Lecture Presentation

PGE368
Fall 2001 Semester
December 5 and 7
Fundamentals of
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Logging
Carlos Torres-Verdn, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Bedding scale Well logs
Stratum scale
Core plug scale
Pore scale
SPIN MAGNETIZATION
N
S
Proton
H
Hydrogen
PRECESSION
B
Parallel
Antiparallel
100,006
100,000
o
B
o
Larmor Precession
freq. = 4258
H
Gauss
z
B
o
ELEMENTAL NMR RESPONSE
Nucleus
[most common
applications in log &
core analysis]

2
ss
Natural
abundance
(%)
Relative
sensitivity I
(Hz/Gau )
4257.59
1
H
[core and log]
2
H
[aqueous phase]
13
C
[need high freq.]
19
F
[nonwetting phase]
1/2 99.99 1.000
653.57 1 0.015 0.0097
1070.5 1/2 1.10 0.0159
4005.5 1/2 100.00 0.833
23
Na
[salinity]
11.26 3/2 100.00 0.0925
TRANSVERSAL TIPPING
TRANSVERSAL TIPPING and PROTON PRECESSION

LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE RELAXATION

Two primary parameters that control NMR

Time
Time
T
T
E E
T
T
W W
T2
T2
Decay
Decay
T1 Buildup
T1 Buildup
logging, TE and TW.
BASIC NMR INSTRUMENTATION COMPONENTS
B
1

B
0
N
S
A time-constant magnetic
field used to polarize the
spins
A time-varying RF
magnetic field to excite
the spins
A magnetic receptor to
measured the spin
response
COMMERCIAL NMR WIRELINE TOOLS
MRIL CMR
B
0
Magnet
B
1
vs. Homogeneous B
0
Gradient field
LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE RELAXATION
T
W
T2
T1
T
E
T
w
= wait time
T
E
= inter-echo time
T1= Longitudinal magnetization build up
T2= Transverse magnetization decay
T1 BUILD-UP OF OILS
T1 Buildup
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
3
.
5
4
4
.
5
5
5
.
5
6
6
.
5
7
7
.
5
8
8
.
5
9
9
.
5
1
0
1
0
.
5
1
1
1
1
.
5
1
2
1
2
.
5
1
3
1
3
.
5
1
4
1
4
.
5
1
5
Time (sec.)
%

P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
0.2 cP
0.4 cP
0.6 cP
0.8 cP
1 cP
2 cP
4 cP
Water (512 m)
Water (256 ms)
Water (64 ms)
Water (16 ms)
TRANSVERSE RELAXATION
Amplitude Decay Explanation
Gradient Field and Diffusion
Gradient Field and Diffusion
T T
1 1
T T
2 2
B
B
0 0
+
+
B
B
0 0
B
B
0 0

B
B
0 0
B
B
0 0
f
f
+
+

f
f f
f
f
f
-
-

f
f
Diffusion during the pulse sequence causes a reduction Diffusion during the pulse sequence causes a reduction
in signal amplitude with time and decreases T2. in signal amplitude with time and decreases T2.
M
M

Time
Time
Elements of T2 Decay
Elements of T2 Decay
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
1
2
T
=
+
+
1
T
2D
S
V
1
T
2b
Bulk Fluid Relaxivity
Surface Relaxivity Pore Surface Area to Volume Ratio Pore Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Diffusion Decay Diffusion Decay
Primary Controls on T2 Decay
Primary Controls on T2 Decay
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
1
1
2
2
T
T
=
=

+
+
+
+
S
S
V
V
1
1
T
T
2b
2b
Pore Fluid Viscosity
Pore Fluid Diffusivity
Magnetic Field Gradient
Inter-Echo Spacing (TE)
1
1
T
T
2D
2D
Pore Size & Geometry
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
s
Pore Mineralogy
Wettability
T
T
2
2
Decay and Pore Size
Decay and Pore Size
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time (ms)
E
c
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o

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e


(
p
u
)
Small Pore Size = Rapid Decay Rate
Large Pore Size = Slow Decay Rate
Single Exponential Decay
Single Exponential Decay
y
y
=
=
por
por
.
.
e
e
-
-
t / T
t / T
2 2
64ms 64ms
16 ms 16 ms
256 256
ms ms
t
t
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
y
)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
y
)
y = y = por por
. .
e e
- -t/256 t/256
y = y = por por
. .
e e
- -t/64 t/64
y = y = por por
. .
e e
- -t/16 t/16

I
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m
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a
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I
n
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a
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(
(
p
u
p
u
)
)
T
T
2 2
(ms)
(ms)
16 64 256 16 64 256
Multi
Multi
-
-
exponential Decay
exponential Decay

=
=

por
por
.
.
e
e
-
-
t / T
t / T
2 2
16 64 256 16 64 256
T
T
2 2
(ms)
(ms)
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a
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I
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(
(
p
u
p
u
)
)
10 10
15 15
64 ms 64 ms
16 ms 16 ms
256 256
ms ms
5 5

= 30p.u.
= 30p.u.
t
t
y = 5 y = 5
. .
e e
- -t/ t/16 16
+ 10 + 10
. .
e e
- -t/ t/64 64
+ 15 + 15
. .
e e
- -t/ t/256 256
T2 RELAXATION AND PORE SIZE
0.5 100 10 1.0 1,000
T
2
ms
Clay Silt Fine
Coarse
Clay Domain

2
= 1 m/s
Sand Domain

2
= 5m/s
Water-Wet Hydrocarbon-Bearing Rock Formation
Clay
Wilcox Sand
Oklahoma City
1 cm
Close-Up
Effect of Pore Size on T2 Spectra
Effect of Pore Size on T2 Spectra
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[
p
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]
T
2
[msec]
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.1 1. 10. 100. 1000. 10000.
T
2
Spectra @ Sw = 1.0
Formation A
Formation B
T
2
Cut-off
Small Pores Large Pores Micro-Pores

NMR
= 25 pu
Formation B (high-k)
Formation A (Low-k)
BVI = 10 pu
BVM = 15 pu
BVI = 6 pu BVM = 19 pu
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
Surface
Surface
Relaxivity
Relaxivity
and T
and T
2
2
Decay
Decay
Controls on Surface
Controls on Surface
Relaxivity
Relaxivity

Pore surface mineralogy

Para, ferri, and ferro-magnetic ions (e.g., Fe
3+
, Mn
2+
)
Wettability
Effects of
Effects of


Variations
Variations
(Wetting Phase Only)
(Wetting Phase Only)
Higher results in faster T
2
Decay
Lower results in slower T
2
Decay
Surface
Surface
Relaxivity
Relaxivity
and T
and T
2
2
Decay
Decay
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
Low (Carbonates)
High (Clastics)
E
c
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o

A
m
p
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i
t
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d
e


[
p
u
]
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P
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s
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[
p
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]
T
2
[ms]
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.1 1.0 10. 100. 1000. 10000.
NMR porosity
Time [ms]
Surface
Surface
Relaxivity
Relaxivity
and T
and T
2
2
Decay
Decay
Low (Carbonates)
High (Clastics)
2
2
-
-
phase Fluid System, Wetting Phase
phase Fluid System, Wetting Phase
@ Irreducible Saturation
@ Irreducible Saturation
E
c
h
o

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e


[
p
u
]
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[
p
u
]
T
2
[ms]
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.1 1.0 10. 100. 1000. 10000.
NMR porosity
Time [ms]
Effect of Magnetic Ions on T
Effect of Magnetic Ions on T
2 2
Decay
Decay
The presence of Para, ferri, and ferro-magnetic ions (e.g., Fe
3+
, Mn
2+
)
will increase and produce internal magnetic field gradients which
attenuate echo amplitudes due to accelerated diffusion decay (T
2D
).
Mineral Constituents with Low Magnetic Susceptibility Mineral Constituents with Low Magnetic Susceptibility
Mineral Constituents with High Magnetic Susceptibility Mineral Constituents with High Magnetic Susceptibility
NMR porosity
Time [ms]
E
c
h
o

A
m
p
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t
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e


[
p
u
]
I
n
c
r
.

P
o
r
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s
i
t
y

[
p
u
]
T
2
[ms]
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.1 1. 10. 100. 1000. 10000.
Basic NMR Field Deliverable
Basic NMR Field Deliverable
GR T
2
Spectra
Resistivity &
Permeability
Pore Volumetrics
Formation Tester Data and NMR Data
Patagonia Example
Patagonia
Example
Patagonia
Example
China Example
Venezuela
Example
Petrophysical Applications of NMR Data
Petrophysical Applications of NMR Data
Mineralogically-Independent Porosities (Total & Effective)
Clay-Bound Water Volume
Capillary-Bound Water & Free Fluid Volumes
Pore Size Distribution (Single Phase Fluid Saturation)
Permeability (With calibration to core or test data)
Shale Volume & Distribution
Flushed Zone Fluid Saturations (DTW analysis)
Hydrocarbon Viscosity (DTE analysis)
Electrical Properties & Water Saturation (Integrated Products)
Basic MRIL Field Deliverable
Basic MRIL Field Deliverable
GR T
2
Spectra
Resistivity &
Permeability
Pore Volumetrics
Basic NMR Data
Basic NMR Data
NMR measurements provide
NMR measurements provide
:
:
Echo Amplitudes
Echo Decay Rates
Calibrated transforms provide:
Mineralogically Independent Porosities.
Clay Bound Water
Capillary Bound Water & Free Fluid Volumes
Permeability
Echo Train Inversion Processing
Echo Train Inversion Processing
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

P
o
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o
s
i
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y

[
p
u
]
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P
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[
p
u
]
T
2
[msec]
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.1 1. 10. 100. 1000. 10000.
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
multi-exponential fit
to spin-echo amplitudes
NMR porosity
Time [msec]
E
c
h
o

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e


[
p
u
]
Acquisition Time Domain T
2
Relaxation Time Domain
Inversion
Processing
NMR Porosity Definitions
NMR Porosity Definitions
Effective - Pore volume excluding clay bound water.
Total - Pore volume including clay bound water.
CBW- Clay bound water, which represents anion-free
water adsorbed within clay inter-layers.
BVI - Bulk volume irreducible water which includes
water retained by capillary forces in small pores, and
water wetting pore surfaces.
BVM - Free-fluid volume which is available for
hydrocarbon storage and fluid flow.
MRIL Porosity
MRIL Porosity
-
-
Test Pit Verification
Test Pit Verification
Echo Spacing of 1.75 ms
E
c
h
o
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
150 0 15 135 120 105 90 75 60 45 30
BVM = 20.30 pu

MRIL
= 26.25 pu
BVI = 5.95 pu
Time (ms)
25
20
15
10
5
Limestone Block

core
= 25.5%
E
c
h
o

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0 15 150 135 120 105
90
75 60 45 30

MRIL
= 19.82 pu
BVM = 15.61 pu
BVI = 4.21 pu
Echo Spacing of 1.5 ms
Time (ms)
20
15
10
5
Berea Sandstone Block

core
= 20.3%
BVM Fit Results
Echo Amplitude
Complete Echo Fit Results
Mineralogy
Mineralogy
-
-
Independent Porosity
Independent Porosity
Gulf of Mexico Sandstone
Gulf of Mexico Sandstone
Middle East Carbonate
Middle East Carbonate
20
Core Porosity (%)
M
R
I
L

P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y

(

%
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Core Porosity (frac.)
M
R
I
L

P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y

(
f
r
a
c
.
)
Porosity Considerations
Porosity Considerations
Although NMR porosity is
Although NMR porosity is
mineralogically
mineralogically
Independent, it is not fluid independent.
Independent, it is not fluid independent.
NMR porosity can be too low when
NMR porosity can be too low when
:
:

Hydrogen Index of reservoir fluids < 1.0

Hydrogen Index of reservoir fluids < 1.0

Reservoir fluids with long T1 are only partially

Reservoir fluids with long T1 are only partially
polarized due to insufficient acquisition wait time (TW)
polarized due to insufficient acquisition wait time (TW)

Solid hydrocarbons (tar) are present with relaxation

Solid hydrocarbons (tar) are present with relaxation
rates faster than the measurement time window
rates faster than the measurement time window

Internal gradients caused from magnetic minerals

Internal gradients caused from magnetic minerals
accelerate NMR echo decay to below measurement
accelerate NMR echo decay to below measurement
time window
time window
T2 Decay and Pore Size
T2 Decay and Pore Size
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
Pore Volumetric Distribution
Pore Volumetric Distribution
E
c
h
o
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0 15 150 135 120 105 90 75 60 45 30
Time (ms)
20
15
10
5
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
BVI BVM
4.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
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( p
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)
CBW
Matrix Matrix
Dry Dry
Clay Clay
Clay- Clay-
Bound Bound
Water Water
Mobile Mobile
Water Water
Capillary Capillary
Bound Bound
Water Water
Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon
T2 Decay
NMR Porosity
T
2
Decay (ms)
T2 Cutoffs
Transform
Bulk
Bulk
Volumetrics
Volumetrics
-
-
Light HC
Light HC
Matrix
Dry
Clay
Clay-
Bound
Water
Mobile
Water
Mobile
HC
Capillary-
Bound
Water
Res.
HC
MBVM
MPHS
MPHE
MBVI MCBW
Effect of Oil Saturation & T
Effect of Oil Saturation & T
2 2
Spectra
Spectra
Adapted from Adapted from Straley Straley et al, Log Analyst (Jan. 1995) et al, Log Analyst (Jan. 1995)
Oil Oil
Water Water
Sw Sw = 100% = 100%
Sw Sw = 76% = 76%
Sw Sw = 57% = 57%
Sw Sw = 34% = 34%
Sw Sw = 0% = 0%
Bulk Oil Bulk Oil
T
T
2 2
T2 Decay in a 2
T2 Decay in a 2
-
-
Phase System
Phase System
Wetting Phase Relaxivity
+
+
1
1
T
T
2D
2D
water water
1
1
T
T
2b
2b
water water
1
1
T
T
=
= +
+

S
S
V
V
2b
2b
water water
(
(
Sw
Sw

)
)
S
S
V
V
Non-Wetting Phase Relaxivity
1
1
2
2
hc hc
T
T
=
= +
+
1
1
T
T
2D
2D
hc hc
1
1
T
T
2b
2b
hc hc
T2 Spectra for Various Fluid Types
T2 Spectra for Various Fluid Types
Water
Water
Oil
Oil
Gas
Gas
Effect of Pore Size on T2 Spectra
Effect of Pore Size on T2 Spectra
Small Pores Large Pores Micro-Pores

NMR
= 25 pu
Formation B (high-k)
Formation A (Low-k)
BVI = 10 pu BVM = 15 pu
BVI = 6 pu BVM = 19 pu
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[
p
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T
2
[msec]
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.1 1. 10. 100. 1000. 10000.
T
2
Spectra @Sw = Swir
Formation A
Formation B
T
2
Cut-off
(2
(2
-
-
Phases with Wetting Phase Saturation @ Irreducible)
Phases with Wetting Phase Saturation @ Irreducible)
Default T
Default T
2 2
Cut
Cut
-
-
off Values
off Values
T
2
[msec]
Carbonates : 92 msec Sandstones : 33 msec
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
BVI
BVM
4.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00 T
2
Cut-off
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(
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CBW
Core
Core
-
-
Calibration Process
Calibration Process
Capillary Pressure Data
Core NMR Data
Calibrate BVI Model
Core Perm Data Calibrate Permeability Model
T
T
2
2
Cut
Cut
-
-
off from Core NMR
off from Core NMR
-
-
Obtain two core NMR measurements at:
Obtain two core NMR measurements at:
Sw
Sw
= 1.0
= 1.0
Sw
Sw
=
=
Swir
Swir
(obtained with centrifuging)
(obtained with centrifuging)
-
-
Determine T
Determine T
2 2
cut
cut
-
-
off where the terminal
off where the terminal
cumulative porosity @
cumulative porosity @
Sw
Sw
=
=
Swir
Swir
is equal
is equal
to the cumulative porosity @
to the cumulative porosity @
Sw
Sw
= 1.0.
= 1.0.
T
2
Cut-offs from Core NMR
T
2
(ms)
10 10 10
0 2 4
0
5
10
15
C
u
m
u
l
a
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i
v
e

(
p
u
)
T
2
cut-off (Sxo = Swi)
S
w
= 1.0
S
w
(air-brine) = S
wir
BVI
T
2
cut-off
(Sxo = 1.0)
S
w
(oil-brine) = S
wir
T
2
Cut-offs from
Core
Core NMR
T2 vs. Cumulative Porosity
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
T2 (ms)
C
u
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a
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(
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)
100% Water Saturated De-Saturated with Isotek
De-Saturated with Air
T
2
cut-off
(Sxo = 1.0)
T
2
cut-off
(Sxo = Swir)
BVI
C
u
m
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a
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i
v
e

P
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(
p
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)
T2 vs. Incremental Porosity
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
T2 (ms)
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100% Water Saturated De-Saturated with Isotek
De-Saturated with Air
T
2
cut-off
(Sxo = 1.0)
T
2
cut-off
(Sxo = Swir)
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(
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T
T
2 2
Cut
Cut
-
-
off from Pc & Log NMR Data
off from Pc & Log NMR Data
0
100
Sw (%)
Pc
T
2
cutoff
Capillary Pressure Data
Swir
core
BVI
core
NMR Post-Processing
Cumulative Log
NMR Porosity
10
0
10
3
T
2
(ms)
4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
T
2
(ms)
BVI BVM
Integrated Petrophysical Analysis Results
Integrated Petrophysical Analysis Results
Resistivity &
Permeability
Rock
Volume
Fluid
Saturation
Pore
Volume
T
2
Spectra
NMR Permeability Models
NMR Permeability Models
Where assumed default parameters are: C =10, a = 4 & b = 2
Coates
Coates
-
-
Timur
Timur
Model :
Model :
Kenyon Model:
Kenyon Model:
C
C
k
k
T
T
2
2
Geo. Mean
Geo. Mean
=
=
NMR NMR

b
b

a
a

NMR NMR
BVI
BVI
BVM
BVM
C
C
k
k
b

=
=

a

Note: These models will produce a permeability index

unless explicitly calibrated to local reservoir data.
NMR Permeability Models
NMR Permeability Models
Kenyon Model:
Kenyon Model:
C
C
k
k
T
T
2
2
Geo. Mean
Geo. Mean
b
b

=
=
a
a

NMR
NMR

Where default parameters are: C =10, a = 4 & b = 2

Kenyon Model - Ideal Conditions
I
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
l

P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y

[
p
u
]
T
2
[msec]
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.1 1. 10. 100. 1000. 10000.
T
2
Spectra @ Sw = 1.0
Formation A
Formation B
T
2
Cut-off
Small Pores Large Pores Micro-Pores

NMR
= 25 pu
Formation B (high-k)
Formation A (Low-k)
BVI = 10 pu BVM = 15 pu
BVI = 6 pu BVM = 19 pu
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
(Wetting Phase Saturation = 100%)
Permeability from NMR
Permeability from NMR
k
k
a
a
S
S
wir
wir
1
1
-
-
S
S
wir
wir
C
C
b
b

=
=

Generalized Coates
Generalized Coates
-
-
Timur
Timur
Model:
Model:
This model is designed to compute the effective (non
This model is designed to compute the effective (non
-
-
wetting
wetting
phase) permeability model based on the lower permeability
phase) permeability model based on the lower permeability
boundary condition which is controlled by the ratio of non
boundary condition which is controlled by the ratio of non
-
-
wetting phase (1
wetting phase (1
-
-
Swir
Swir
) to wetting phase (
) to wetting phase (
Swir
Swir
) saturation .
) saturation .
Permeability from NMR
Permeability from NMR
Coates-Timur Model (NMR version):
NMR
NMR
BVI
BVI
BVM
BVM
C
C
k
k
b
b

=
=

a
a

Where default parameters are: C =10, a = 4 & b = 2

BVI Dependence on Capillary
BVI Dependence on Capillary
Pressure/Height above FWL
Pressure/Height above FWL
T2 Distributions at Partial Saturations
T2 Distributions at Partial Saturations
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00
I
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
l

P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y

(
%
)
T
2
(ms)
Saturated
100%
25 psi
50 psi
200 psi
100 psi
BVI Dependence on Capillary
BVI Dependence on Capillary
Pressure/Height above FWL
Pressure/Height above FWL
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Capillary Pressure (psi)
N
M
R

P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

B
V
I

(
%
)
Calibration Pc
BVI at calibration Pc
Capillary Drainage Curve
Coates
Coates
-
-
Timur
Timur
Permeability vs. Column Height
Permeability vs. Column Height
Coates-Timur Permeability
k = (20/10)
4
(15.7/4.3)
2
= 213 md

NMR
= 20 pu
2
k

=
BVI
BVI
NMR

4
10

NMR

P
c

(
p
s
i
)
1 10 100 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100
Sw (%)
0
250
100
150
200
50
T
2
(ms)
T
2
Cut-off @ Reference Pc
Capillary Pressure
T2 Spectra
BVI = 4 pu
BVI = 4.3 pu
BVI = 6 pu
BVI = 5 pu
k = (20/10)
4
(16/4)
2
= 256 md
k = (20/10)
4
(15/5)
2
= 144 md
k = (20/10)
4
(14/6)
2
= 87 md
k
absolute
= 256 md
Limitations of Coates
Limitations of Coates
-
-
Timur
Timur
Permeability Model
Permeability Model

Application of the model is predicated on assumption that

Application of the model is predicated on assumption that
the porosity is all interconnected, and that pore throat
the porosity is all interconnected, and that pore throat
diameter
diameter
sytematically
sytematically
increases proportional to an increase
increases proportional to an increase
in the magnitude of the bulk free fluid volume (BVM).
in the magnitude of the bulk free fluid volume (BVM).
Computed permeability may systematically increase as a
function of increasing height above free water level. This
effect is most likely to occur for lower quality reservoirs with
highly sloped capillary pressure curves, but should not be
an issue for very high permeability reservoirs where
capillary presure curves are near-asymptotic.
Model Losses sensitivity at very high permeabilities where
irreducible water saturation is on the asymptote of the
capillary pressure curve, and porosity doesnt increase
relative to increased pore size and/or pore throat size.
Calibration of Coates-Timur
Permeability Model
Local calibration of model fitting parameters (C, a & b) are
necessary to account for variations in the complexity and
connectivity of the pore system, which control the
permeability and its correlation to the bulk pore volumetric
elements of which model is strictly comprised.
Multi-linear regression can be employed to solve for the the
formation-specific fitting parameters (C, m & n) when
reference permeability data from core or formation tests are
available.
Minimum error analysis can also be employed to solve for
an optimum value of the porosity denominator C while
holding parameters a and b constant at default values.
Multiple Water Saturation
Multiple Water Saturation
Models
Models
Shale Shale- -Free Conductance Model Free Conductance Model
Archie Archie
Laminated Shale Conductance Model Laminated Shale Conductance Model
Poupon Poupon- -Leveaux Leveaux (Indonesian) (Indonesian)
Double Double- -Layer Dispersed Clay Conductance Models Layer Dispersed Clay Conductance Models
Waxman Waxman- -Smits Smits
Dual Dual- -Water Water
Mixed Dispersed Mixed Dispersed- -Clay / Laminar Clay / Laminar- -Shale Conductance Model Shale Conductance Model
Patchett Patchett- -Herrick Herrick
Waxman
Waxman
-
-
Smits
Smits
Water Saturation Model
Water Saturation Model
C
t
C
w
F*
S
w
n*
=

F*
S
w
+

B Q
v

Waxman
Waxman
-
-
Smits
Smits
Model:
Model:
Where, F* is the Total Formation Resistivity
Factor, and Q
v
= Total Q
v
Patchett
Patchett
-
-
Herrick Water Saturation Model
Herrick Water Saturation Model
Patchett
Patchett
-
-
Herrick Model:
Herrick Model:
C
t
=
(1 - V
sh
)
C
w
F*
S
w
n*

F*
S
w
+
B Q
v

(V
sh
C
sh
)

+
Where, V
sh
= Laminar Shale Volume, F* is the
Formation Resistivity Factor of the Sand layers,
and Q
v
= Q
v
of Dispersed Shale in Sand Layers
Core
Core
-
-
Calibrated Analyses Results
Calibrated Analyses Results
Permeability &
Resistivity
T
2
Spectra
Rock
Volumetrics
Fluid
Saturations
Porosity
Volumetrics
Highly Laminated Example
Resistivity &
Permeability
Rock
Volume
Fluid
Saturation
Pore
Volume
T
2
Spectra
Original
Perfs
800
BOPD
Added
Perfs
733
BOPD
Acknowledgements:
Baker Atlas
Schlumberger