CIVILIZATION By: Sofia Quinn Perozzi Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d SECTION 1 When a person walks through the barren plains of this environment, the first characteristic they notice is the shadow of the towering mountain peaks behind them. This sloped and mountainous landscape is raised high above sea level. Looking around the beauti- ful scenery atop these rocky mountains is an incredible sensation. The skies are painted in an immaculate array of orange and yellow while the sun is setting. The air tastes almost earth-like and saccharine. A gentle, whis- tling breeze drifts through, with its calming flute-like sound. Livestock is scattered across the landscape with Among the plains of this barren landscape, the civilization of Quinn will arise. 1 Introduction Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d their distinct calls, which can be heard from miles away. The cold and moist grass feels soft but sometimes prickly. Down the mountain, a person could simply see the changes in elevation along the stunning horizon be- hind the faded and mystifying mountaintops. The abun- dant trees around the base of the mountain scatter their pine needles, creating a rich, tangy fragrance. With all the emptiness around someone in this vast en- vironment, they realize how alone they really are. It is in this favorable geographic environment that the civilization of Quinn will be founded. It is a civiliza- tion whose design takes it inspiration from the study of past civilizations such as the Arabs, the Aztecs, the Greeks, the Mayans, the Mesopotamians, and the Ro- mans among others. This book will document the nec- essary steps to take in order to create a successful civili- zation. 2 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d People are children of their environments -Shinichi Suzuki CHAPTER 1 3 Modifications Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d SECTION 1 Part l- Analysis of the Problem The first step in building a successful civilization is to secure basic human needs such as food and water. Due to its geography, the major challenges the civiliza- tion of Quinn faces in achieving a basic food and water supply include the following: The highlands and mountains can be a very difficult place to create a flourishing civilization. One main rea- son is because there is no sign of water nearby. Having Human Changes to the Land 4 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d water is crucial to survival because it is important for hu- mans to both clean and hydrate themselves. Without the ability to clean oneself, there is a higher possibility of catching sicknesses or deceases. Also, if humans lose too much body fluid from not drinking water they could get a headache and become drowsy. Having the ability to accumulate rainwater and spring water is un- common in this location. Rainwater is extended throughout this hilly landscape in order to irrigate the land, making it difficult to collect. Spring water can be found across the mountain range but climbing up the peak and then dragging a limited amount of water back down is a difficult task. The people of this grow- ing civilization have a choice to make; they could either find a solution to this issue, or face death by thirst and decease. Another crucial factor of having a successful and thriv- ing civilization is food. The civilization of Quinn is fac- ing a facing a major issue effecting their food source in this vast environment; domesticating the animals scat- tered across the landscape for not only food but also transportation and clothing. The difficulty with domesti- cation is first and foremost, capturing these wild crea- tures and making sure that there is no chance of es- cape. The people of this civilization would also have an- other laborious job; to create tools and weapons for kill- ing the live- stock and feed- ing the society with its grow- ing popula- tion. A stable food supply is an absolutely necessary fac- tor to a civiliza- tion because without it, there is starva- tion, showing that the soci- ety is barely scraping by. Undoubtedly, catching food such as livestock and cattle and growing 5 A necessity to creating a successful and thriving civilization is having a stable food supply. A society would face starvation without it. http://theeconomiccollapseblog.com/wp- content/uploads/2010/10/World-Food-Su pply.jpg Gallery 1.1 Stable Food Supply Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d food is essential to not only creating a prosperous civili- zation, but also surviving. Part ll- Proposed Solutions Adaptations are changes that humans make to them- selves to benefit their survival motives. Environmental modifications are physical changes made to a land to fit the way they live and help their civilization thrive. These two factors play important roles in civilizations because they decide whether a society will survive, thrive, or die. An example of an adaptation is when a person changes the way they dress to fit the weather in a specific environment. A couple of examples of modify- ing are collecting resources from the mountains for the construction of tool and weapons and cutting down pine trees to use its wood for shelter. The nature around an environment can also modify a landscape. For example, when a volcano erupts it modifies the land and itself by blowing off its top. Since the civilization of Quinn is located in the high- lands and foothills, there is an alternate solution to spending hours and hours searching for water. Instead, the people of Quinn modified the land to build wells to extract the abundant amount of water that is stored un- derground. This civilization has adapted to collecting stones from the nearby mountains for the construction of shovels and digging deep down into the earth to cre- ate the start of the well. They also were required to col- lect additional resources from the mountains and cre- ate a wall of stone bricks around the hole. Lastly, the one factor that is yet to be com- pleted is the pro- duction of a bucket for draw- ing ground water out of the hole. This environ- mental modifica- tion is similar to the environmental modifications made by the Ar- abs. In the coastal plains, [Arabs] built deep wells to 6 The civilization of Quinn needed to modify the land in order to extract the abundance of groundwater. Similarly, the Arabs irrigated their land by building wells in the coastal plains. http://enviro-assist.com/images/Stone_Well. jpg Gallery 1.2 Wells Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d irrigate the land (Frey 79). Unquestionably, the civiliza- tion of Quinn is in great need of a manageable way to collect water for their hydration. One large issue facing the civilization of Quinn is do- mesticating the animals surrounding the landscape so that they can reproduce and create a stable food sup- ply. To solve this problem, the peo- ple of Quinn pre- formed an adapta- tion to collect stones from the mountain and cre- ate tools and weapons for scar- ing, but also feed- ing and leering the livestock so they stay in an en- closed area. Qs figured that if they successfully do- mesticated these animals, they could use them for not only food, but also transportation. These adaptations and strategies made by the people of Quinn are similar to the adaptations made by the Greeks in about 500 B.C.E. As stated by Frey, Farmers kept a few oxen, mules, and donkeys for plowing and transportation (249). Also, They raised sheep and goats, which can graze on the sides of mountains. Sheep supplied wool for clothing, while goats provided milk and cheese (Frey 249). In the end, the adaptations made by the Greeks to create a successful civilization is much the same as the adaptations made by Quinn to have ani- mals that provide food, transportation, and clothing. 7 In about 500 B.C.E, Ancient Greeks and farmers adapted to keeping donkeys, oxen, and mules for plowing and transportation. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/4/47/Donkeys_at_farm_sanctuary.jpg Gallery 1.3 Ancient Greek Uses For Live- stock Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d The peoples good is the highest law -Cicero CHAPTER 2 8 Law and Government Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d SECTION 1 Lessons of Democracy Lesson #1: Effect of Laws One of the most important lessons that should be learned about Athens, Sparta, and the Roman Repub- lic is being aware of how a law could affect and serve the people, not oneself. In the Roman Republic, the laws that have been put to use have not created equal- ity, but instead have unfairly benefited the leaders of aristocrats or Patricians. As of 509 B.C.E, the civiliza- tion had become a republic; despite the fact the repub- Figure 2.1 Maintaining Civil Order 9 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d lic only included the Patricians. In the society of Quinn, equality is an important factor to their success. Allow- ing only a specific type of person, such as a Patrician, to make all the important decisions eventually creates a tyrant. As stated by Frey, Be- cause laws were not written down, Patricians often changed or interpreted the laws to bene- fit themselves. When the Plebe- ians, who made up 95% of the Roman popula- tion, finally rec- ognized that they deserved more political rights, they began to fight for what they wanted by [marching] out of the city and [camping] on a nearby hill (Frey 319). Once people start to realize how unfair the rules are, they begin to rebel against their civilization, creating war. The society of Quinn, re- alizing the possibility of their society falling apart they chose to create equal terms for each citizen. The Patri- cians knew that without the Plebeians, the army would be incapable if an enemy attacked the city. The civiliza- tion of Quinn will be a democracy that includes all citi- zens in the government and votes on laws and leaders. Lesson #2: Age Restrictions in a Government Important lessons that could be learned about deter- mining laws from Athens and Sparta are that the proper age for people to work in the government is 18. 18 year olds have a bigger imagination than 30 and 60 year olds, which are helpful for creating new ideas that will help their civilization, thrive. Although they have not been around as long as other members, they could to contribute and form a better living environment. This specific age group used when to become a citizen in the ancient civilization of Athens, is the perfect age in the Quinn government. Frey stated on page 261, "All men over the age of 18 who were born in Athens 10 The Patricians were aristocrats in the Roman Republic who ruled for a long period of time. http://sites.psu.edu/deathoftiberiusgracchus/ wp-content/uploads/sites/7415/2013/10/rom an-senate-2.jpg Gallery 2.1 The Patrician Rule Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d were Athenian citizens." In Athens, the Athenian men or citizens were required to come to the Assembly meetings otherwise, "slaves would round up more citi- zens with ropes dipped in red paint" (Frey 261) Al- though the 18 year olds were not yet allowed to make decisions in court, they were allowed to witness laws being passed. The Athenians most likely included men at the young age of eighteen to participate in viewing government because they have new ideas that could make a civilization better than it already is. Although, they did understand that the age of 18 should allow in something in someway, they didn't realize unlike the civilization of Quinn, that they should also be included in their government. The society of Quinn with defi- nitely be sure to include incorporate people 18 years of age in government because incorporate new ideas and laws that will make the civilization thrive. Lesson #3: Amount of People Included in a Government Important lessons learned about the methods used for a specific amount of people in a government are that there should be an average range of people. For exam- ple, in the city of Athens, "A group called the council of 500 met everyday. The council ran the day-to-day business of government and suggested new laws" (Frey 261). The disadvantage to having a Council of 500 are that there are too many ideas be- ing spread, which causes no depth in a conversation about one idea. In the civilization of Sparta, "The important deci- sions were really made by a much smaller group called the Council of Elders" (Frey 265). An issue with having the Council of Elders with 30 people is there are not 11 The Council of 500 were a group of people elected by the Athenian citizens who suggested new possible laws for their society. http://ploigos1.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/athe ns.jpg Gallery 2.2 Council of 500 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d enough voices being heard causing fewer ideas among the group and making laws too easy to pass. Although the administrations of Athens and Sparta included amounts of people too high and too low, the Roman Republic contains a reasonable amount of people in their govern- ment. As stated by Frey on page 318, "They put most of the power in the hands of the Senate. The Senate was a group of 300 men that the Patricians elected". A group of 300 in a government is the perfect amount of people to have included in a civilization's government. The civilization of Quinn will definitely incorporate a council of 300 in their government because there are not two many or too little ideas being shared, there can be depth in discussions on each topic, and there are enough voices being heard. Code of Laws In all civilizations, people have restrictions or laws to maintain order. Laws remind people the difference be- tween right and wrong. In the society of Quinn, it is greatly expressed that laws are key factors to create a successful civilization. A major threat for the civilization of Quinn is having ineffective laws and causing the soci- ety to fall apart. The mistakes and accuracy of past laws such as Hammurabi's Code or the Twelve Tables have shown how important it is to have boundaries and pun- ishments. For example, in 509 B.C.E, when the citizens of Rome created a new government called the Roman Republic, they created laws to punish for undisciplined people. Some of the laws they created were "A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock" or "A dread- fully deformed child shall be quickly killed". The factor of a death penalty for most laws in this ancient city is ex- 12 One of the important laws of the Twelve tables clearly stated that if anyone gave false witness in court, they will be hurled from the Tarpeian Rock. http://opusmei.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/chu cked_off_the_tarpeian_rock.jpg Gallery 2.3 Tarpeian Rock Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d tremely harsh. Although their laws are very effective, they are quite unnecessary. The civilization of Quinn will try to maintain the good factors of past govern- ment in their laws and try to not repeat their mistakes. In order to maintain order and the important factors of past government, the civilization of Quinn has created laws as well as penalties for any violations. Q's have cre- ated laws and sorted them into the five most important categories: Justice, equality, property, heath/safety, and family. The main category, justice, contains laws such as " If someone is proven guilty or lies in court, they are forced to go to prison for twenty years", "Eve- ryone must be able to defend oneself in court other- wise they are sent to prison for not having a testi- mony", "If an escaped prisoner is found, the finder gets a reward from the government". The second most important classification is equality. This category con- tains laws such as "People cannot be persecuted for race, heritage, or religious beliefs" and "People are al- lowed to marry opposite and similar genders". If any- one is oppressed for any laws in the class of equality, they must serve five years in jail. Another classification of laws in the Quinn civilization is property. The law that is most expressed in this category is "If a robber has stolen something from a person and is found, they must return the item that was stolen and serve five years in jail". Also, a significant law class in the society of Quinn is health/safety. In this class, an example of a law is "Those who are ill or carry diseases must stay in- doors until they are no longer contagious". Political Leadership The main lesson that should be learned from Julius Caesars reign and creating a successful civilization is to satisfy each citizen and earn peoples trust with each regulation. Julius Caesar maintained political leader- ship well in ways such as employing citizens by creating new roads and public buildings, staging gladiator con- tests and allowing slaves to view them for free, and re- ducing taxes by making tax collections fair. Julius Cae- sar proved through these examples of using his power to benefit the people and stay in power. Julius Caesar also used his power to earn the trust of the citizens in order to stay in power. For example, gained trust by giving land to landless peasants and solders who 13 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d fought with him (Julius Caesars Rule as Dictator). This action had obtained him trust from the peasants and solders because it made him seem as if he were a gen- erous ruler. Julius Caesar not only sat- isfied most citizens during his reign, but he also earned their trust and cre- ated a successful civilization. Although Julius Caesar had used his political leader- ship to satisfy most of the civilization, the senate was dis- pleased by many of his actions. The senate was both- ered by Julius Caesars ruling for reasons such as stamp- ing his name on coins, creating a statue of himself wear- ing royal purple and to have the statue placed it in a temple. Although the senate was not pleased with those such actions, they were most exasperated when Julius Caesar had taken away their power. Julius Cae- sars reign was not only all in name, but his real title was a dictator. Julius Caesar not only never truly was given enough power to be considered a king, he also practi- cally replaced the senate by appointing civil officers and judges in their place. As stated in the article Ju- lius Caesars rule as a dictator, In 45 B.C.E., the Sen- ate made Caesar dictator for a 10-year period and he instantly became the most powerful figure in the Repub- lic. Caesar became king in all but name. Julius Caesar was not a monarch even though he had obtained a good deal of political power. Being that Julius Caesar was quickly gaining more power, the aristocrats worried that Rome would be restored to a monarchy and his leadership would be given to an heir. This realization put the senate in agreement to kill him and keep Rome as a republic. Since Julius Caesar had used his political leadership to take away the senates power, he eventu- ally had been overthrown by the government. 14 Julius Caesar was the dictator of the Roman Republic. http://businesslife.ba.com/Media/images/le ssons1113h-Business-Life-Julius-Caesar-cred it-Superstock-2050a036-dfe9-435d-b73a-d2 8c7c47b5d9-0-450x521.jpg Gallery 2.4 Julius Caesar Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d Caesar Augustus mainly used his political leadership effectively, but he still had created many unfair laws that had ineffective outcomes. Throughout his reign, Augustus put much thought into family related regula- tions. For example, unmarried, childless women had to pay special taxes on all property they owned. Also, un- married, childless adults lost all rights to inherit prop- erty or money. Being that most of Augustus unpopular laws were mainly about family matters including mar- riage and children some people not only sometimes never find the person that they would like to marry, but also some women, based on their health are not in good enough condition to have a child. While the in- complete families are suffering the consequences of not being married or not having a child, other com- plete families receive rewards such as tax-relief or po- litical privileges. As stated in The Political Leadership of Caesar Augustus, The state offered rewards-such as political privileges and tax relief-to couples who stayed together and had many children, while unmar- ried adults and childless married couples lost the right to inherit money and property. All family values were not only closely watched by Caesar Augustus and the government, but they also made a law that actors could preform if there is a possibility that they will of- fend family matters. The main issue that Augustus was causing, but he had been unable to notice was how some families just dont work out. Punishing incom- plete or unhappy families is unfair if it means that they are forced to lose their possessions or pay extra money. Caesar Augustus used his political leader- ship well in many ways, but when it came down to family related mat- ters, he made un- fair and ineffective decisions. Decline of the Western Roman Empire 15 Augustus Caesar founded and was the first emperor of Roman Empire. http://www.civilization.org.uk/wp-content /uploads/2012/08/Augustus-Boston-MFA .jpg Gallery 2.5 Augustus Caesar Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d Part 1: The two main factors that affected the Roman Empire's downfall were declines in morals and values and politi- cal corruption. Decline in morals and values made for an unsuccessful civilization in the Roman Empire be- cause of the people who inspired other to make bad decisions such as stealing or murdering other people. Also, people who made other bad choices such as wast- ing money at parties or drink until they were ill influ- ence other citizens to do the same. Lastly, in the Ro- man Empire, the main bad influence for bad behavior was gladiatorial combats. Political corruption in the Ro- man Empire made for an unsuccessful civilization be- cause there had been difficult problems with choosing a new emperor. There largest issue with electing a new emperor was that the Romans had never created a sys- tematic way to choose until 186 C.E, but even their new method was not very effective. As stated by De- cline of the Western Roman Empire, "Unlike Greece where transition may not have been smooth but was at least consistent, the Romans never created an effective system to determine how new emperors would be se- lected." They had started allowing the Praetorian Guard to make the decision, but their procedure was to sell the throne to the highest bidder. This technique was very ineffective because there had been thirty- seven different emperors over the next one hundred years and twenty-five of those emperors had been re- moved from office by murder. Declines in morals and values and political corruption affected the downfall of the Roman Empire mainly by the behavior of the citi- zens and the method of finding a new leader. 16 In the Roman Colosseum, citizens would fight in gladiatorial combats to their death for the entertainment and viewing of slaves, who had free admission. Gallery 2.6 Gladiatorial Combats Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d Part 2: The civilization of Quinn will try to prevent a decline of morals and values and political corruption in their civili- zation in many ways. The civilization of Quinn will pre- vent a decline of morals and values in the society by creating a positive environment. The government will be teaching the difference between right and wrong and how their decisions can affect people around them. Also, the citizens of Quinn will be taught that if they affect the civilization in a way such as robbery or murder there will be large consequences for their ac- tions. "Unlike Greece where transition may not have been smooth but was at least consistent, the Romans never created an effective system to determine how new emperors would be selected." (Decline of the Western Roman Empire) The civilization of Quinn will prevent political corruption from occurring in their civili- zation by creating a democracy where the citizens vote on who will become the elected leader. The public will also decide who is allowed to participate in the govern- ment and create new laws. Allowing the citizens to par- ticipate in the voting process, allows them to at least get a say in which person would make a good candi- date. Declines in morals and values and political corrup- tion will be prevented in the civilization of Quinn by cre- ating a positive environment for the citizens of Quinn and create a democracy to allow people to vote for elected leaders. 17 This is the government building in the civilization of Quinn where laws and other important political de- cisions are made. Gallery 2.7 The Civilization of Quinn Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d As a [person] believes, so will the person act. -Sam Harris CHAPTER 3 18 Belief Systems Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d SECTION 1 Importance of Belief Systems There are various religions and belief systems in this world. These have helped shape our morals, thoughts and choices throughout history. These beliefs are passed down from generation to generation and affect how you live your life and the decisions you make on a daily basis. Whether you were raised as a Hindu, Bud- dhist or Confucian, it affected the belief system you have. This belief system within a society creates a uni- fied, and organized environment that respects specific traits. When you share the same beliefs, it creates an understanding of what is expected from other people within a society. When societies honor and use these Figure 3.1 Impact of Belief Systems 19 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d specific traits to decide between right and wrong, or make any kind of important decision, it creates cohe- sion and togetherness. Religion helps to define what traits are expected from people. The religions of Hindu- ism, Buddhism, and Confucianism have taught their fol- lowers to be certain qualities such as kind-hearted, re- spectful of their elders, selfless, and honest. Actions that are taken by a citizen within a society influences and guides others toward those same decisions. A be- lief system is important for a successful civilization be- cause it encourages unity, teaches citizens to have spe- cific morals and values, and guides others. To better understand the role of belief systems within a civilization and how they can influence the actions and decisions of a person, consider the following moral di- lemma: "In 1842, a ship struck an iceberg and more than 30 sur- vivors were crowded into a lifeboat intended to hold 7. As a storm threatened, it became obvious that the life- boat would have to be lightened if anyone were to sur- vive. The captain reasoned that the morally right thing to do in this situation was to force some individuals to go over the side and drown. Since the only possibility for rescue required great efforts of rowing, the captain decided that the weakest would have to be sacrificed. They, after all, would be the one most likely to die any- ways." People of the Hindu religion, would most likely solve the moral dilemma, "The Overcrowded Lifeboat" by opposing the captain's idea. Three of the main traits and beliefs of the Hindu religion are Karma, nonvio- lence, and caring for one's soul. It would be against their belief system to stand by the captain and agree with his idea to sacrifice the weakest individuals. Sacri- ficing the lives of one or more of the physically incapa- ble individuals by sending them off the side of the boat, so they drown, would be both cruel, barbaric, but most importantly violent and creating bad Karma. As stated by Frey, "Hindus believe that all life forms have a soul, so Hindus respect all forms of life and avoid do- ing them harm" (148). For precisely this reason, it would be against a person's belief system. If they were to kill or allow a human to drown, then they might be the recipients of a barbaric act in the future. Further- 20 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d more, Hindus also believe that souls are rewarded for good deeds. Therefore, if they performed this task it would not be caring for their own and others soul. If a Hindu person opposed the captain's idea, which contrasts their religious beliefs of Karma, nonvio- lence, and car- ing for one's soul, it would eventually create a safe environment and community because other Hindus were taught the same ideals and believe the same things. This unity among a society cre- ates a long-lasting and successful civilization because the citizens agree on how people should behave in cer- tain situations. Anyone who might not agree and up- hold these Hindu traits would not be a good civilian or leader and therefore might not be able to live happily and successfully in a Hindu society. Again, a person of the Hindu religion who objected the captain's idea be- cause of their main religious beliefs, which are Karma, nonviolence, and caring for ones soul, prohibit them from murdering a physically weak person. A person whose belief system is from the religion of Confucianism would most likely solve the moral di- lemma of "The Overcrowded Lifeboat" by supporting the captain's idea. The Confucian religion highly values respecting their elders. Assuming the captain is older than most, controls the boat, and is also most likely from a higher class of people, a Confucian would be in- clined to agree with the captain's idea. For example, Frey stated, "All people [Confucians] must respect and obey those above them. In particular they must respect their elders" (208). While other values such as honesty or kindheartedness would contradict the idea of sacrific- ing the life of another, their religion believes that it is more important to respect their elders and the higher 21 The Hindu symbol, Om represents the omni- present source of all existence. Most Hindus utter Om as an expression of spiritually in their daily rituals. http://www.chelmsfordfaiths.plus.com/Hindu ism/Images/aum-200.gif Om (or Aum) the Hindu Icon Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d classes. A Confucian person would concur of the cap- tain's idea be- cause of the fact that they value a highly respected elder or wiser being. This agreement of their values and traits creates a unified and suc- cessful society where everyone in the commu- nity has similar opinions and morals. Though Confucians might object to sacrificing a frail person be- cause of it being an unkind act, the authority that an elder has would override this decision. After examining how these two different belief systems could affect our actions in a completely different way, we can see how certain morals and values affect life and death choices. Having rules or guidelines for what is acceptable behavior creates a responsible, agree- able, and unified environment. If these people on the boat all had different belief systems about what should be done or who should be cast overboard it would cre- ate an unstable and chaotic environment. Perhaps they would start fighting with one another and everyone on the boat could possibly die instead of just one or two people. When societies and groups of people think in a similar manner, it creates unity. Religion and various other teachings from the scriptures allow people to live in harmony because they all agree with certain traits and values. Role of the Catholic Church and its Belief System in Medieval Europe The Roman Catholic Church in Medieval Europe grew in both economic and political power after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 C.E. The Catholic Church was the center of community activities. It held meetings, concerts, religious services, as well as provid- ing education, and caring for the poor and sick. Most 22 A important code of behavior would include younger citizens offering a seat to an elder. Confucian teachings state that younger peo- ple should offer their services and guidance to an elder. http://factsanddetails.com/media/2/200802 25-lao08.jpg Confucianism Respect of Elders Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d citizens put their faith in God and went to Church in or- der to keep disasters from occurring by prayer, but more importantly, to save their souls after death. Since the Church provided such a vital role in each person's daily life, they acquired great wealth. The Church also increased their wealth by collecting 10% of tax on someone's earnings. As stated by Frey, "By the year of 1050 C.E, it was the largest landholder in Europe" (Page 33). Some of their land was acquired from gifts given by nobles and rulers who needed the support of the Church to keep their records but also for their lead- ership they provided in everyone's daily life. These rul- ers were also worried about their own afterlife. More political power of the Catholic Church was gained be- cause of how educated they were. Often the Church of- ficials were the only ones able to read and write in Latin and therefore had more knowledge than others. Over- time, the Church organized itself in a structure similar to the Roman government. Each person in the system was ranked based on his or her job. In order to main- tain their power they considered what knowledge to share with people who couldn't read and write. After the Church began to educate nobles, the Church clergy began to worry that studying writers such as Aris- totle, would cause people to question the Church's teachings. Also, "Ancient texts were greatly respected in the universities, but the Church was sometimes un- easy about them" (Frey, page 38). Aristotle taught that logical thinking created wisdom and knowledge. How- ever, faith was not something that could easily be ex- 23 Pews Bibles Cross Quinn Civilization Sacred Space Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d plained as logical. Although Aristotle believed in logic and reason, Saint Thomas Aquinas believed and tried to explain that faith and logical thinking were equal gifts from God. He called this new concept natural law. Natural law is defined as nature possessing the ability to guide moral thinking. Saint Thomas Aquinas's teach- ings were used as rhetoric to help promote the Catho- lic beliefs. The Roman Catholic Church first gained its power by having a significant role in people's daily lives and later controlling money and knowledge. The Catholic Church influenced people's deeds and thoughts during the Middle Ages by teaching them to live a moral life by receiving The Seven Sacraments. Based on the beliefs of the Catholic Church in medie- val Europe, people believed in God and an afterlife in which the soul moved on after the body died. The Catholic Church taught its believers that receiving The Seven Sacraments was essential for entry to heaven and salvation. These sacred rights were considered a gift from God and were believed to bring grace and blessings. If you followed these teachings you would be granted admission to heaven instead of facing eter- nal suffering in hell. As stated by Frey, "The Sacraments marked the most important occasions in a person's life" (Page 34). The first Sacrament is Baptism. This is a ritual where a priest gently pours holy water over the head of a being. The completion of this Sacrament 24 Penance Extreme Unction Confirmation Matrimony Holy Orders Baptism Eucharist The Seven Sacraments http://www.americancatholic.org/features/gfx/articles/Sacraments .jpg Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d grants a person entry into the church. The second Sac- rament is Eucharist, a service where a priest conse- crates bread and wine to become the body and blood of Christ. This Sacrament is a representation of Jesus and receiving his presence in a believer's choices and actions. Penance or reconciliation is the third Sacra- ment. This ceremony is where a citizen confesses their sins to a priest in order to receive God's forgiveness. Receiving God's forgiveness is significant because it gives a person a feeling of being cleansed from your sins and recognizing his faults. The next Sacrament is called conrmation. Confirmation is a formal declara- tion of becoming a full member of the church. Confir- mation is an important factor in the Catholic Church be- cause it confirms a person's belief in god and leads them closer to salvation. Holy matrimony, or marriage, is the fifth Sacrament. Matrimony is a formal union of a man and woman that is blessed by the church and a priest who performs the ceremony. The sixth Sacrament is the holy order where a man becomes a member of the Catholic clergy in the state of a Priest, Bishop, Car- dinal, and Pope. The final holy Sacrament is extreme unction or last rights. The extreme unction is a blessing anointed to a person in danger of death by a priest. This blessing granted by the church is also known as the Sacrament of the sick or dying. Receiving as many of these Sacraments as possible would ensure an after- life in heaven. A believers deed and actions including the fulfillment of The Seven Sacraments, all determine whether their soul will gain entry to heaven and salva- tion or be banned to eternal hardship in hell. Belief System of Quinn In an effort to create a successful civilization, the peo- ple of Quinn have established their own belief sys- tem. It shares similar religious beliefs and teachings with other world religions and helps the people of Quinn encourage unity, teach citizens to have specific morals and values, and guide others. Here are some examples: The first tenet in the Quinn civilization belief system is called Delzzufnoc (Dellsufnock). Delzzufnoc means to be a loyal citizen of one's religion and society. Q's auspicious practice of Delzzufnoc is an event that oc- curs every year on the first day of the New Year. This 25 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d ritual occurs in the oldest church, which is in the cen- ter of town, where people gather together each year to show they are loyal civilians of their society and their religious beliefs. This is an annual ceremony where they say prayers about how they can achieve the fundamental goals of self-motivation, honesty, and forgiveness. They ask for strength to achieve these three key character- istics. When Delzzufnoc demon- strates these three charac- teristics, it builds unity among the civilization and proves a citizen's closeness, belief of God, and the goodness of others. The ceremony of Delzzufnoc lasts for one week starting on the first day each year. Each day dur- ing this special week, the citizens of Quinn try to meet new people at the ceremony and possibly have them over for a meal to show they are good at practic- ing Delzzufnoc. Additionally, they profess their alle- giance with Quinn and preform community service to show love for their civilization. This important relig- ious event is similar to the fifth Islamic pillar called Hajj. As stated by Frey, "By bringing Muslims from many places and cultures together, the Hajj promotes fellowship and equality". (Page 100) Likewise to Delzzufnoc, the goal of Hajj is to bring Muslims to- gether from all over the world in order to create fel- lowship and equality. This teaching promotes both unity and loyalty towards civilians of a specific relig- ion. For example, when citizens invite new friends and fellow believers of Delzzufnoc to their homes each year, it creates a larger society of unified believers. These similar traditions of Delzzufnoc and Hajj pro- duce proper moral values, which influence others. The teachings of the first tenet, creates a successful civilization because believers learn to be loyal citi- zens, unified as a community, and closer to God. 26 Participation in this ritual builds unity and creates a strong affiliation with the Quinn Civilization. Gallery 3.1 Delzzufnoc Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d The second tenet in the belief system of the Quinn civilization is called Flirzg (Flerzg). The meaning of the second tenet, Flirzg, is to be honest and forgive. Flirzg is practiced when citizens visit church on an as- signed day and confess their lies and mistakes to a priest. The citi- zen must wear a long white dress (regard- less of gender) and take a bath in holy water be- fore entering the church. By doing this, the citizen will have been purified and cleansed from evil. After they have been cleansed, they will perform a ceremony of truth and wisdom. A citizen of Quinn will promise to become a better person and learn from their mistakes. Once a civilian has confessed all of their sins and made their promise, they will have been forgiven by God and granted permission to enter heaven. The ceremony lasts about a daylong and a citizen will be freed from their duties the next day. The ceremony is a very calm- ing ritual that creates inner peace within one's self. This significant religious ceremony is much the same as the Catholic practice of Reconciliation or confes- sion. As stated by Sandra DeGidio, "Forgiveness only comes after you recite your list of sins, agree to suffer a bit for them, do something to make up for your of- fenses, [and] give some guarantee you won't commit the same sins again" ('The Sacrament of Reconcilia- tion: Celebrating God's Forgiveness"). Similar to Rec- onciliation, the sacrament of Flirzg helps make for a successful civilization because it causes people to rec- ognize their mistakes and learn from them. Also, be- cause the citizens know they are forgiven, they will feel a sensation of tranquility. Since God is their role model and citizens are striving to follow in his foot- steps, they will be more forgiving themselves, and ac- 27 An honorable citizen of Quinn attends Flirzg, which is a ritual to ask God for the forgive- ness of their sins. Gallery 3.2 Flirzg Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d cepting of other people's flaws. This ritual makes the citizens of Quinn a more peaceful and unified commu- nity knowing God has forgiven them. Aifos (fs) is the third tenet of the Quinn civiliza- tion belief system. The religious belief of Aifos is de- fined as "Self Motivation". The custom of the third tenet is to work hard and achieve substantial goals, which prove their motivation to work hard. Showing that one is self-motivated and hard working can be achieved in different ways. For example, if a citizen is a good businessman or woman, then they are ex- pected to donate a certain percentage of their wealth or income to charities or the church. If an individual is not a businessperson, it is still necessary to prove they are a hard working individual and high achiever by donating their time and efforts toward a charity or the church. For instance, if a citizen is a singer and doesn't make much money, they could host an event where they charge others to view one of their perform- ances. Then, they could donate the proceeds to an im- portant cause or the church. If a citizen has no talent, and is not a successful businessman or woman, they could show their efforts through prayer. These actions will inspire others to do the same and show the value of hard work and importance of church and religion. The religious belief of Aifos is similar to the third Is- lamic pillar of Zakat. As stated by Frey, "According to the teachings of Islam, Muslims must share about one fortieth (2.5 per- cent) of their in- come and pos- sessions with their poorer neighbors." (Page 98) Com- parable to Zakat, Aifos is prac- ticed by donat- ing time and money to a char- ity or church, but if these actions are not possible, then worship or prayer is an acceptable way to show hard work and Ai- fos. The citizens who do not have enough money to 28 Each individual is asked to achieve their own greatness by participating in Aifos. Any tal- ent or greatness a citizen may have is ex- pected to be shared through their own time or money. Gallery 3.3 Aifos Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d share or any talent, can be pillars of the society by forming prayer groups that teach the lessons of the Quinn religion. Whether citizens choose worship, time, or money to prove their support to society and religion, it promotes a unified understanding of impor- tant values and expectations. Aifos, which promotes hard work, effort, and high achievement, is para- mount to a successful civilization because it creates a unified community that contains similar values, dona- tions to the needy, and prayer. 29 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d A [person] may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on. -John F. Kennedy CHAPTER 4 30 Ideas Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d SECTION 1 The humanist mindset was based on questioning older theories and traditions in order to create and promote a new understanding of life. Humanist beliefs eventually changed people's perceptions of many things including the government, social standings, art- work, literature, science, mathematics and the church. Humanists tried to balance the old traditions with new or improved thoughts. They chose to believe that peo- ple were in control of their own lives and therefore didn't accept things exactly as they had in the past. Al- though humanists still believed it was significant to con- sider the teachings of God and the Catholic Church, Figure 4.1 Power of Ideas 31 Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d they also felt it was of importance to have emphasis on individuality. They understood that God could not do everything for them. So, they began to ask probing questions based on how they could affect their lives in a positive way without the help of God. While many em- braced these Renaissance ideas, some institutions were more opposed to these new thoughts. As stated by Frey, "For the church, life after death was more im- portant than life on Earth" (Page 321). This idea had previously helped the church maintain and keep the church at the highest level of importance. However, now with these new ideas of individuality, the church felt threatened. The church continued to use fear and suggest that changing God's laws or reinterpreting them differently could affect a person's afterlife in a negative way. Despite the fact that the Church believed this, Humanist's ideas continued to spread. Humanists wanted people to question everything and make life on earth better, if possible. Many humanists tried to bal- ance their individual interest in daily life with their relig- ious faith. Humanists believed in the teachings of God, but they based their own mindset on affecting their lives in a positive way in order to create a new under- standing of their daily lives. They believed that they were in control of their own lives and greatness. Humanists also caused advances in art and painting dur- ing the Renaissance by depicting their artwork to ex- press the changing traditions from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Humanists influ- enced Renaissance painters by spread- ing their new inter- est in improved classical or Greek culture. The objec- tive of these paint- ers was to portray real people show- ing both settings and emotions in real life situations. Previously paint- ings were not real- istic. Painting in 32 A Renaissance painter named Leonardo Da Vinci was inspired by humanists who were looking to improve Classical/Greek Culture. One of his most famous paintings, the Mona Lisa is significant because it por- trays different techniques and perspectives including shading or showing real-life emo- tions. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/6/6a/Mona_Lisa.jpg Gallery 4.1 The Mona Lisa Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d the past had a much more rigid appearance. Renais- sance painters strived to show different art techniques and different perspectives. The main advance in art- work was influenced by the humanist's perspective of artwork. To make it look more realistic, they used new techniques in order to create these illusions in their paintings. These techniques included changing the size of objects that were to appear closer or farther away. Those that were closer were larger and those that were farther away were smaller. They also used connecting lines as they receded into the distance to show depth. Based on depth, Frey stated, "The smaller a painted object, the farther away it appears to be. The larger an object, the closer it appears to be" (Page 326). They also shaded objects in order to create a three- dimensional effect in their artwork. The result of the paintings created during the Renaissance completely differed from the flat perspective portrayed by paint- ings during the Middle Ages. Artists such as Michelan- gelo depicted scenes such as "The Last Judgment". This painting showed real emotions including fear. In conclusion, during the Renaissance, humanists changed and advanced artwork stimulating an interest in classical culture and by portraying their paintings to include depth by using different techniques. The reformation was a period where people begin to think differently about the Church and question certain practices and traditions. During this time, people be- gan to notice the corruption among clergy members. They noticed priests and nuns broke the vows of not marrying or having children. It was also brought to their attention that the Church had accu- mulated a great deal of wealth. Priests, Bishops, and Popes did not behave in a humble manner because they lived in elegant palaces and wore jeweled robes dur- ing mass. People began to ques- 33 The Catholic Church accumulated vast wealth during the Middle Ages because the clergy began to charge people for the for- giveness of their sins from God. http://smartpei.typepad.com/photos/uncate gorized/church_selling_indulgences.gif Gallery 4.2 Selling of Indulgences Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d tion practices of how they raised this money. For exam- ple, although reconciliation was the true solution to gaining God's forgiveness, the Church clergy chose to charge people for the forgiveness of their sins and these were called indulgences. Many Christians had be- come profoundly disturbed by the misuse of indul- gences and God's forgiveness. Also, people realized that instead of being offered a job based on their skills and merit, people could get a position of authority by paying for it. As stated by Frey, "The Church also sold offices or leadership positions. This practice is called simony" (Page 348). These practices where people could buy a position of authority or gain God's forgive- ness by paying for them made people question the Church's true values. Instead of acting with proper mor- als, the Catholic Church had obtained vast wealth dur- ing the Middle Ages because they charged people in order to clear themselves from sins or get a position of authority. Many of the ideas from reformers were different from the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church. A priest in the 1300's named Jan Hus questioned many of the Catholic teachings. Hus noticed many of the teachings that were described during mass were not stated in the bible. Hus recognized that the original pur- pose of the Catholic Church was to learn the virtuous, upstanding, and admirable morals and values that Jesus Christ ex- hibited in the bi- ble and behave in a similar way. He wished to pu- rify the Catholic Church and he believed in order to achieve this goal, it was neces- sary to translate the Bible to the common lan- guage. As stated by Frey, "[Hus be- lieved] the true 34 Jan Hus, an ordained priest noticed differ- ences from the Bible and teachings from the Catholic Church. He wished to translate the Bible to the common language. Eventually, he was charged with heresy and burned at the stake. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/0/07/Jan_hus_1.jpg Gallery 4.3 Jan Hus Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d head of the Church was Jesus Christ" (Page 351). Jesus Christ presented a life God wanted others to live by. Hus could see that the clergy was not living their lives according to Jesus Christ and the bi- ble because they were incorrectly in- terpreting it to the people. For this reason, he ques- tioned the pope's authority. This questioning was threatening to the Church and there- fore, Hus was ac- cused of being a heretic and burned at the stake. Another re- former named Martin Luther also had different opinions from the Catholic Church. "Like many Chris- tians of his time, Luther asked the question, 'What must I do to be saved?'" (Frey 352). He realized what the Church was telling people to do was different than the information in the bible. The church said salvation had to be earned while the bible led him to believe that sal- vation is received through faith as a gift from God. His argument claiming the bible was the source of religious teachings was very threatening to the powers of the pope and Church. Consequently, the church excommu- nicated him and was pressured by German Authorities to keep quiet. Any reformer of the Catholic Church had brought new ideas and threatened the power of the Church. The Quinn Civilization encourages many traditional be- liefs. One significant belief of the Quinn civilization is Delzzufnoc. To be included and well thought of in the Quinn society, a person needs to be very loyal to their religion by attending church and acting in a unified and similar way. However, Humanist beliefs encourage indi- viduality and independent thinkers. Citizens of the Quinn civilization need a unified society while human- 35 Martin Luther was a reformer who had differ- ent opinions about the Catholic Church after he recognized that the bible contained differ- ent information from what the clergy was tell- ing the public. He claimed the bible was the source of religious teachings and eventually it caused the church to excommunicate him. http://cp91279.biography.com/1000509261 001/1000509261001_2163219489001_Histo ry-Martin-Luther-Sparks-a-Revolution-SF-HD- 768x432-16x9.jpg Gallery 4.4 Martin Luther Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d ism focuses more on the individual. As Frey stated about the humanist mindset, "They began to create a philosophy based on the importance and dignity of each individual" (Page 320). Humanists wanted the abil- ity to achieve greatness and control their own lives as opposed to the Quinn Civilization where each citizen is expected to be unified and be similar. Also, the Church in the Quinn society has a beautiful fence constructed of diamond. A person of a humanist mindset might question how the Church accumulated the money to pay for these diamonds. They might also believe the church was lacking in appropriate morals by caring about worldly possessions. If the people of the Quinn society take on more of these individual ideas, it could threaten the cohesiveness and unity of the civilization. In order to deal with these types of issues, there is a council of 300 in the government system. For example, this council would meet and discuss how these dia- monds are affecting the morals and values of Quinn citi- zens. Since the civilization is a democracy, the council could vote based on what they believe is the correct de- cision. As a democracy, the council will decide whether an idea is an acceptable compromise or should be re- jected. This council is made up of both men and women who are 18 years or older and are voted into this council by the entire society. This will allow the soci- ety to grow and take on new ideas that are agreed upon by the society. The civilization will not stay stag- nant because it will continue to grow. Having this demo- cratic council will allow new ideas to be discussed and appropriate deci- sions to be made, which will keep the society in tact and successful for many centuries.While the Quinn society likes many tradi- tional beliefs it en- courages culture and the arts. 36 Queen Elizabeth l lived from 1533-1603 and was the daughter of King Henry Vlll and Anne Boleyn. While she was devoted to her country, she was a free thinker and a supporter of culture and the arts. https://hankwhittemore.files.wordpress.c om/2012/09/queen-elizabeth-1-kings-an d-queens-9843855-1500-1650.jpg
Gallery 4.5 Queen Elizabeth l of England Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d Queen Elizabeth l of England lived from 1533-1603 and she was the daughter of King Henry Vlll of England who created the Protestant religion. Queen Elizabeth was raised in a separate residence from the royal court and her father after her mother had been beheaded. She was a gifted and highly edu- cated stu- dent who knew English, Greek, Latin, French, and Italian. She became Queen at age twenty- five. As Queen, she was strong- minded and devoted to her country. She was not a traditional ruler because she was an un- married, strong, and independent woman. One of the ways she showed she was a Renaissance woman was her was willingness to change rules or laws based on their popularity. Since she created stability for England, culture and arts thrived during her long reign as Queen. "She supported theater, fashion, literature, dance, and education" (Frey 341). Artists, writers, danc- ers, musicians, and other cultural figures were wel- comed to the court. She invited the famous playwright and poet William Shakespeare to the royal court many times. Her independent thinking allowed culture to ad- vance because of her stability and freethinking Queen Elizabeth l of England would fit perfectly into the Quinn Civilization. She embraced many old tradi- tions, but was also a flexible and independent thinker. Other than the Church, the theater is the most visited building in the Quinn civilization. This piece of architec- ture provides the citizens of a community with a public forum for entertainment. Musicians, actors, public speakers, and other performers provide the citizens of the Quinn society entertainment and amusement when 37 Even as an untraditional leader, Queen Eliza- beth l created stability in her country through her long reign. Her support for artists, writers, musicians, and other cultural figures gave them the ability to prosper. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo ns/4/45/Elizabeth_I,_Procession_Portrait..jpg Gallery 4.6 Queen Elizabeths Uncustomary and Humanist Beliefs Allowed Culture and the Arts to Thrive During the Renaissance Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d they present their talents through concerts, plays, or re- citals. As stated by Frey, "Culture thrived under her" (Page 341). The Quinn civilization very much values and appreciates tradition and the arts. They especially en- joy watching singers and musicians. Therefore, Queen Elizabeth l of England would be the best representative of the Quinn society who balanced tradition with new thoughts. 38 The Quinn Civilization Theater is the most visited building in the society other than the Church. Queen Elizabeth created stability within her country because she supported many cultural figures allowing it to prosper. Similarly, the civilization of Quinn has cre- ated this piece of architecture as a public forum for entertainment, which allows all musicians, actors, public speakers, and other types of performers to present on stage. Gallery 4.7 The Quinn Civilization Theater Perozzi, Soa Tuesday, June 3, 2014 11:16:13 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:eb:9d