Design Parameter

Surcharge
Due To Traffic Load = 10 kN/m
2
Backfill
Sand and gravel compacted to 90 % maximum density
Density Of Soil g
soil
= 20.0 kN/m
3
Angle Of Internal Frictionq = 30 degree
Foundation Soil
Coarse-grained Soils (with silt)
Coefficient Of Friction m = 0.45
Bearing Capacity = 100 kN/m
2
Concrete
Grade Of Concrete f
cu
= 40 kN/m
2
Density Of Concrete g
conc
= 24 kN/m
3
Reinforcement
Grade Of Reinforcement f
y
= 460 kN/m
2
f
y
= 250 kN/m
2
CANTILEVER WING WALL DESIGN FOR
250 mm
Surcharge 10 kN/m
2
6
4
3000 mm
1 5
Surcharge
Backfill
2
0 7
250 3
A
Consider 1.0 m length of the retaining wall
Take Moment About A
Area Density Vertical Distance Moment F.o.s F
ult
M
ult
(sq.m) kN/m
3
Load from A about gf
(m) A (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m)
1 Wall (gk) 1 0.25 x 3.00 = 0.750 24 18.00 0.825 14.85 1.4 25.20 20.79
2 Wall (gk) 0.50 x 0.20 x 3.00 = 0.300 24 7.20 1.017 7.32 1.4 10.08 10.25
3 Base (gk) 1 0.25 x 3.15 = 0.788 24 18.90 1.575 29.77 1.4 26.46 41.67
4 Earth (gk) 0.50 x 0.20 x 3.00 = 0.300 20.0 6.00 1.083 6.50 1.4 8.40 9.10
5 Earth (gk) 1 2.00 x 3.00 = 6.000 20.0 120.00 2.15 258.00 1.4 168.00 361.20
6 Surcharge (qk) 10 x 2 = 20.00 2.15 43.00 1.6 32.00 68.80
#### 359.44 270.14 511.81
2000 450 700
3150
WING WALL DESIGN
Coefficient Of Active Pressure For The Backfill
ka = ( 1 - sin q /( 1 + sin q )
= ( 1 - sin 30 /( 1 + sin 30 )
=
Horizontal Force Due To Active Pressure From The Surcharge
Pa (Surcharge) = ka W h
= 0.3333 x 10.000 x 3.250
= 10.833 kN
Distance From A = 1.625 m
Therefore, moment about A = 10.833 x 1.625 = 17.604 kN-m
Horizontal Force Due To Active Pressure From The Backfill
Pa (Backfill) = 1/2 ka g h
= 1/2 x 0.333 x 20.000 x 3.250
2
= 35.208 kN
Distance From A = 1.083 m
Therefore, moment about A = 35.21 x 1.083 = 38.142 kN-m
Total Overturning Moment = 17.60 + 38.14 = 55.75 kN-m
To Check For Overturning :- Ultimate Limit State
Factor Of Safety = Resisting Moment
Overturning Moment
= 359.44 /( 17.6 + 38.1423 )
= 6.448 > 1.5 Overturning Satisfactory
To Check For Sliding :- Ultimate Limit State
Factor Of Safety = Resisting Force x m
Slidding Force
= ( 190.100 x 0.45 ) / ( 10.8333 + 35.21 )
= 1.858 > 1.5 Slidding Satisfactory
(Effect Of Passive Resistance Is Neglected)
To Check Bearing Pressure :- Serviceable Limit State
x = Resultant Moment
Slidding Force
x = ( 359.44 - 55.75 ) / ( 190.100 )
0.3333
= 1.5975 m 1.5 Slidding Satisfactory
Therefore,
e = ( 3.150 / 2.00 ) - 1.598
= -0.0225 < B/6 Where B = 3.150 m
0.525 m
The Soil Pressure Is Given By
p = V ( 1 +- 6e )
B B
= 190.100 [ 1 +- 6 x -0.023 ]
3.15 3.15
= 60.349 [ 1 +- -0.043 ]
= 60.349 +- -2.59
= 57.759 kN/m
2
or 62.94 kN/m
2
< 100 kN/m
2
Pressure Diagram Under The Base
62.939 kN/m
2
57.759 kN/m
2
STRUCTURAL DESIGNS (ultimate)
BS8110
a WALL reference
Horizontal Force Due To Active Pressure From Surcharge
Pa (Surcharge) = Ka x w x h
= 0.3333 x 10 x 3
= 10 kN
Horizontal Force Due To Active Pressure From Backfill
Pa (Backfill) = 1/2 x Ka x w x h
2
= 0.5 x 0.333 x 20 x 3
2
= 30 kN
Maximum Moment (sls)= [ 10 x 3 + 30 x 3 ] x 1.5
2 3
M = 67.5 kN-m
M
ult
= 1.4 x 67.5 = 94.5 kN-m
Design Parameter
Grade Of Concrete = 40 N/mm
2
Grade Of Reinforcement = 460 N/mm
2
Thickness Of Wall = 450 mm
Thickness Of Wall = 250 mm
Thickness Mid Of Wall = 350 mm
Cover to reinforcement = 40 mm
Try steel bar size = 12 mm

Effective Depth d = 450 - 40 - 6 = 404 mm
Moment Ratio k = M
bd
2
fcu
= 94.5 x 10
6
1000 x 404
2
x 20
= 0.0289 < 0.15 Ok
Lever Arm Z = d [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 -( k )
0.5
]
0.9
= 404 [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 -( 0.0289 )
0.5
]
0.9
= 390.56
Reinforcement As = M
0.87 x Fy x Z
= 67.5 x 10
6
0.87 x 460 x 390.6
= 431.86 m
2
Provide R 12 mm at ## mm c/c As = 566 mm
2
Longitudinal Distribution Steel Is Required In Wall
At Bottom Of Wall
Using 0.3 % as temperature bars
As = 0.3 x 1000 x 450
100
= 1350 mm
2
Provide R 20 mm at ## mm c/c As = 1571 mm
2
At Midpoint Of Wall
Using 0.3 % as temperature bars
As = 0.3 x 1000 x 350
100
= 1050 mm
2
Provide R 20 mm at ## mm c/c As = 1571 mm
2
Bending Reinforcement
b TOE :- Ultimate Limit State
Determination Of Soil Pressure
Determination Point Of Resultant Pressure x from A
x = Resisting Moment - Overturning Moment
Slidding Force
x = ( 359.44 - 67.5 ) / ( 190.100 )
= 1.536 m 1.4
Therefore, e = ( 3.15 / 2.00 ) - 1.536
= 0.039 < B / 6 Where B = 3.15 m
0.525 mm
The Soil Pressure Is Given By
p = V ( 1 +- 6e )
B B
= 190.100 [ 1 +- 6 x 0.039 ]
3.15 3.15
= 60.349 [ 1 +- 0.075 ]
= 60.349 +- 4.517
= 64.866 kN/m
2
or 55.83 kN/m
2
< 100 kN/m
2
A B C D
64.87 62.86 61.5681 kN/m
2
kN/m
2
kN/m
2
kN/m
2
55.83
700 450 2000
Design Parameter
Grade Of Concrete = 40 N/mm
2
Grade Of Reinforcement = 460 N/mm
2
Thickness Of Base = 450 mm
Cover to reinforcement = 40 mm
Try steel bar size = 12 mm
Maximum Moment at B
Maximum Moment = 0.7 x 0.7 + 62.86 + 1 x 2.01 x 0.7
2
x 2
2 2 3
- 24 x 0.45 x 0.7 x 0.7
2
M = 13.08 kN-m
Effective Depth d = 450 - 40 - 6 = 404
Moment Ratio k = M
bd
2
fcu
= 13.082 x 10
6
1000 x 404
2
x 40
= 0.002 < 0.15 Ok
Lever Arm Z = d [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 -( k )
0.5
]
0.9
= 404 [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 -( 0 )
0.5
]
0.9
= 403.1 mm
Reinforcement As = M
0.87 x Fy x Z
= 13.082 x 10
6
0.87 x 460 x 403.1
= 81.095 mm
2
Minimum Reinforcement As = 0.25% x bd
= 1010 mm
2
Bending Reinforcement
c HEEL :- Ultimate Limit State
Determination Of Soil Pressure
Determination Point Of Resultant Pressure x from A
x = Resisting Force
Slidding Force
x = ( 359.44 - 67.5 ) / ( 190.100 )
= 1.5357 m
Therefore, e = ( 3.15 / 2.00 ) - 1.536
= 0.0393 < B/6 Where B = 3.15 m
The Soil Pressure Is Given By
p = V ( 1 +- 6e )
B B
= 190.100 [ 1 +- 6 x 0.039 ]
3.15 3.15
= 60.349 [ 1 +- 0.075 ]
= 60.349 +- 4.517
= 64.866 kN/m
2
or 55.83 kN/m
2
< 100.0 kN/m
2
Udl Surcharge 20 kN/m
Soil 120 kN/m
Concrete Base 6 kN/m
A B C D
64.87 62.86 61.568 kN/m
2
kN/m
2
kN/m
2
kN/m
2
55.832
700 450 2000
Design Parameter
Grade Of Concrete = 40 N/mm
2
Grade Of Reinforcement = 460 N/mm
2
Thickness Of Base = 450 mm
Cover to reinforcement = 40 mm
Try steel bar size = 12 mm
Maximum Moment at C
Maximum Moment = -55.832 x 2
2
- 1 x 5.74 x 2 x 2
2 2 3
+ 0.25 x 2 x 24 x 2 + ( 120 + 20 ) x 2
2 2
M = 36.512 kN-m
Effective Depth d = 450 - 40 - 6 = 404 mm
Moment Ratio k = M
bd
2
fcu
= 36.512 x 10
6
1000 x 404
2
x 20
= 0.0112 < 0.15 Ok
Lever Arm Z = d [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 -( k )
0.5
]
0.9
= 404 [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 -( 0.0112 )
0.5
]
0.9
= 398.92 mm
Reinforcement As = M
0.87 x Fy x Z
= 36.512 x 10
6
0.87 x 460 x 398.915
= 228.7 m
2
Provide R 12 mm at 200 mm c/c As = 566 mm
2
Longitudinal Distribution Steel Is Required In Heel
Using 0.15 % as temperature bars
As = 0.15 x 1000 x 450
100
= 675 mm
2
Provide R 12 mm at 150 mm c/c As = 754 mm
2
Longitudinal Distribution Steel Is Required In Toe
Using 0.15 % as temperature bars
As = 0.15 x 1000 x 450
100
= 675 mm
2
Provide R 12 mm at 150 mm c/c As = 754 mm
2
Longitudinal Distribution Steel Is Required In Wall
At Bottom Of Wall
Using 0.3 % as temperature bars
As = 0.3 x 1000 x 450
100
= 1350 mm
2
Provide R 20 mm at 200 mm c/c As = 1571 mm
2
At Midpoint Of Wall
Using 0.3 % as temperature bars
As = 0.3 x 1000 x 450
100
= 1350 mm
2
Provide R 20 mm at 200 mm c/c As = 1571 mm
2
CHECKING FOR THE EFFECTS OF COMPACTION
1 Pressure produced by compaction
The candidate made reference to the analytical method presented
by Ingold (1979). The method is based on the following assumptions:
a An idealised stress path is followed in the compaction process.
b Below a critical depth Zc, there is no reduction in horizontal stress after
after removal of compactive force. Ingold showed that the approximate
value of Zc may be obtained from the following expression:
Zc = Ka
2
s ' v
g
or
Zc = Ka 2p
pg
c The increase in vertical effective stress s ' v at a depth Z due to a dead
weight of vibratory roller applying a unit weight of P/unit length may be
obtained from the expression :-
s ' v = 2p
pZ
The depth, hc, below which active pressure due to the weight of the overlying
soil exceeds the compaction induced pressure is obtained from
compaction induced pressure is obtained from
hc = 1 2p
Ka pg
The effect of compaction on lateral pressure is shown in figure 14 (ii) (a) & (b)
and the resulting pressure distribution for used in design, based on this
simplified theory, is shown in figure 14 (ii) c Guide to Retaining Wall Design
published by Geotechnical Control Office, Engineering Development
Department, Hong Kong
Note:
The lateral pressure induced by compaction can be up to twice the active
pressure obtained by conventional analysis. However, if movement of the
wall is allowed to take place, these compaction pressure are reduced.
Translation or rotations of the order of h/500 are sufficient to reduce
the pressure to near active state.
In this particular design, H = 5,500mm, therefore rotation of the order
of 5,500 / 500 = 11mm is sufficient to reduce the pressure to near active state.
2 CALCULATION OF THE INDUCED PRESSURES
Compaction is done using a Dynapac roller CC21 without vibration.
Therefore, equivalent line load due to roller,
p = 21 kN/m
Zc = Ka 2 x p
p x g
= 0.3333 2 x 21
p x 20
Zc = 0.273 m (very small)
hc = 1 2 x p
Ka p x g
= 1 2 x 21
0.2827 p x 20
hc = 2.892 m
Maximum value of horizontal stress sustained after compaction
s
hm
= 2 x p x g
p
= 2 x 21 x 20
p
= 16.351 m
Since Zc is only m, it is conservative to assume
Zc = 0.273 m
0.273
16.351 kN/m
2
Therefore, induced forces
= 1 x 16.351 x 2.892 kN
2
= 23.642 kN
2.892 m
3 To check for overturning
Additional moment about A
= 23.642 x 2.286
= 54.05 kN-m
Factor of safety = 359.44
( 17.60 + 38.14 + 54.05 )
= 359.44
109.79
= 3.274 > 1.5 Overturning still satisfactory
4 To check for slidding
According to Ingold, it is satisfacytory to used the active pressure distribution.
5 To check for bearing pressure
x = ( 359.44 - 109.79 ) / 190.1
= 1.313 m
Therefore e = 3.15 - 1.3132
2
= 0.262 m > B/6 where B = 3.15 m
0.5 m
q
max
0
0
3.36
L = 3 ( 3.15 - 0.262 )
2
= 3.940 m 0
0
500
qmax = 2 x V 500
3.940 800
800
= 2 x 190.100 2000
3.940 2000
0
= 96.505 m kN/m
2
< 100 kN/m
2
Bearing pressure satisfactory 0
0
0
From the above calculation, it is shown that the designed wall can withstand the induced pressures 0
caused by the compaction.
Since the retainning wall in this design is free to translate or rotate about its base the pressure
induced by the compaction will be negligible. It is therefore safe to use active pressure in the design
of the wall, toe and heel (i.e reinforcement).
L
0
300 300
3000
00000 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 500 1000