IJ( *;
*( W
3! The existing
obect of an
obligation $ if it is
not a specific thing$
must be determinated
at least as to its
quantity
| '_____0m @>2_____A
%____]%+ 1____# D9
D%___E# ___Z

___7!
&7) V U42+3
4! The obect must
be possible. /y this it
is meant that there
can be no lawful
obligation to perform
a thing which is
absolutely
impossible for
anyone to perform .
t 1____#m D9 D%____E#
'0+ V_7! U

7E+
__h 4__9 A __E+# D9
__]%# @>2__ %__Q
b6__) b__Z '02__#
V_____ R9 _____Z

- U4`9
5!The obect must be
lawful. (hen the
obect is against
public policy and
good morals$ the
contracts void.
v 1____#m D9 D%____E#
'_____0+

,_____a
_7!5 D%_E# '_0+
'___ "} ,&___2!#
! U'*)
"- -ffects of
#ontracts :;<=> ?@AB
!1ffects between
parties!contract
makes law0
Hk __) N,__* [
_______! !#,_______Z
#Q!2+
The contract$ legally
formed$ takes the
place of law as
between the parties.
( _! %_
'0 '0 D% )
,5
It cannot be revoked
or modified except
by their mutual
consent or for causes
which the law
authoriCes.
A E+# M%], 4__5
9 4#____! b72____)
____;, ____&2+ 9
"&) 2 ,__.#
) D%
In saying that a
contract makes the
law between parties$
it is meant that it
overrides any general
provisions of law$
not being a law of
public order.
_____7%) D9 _____!
!#,__Z #__Q!2+ [
LJ 7!# 4__9 %__!# R9
z%___. ___ ___5
D%__ [ __+5 __
@i7 @!
It is meant also that
the court is bound to
give effect to the
contract as it stands
and is not entitled to
modify it in order to
make it more
equitable.
4___9 ___7!#

___\#9 D9
_____+E0+ _____>
L__O72) __! __+3 %__J
n__ __ D9 4__!
4!2 ,39 UA

It is to be noted that$
the actual 1gyptian
civil code$ has
accepted the
modification of
contract in case of the
arrival of exceptional
circumstances or
events.
~___8K# D9 D%___
+ R,.+ '__&Q
'#!2) ! 5 8
N,__i __`- 9
=8
.-T)e partie# to
a contract*RSSST
.
The parties to a
contract are those
who have personally
consented to it.
N,___*9 ___! ___J
#L____ %____; 4____)

.Z
/ut other persons
may be parties to the
contract although
they did not appear
in it by themselves.
E z__Z9 __#,PI
_____E+# D9 %_____%E#
N,*9 ! j,__)
__9 __ ,__i#
45 O9
it is the case when
somebody gives
authority to another
to act$ in his name as
his agent.
9 0 2__ l__7+#
5 __Z -__
a ,PI N,.2
4+) 43%3
The heirs of a party
to a contract are not
considered as third
parties.
H N,*9 __! A
,&2!# N,* sH
/-Pri0ac! of
contract and
e6ception#*
; + L;
) =7
( #
bDe/4 B!
A contract creates
rights and
obligations only
between the parties
to it.
__! u__a7# p%__8
/__>2 C__5 __)
45,*9
A contract does not
confer rights on a
stranger$ nor does
impose obligations
on a stranger.
__! A l__7+# p%__8
___a 1___#,j A
,O# />2 V__
Z 1#,j
Therefore it is a
fundamental
principle$ that no
person can sue or be
sued on a contract
unless he is a party to
it.
L 9& 9 49
A __E+# __a D9
;# 9 4;# 89
A h D3 N,* U45
/ut this principle of
privacy of contract
has certain
exceptions.
__E L__J 9__&+ ,__
4 /b72 7!
U
2-=e#tion**UV
This is another form
of the application of
the unust
enrichment.
__\O __J 'E__Z
,P9 X&-2 b,H$ K)
1&
In case gestion.$ we
find a person who
intervenes and does
something for the
benefit of anther.
5 8 \O
Z 'P2# @%__#
'__+!) u__Z 0__.+
Z ,PI
%e interferes in the
others business and
in that way he
acquires a claim and
incurs obligation.
%J 'P__ __5 D%__Z
, GL__) __#,-
1__2E# X__8 u__a7#
@>2
The person who
interferes in the
others business must
do this voluntarily
without any previous
obligations to do so.
a RL 'P__2#
'+!) , '!O# h
_____%* D_____) R9
/____>2 &____
'!O h
The law requires also
that the business to
be done must be
urgent.
1-2# D%__ __\#9
4__ __E __2# '__+!
1# D D%E# K]
s :
) n+P (/]
], ^,a
/0-. C5 V
),! Translate
only 2D terms into
Arabic
], ^,a
/0-. C5 V
#>$ Translate
only 2D terms into
1nglish
%23 5 ^,;0+ ^,P
To udge
EFG HIJKImplied LMNO
Plaintiff LG:N=>1xpress QKRS
To take action TUGV WXRK*apacity -HYZ.[\F]^>
&itigation _>`a&on for use -HYZ. [K?@G
)efendant b\FG LG:N=>Pledge -HYZ. cd@\e f]?
*laim g@GV> h TUGV%ypothec -HYZ. c?@;G f]?
Property h owner ship -HYZ. [\IFZThe loan -HYZ. iR;=>
#nerous -HYZ. [Oj@<N=>1ssential -HYZ. -cR]Uk. LFS^>
The truth! light mJ=>&ease ?@nKo
1xchange pV@qr
Intention -HYZ. [\a h :stSale W\q=>
#bect of the right mJ=> uJZ jv _UOUZSanctions w>g>`k
A gift -HYZ. [q]#bligation x>`y=>
)istinguished [tRzy=>)efinite { particular V:JZ
&egacy -HYZ. [\Sj*onstraining :\t h x`=> h Rqkv
The donor |]>U=>Abstain { not to do { refrain _@MyZ>
(ill -HYZ. }V>?~>*haracters @s
)eclare Gourists -HYZ. b\;X
&egislator _RN=>*reditor f>V
Parties >Rvdonor |]>U=>
1ntitled pUZ#bliged x`FZ
*laim TUGVAgainst -HYZ. :O
6avour [JFsZ)epts UKV
inury -HYZ.?RO&egal bond [\aUa@t [>?
&egal effect LaUa@;=> RA^>Patrimony -HYZ. [\=@Z [Z
)amage -HYZ.?@O9egative obligation LqF x>`y=>
&aw orders Ua@;=> aodality -HYZ. p:<Z
Agreement ! *onvention -HYZ. @zr>&egal effects [\aUa@;=> ?@A>
Acceptance pUqt*reate -HYZ. MK h mFK
)eclaration Go)istinction -HYZ. [tRzy=>
&iable pUZleect XRK
Promise -HYZ. :Gj/ilateral contracts [\@MA VU;G
*ontract sale W\ :;Gnilateral contracts [KV@ev VU;G
)uty -HYZ. |k>jThe promise :G>U=>
)eposit -HYZ.[<KVjThe promised b= VUGUN=>
&egal sanction LaUa@t g>`kTorts [GjRZ R\ p@NGv
-HYZ.
#fferor |kUN=>*ircumstance jR
)onee b= U]UN=>&imit time -HYZ. [FYZ
Artifices [\=@\ye> R h u\e
-HYZ.
A caution sale V>`N=@ W\q=>
%onour -HYZ. R=>&aps of offer @nK~> U;
Prostration L@nKo x>`y=> g>VvThe contract makes the law
between the parties
fK:t@<yN=> [<KR :;<=>
Public policy -HYZ. x@<=> x@M=>%eirs -HYZ. [A?U=>
The promised a reward or
recompense
}X@IZ jv }`@n :GU=>)efendant b\FG LG:Z
Absolute -HYZ. mFZforbidden WMNK h RJK
Impact mqK1ngender :JyK h :=UK
inor -HYZ. RS@t9on controlled -HYZ. QZ@k TU]
levoke -HYZ. p:<KPayment not due mJyZ R\ WXV
leciprocal L=:q=> x>`y=>Action of reputation V>VRy> TUGV
+estion -HYZ.[=@z=>
+ratuitous mandate [\a@nZ [=@jlecogniCe -HYZ.Ry<K
Paid mandate Rk@r [=@j)ue -HYZ.mJyZ
Agent -HYZ. u\jInstrument { document -HYZ. [;\Aj
lelative -HYZ.LqaThe stipulation for the benefit of a
third party
:Y<y=> >Ry>
R\=> [JFsN=
Speculation
()
Protect LNJK
aor -HYZ.:>?Alimentary [;za
Artifices -HYZ.[\\=:y=> u\J=>Invitation negotiate ij@zyF= TUGV
7ictim -HYZ.[\JO&esion fq=>
niversal cause -HYZ. x@<=> F=>Auteur -HYZ.LMFG V>`Z
1qual obligation X@IyZ x>`y=>*ontractual liability [K:t@<r [\=UZ
+uarantees w@a@NO*hoice obligation c?@\y> x>`y=>
andatory uUZauthoriCation u\Ur
leal -HYZ.L<qr+ood morals v :G>Ut
Succession FKInfant -HYZ. uz
1lement RsMGPresumed iRyzK
7oid contract u@ :;GSituation fact Wt>j RZv
7icarious liability -HYZ. [\<qr [\=UZAcquire |yIK
)ivide H;K*ontrol }R\
leward X@IKPrincipal in contract :t@<y=> LX u\S^>
9umerous fields p@nN=> V:<yZImpose duty |k>j iRzK
revelation