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1
1/ ,1/ .
i
i i
+
=
Ans: [-1,1].
35. Find
(
1 i
+
=
1
,
i
1 ). 1
Ans: .
36. Find
[
1 i
+
=
1
,
i
1 ]. 1
Ans: {1}.
37. Find
( ).
1 i
+
=
, i
Ans: .
38. Suppose U = {1, 2, ..., 9}, A = all multiples of 2, B = all multiples of 3, and C = {3, 4, 5,
6, 7}. Find C - (B - A).
Ans: {4,5,6,7}.
39. Suppose S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Find ( ) . P S
Ans: 32.
Use the following to answer questions 40-43:
In the questions below suppose A = {x,y} and B = {x,{x}}. Mark the statement TRUE or
FALSE
40. x B.
Ans: False
41. P(B).
Ans: True
42. {x} A B.
Ans: False
43. , P(A) , = 4.
Ans: True
Page 26
Use the following to answer questions 44-51:
In the questions below suppose A = {a,b,c}. Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.
44. {b,c} P(A).
Ans: True
45. {{a}} P(A).
Ans: True
46. A.
Ans: True
47. {} P(A).
Ans: True
48. A A.
Ans: True
49. {a,c} A.
Ans: True
50. {a,b} A A.
Ans: False
51. (c,c) A A.
Ans: True
Use the following to answer questions 52-59:
In the questions below suppose A = {1,2,3,4,5}. Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.
52. {1} P(A).
Ans: True
53. {{3}} P(A).
Ans: True
54. A.
Ans: True
55. {} P(A).
Ans: True
Page 27
56. P(A).
Ans: True
57. {2,4} A A.
Ans: False
58. {} P(A).
Ans: False
59. (1,1) A A.
Ans: True
Use the following to answer questions 60-62:
In the questions below suppose the following are fuzzy sets:
F = {0.7Ann,0.1Bill,0.8Fran,0.3Olive,0.5Tom},
R = {0.4Ann,0.9Bill,0.9Fran,0.6Olive,0.7Tom}.
60. Find F and R .
Ans: 0 3 0 9 0 2 0 7 0 5 Ann Bill Fran Olive Tom { . , . , . , . , . } F = ,
0 6 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 3 R Ann Bill Fran Olive Tom . , . , . , . , . } ={
61. Find F R.
Ans: {0.7Ann,0.9Bill,0.9Fran,0.6Olive,0.7Tom}.
62. Find F R.
Ans: {0.4Ann,0.1Bill,0.8Fran,0.3Olive,0.5Tom}.
Use the following to answer questions 63-72:
In the questions below, suppose A = {a,b,c} and B = {b,{c}}. Mark the statement TRUE or
FALSE
63. c A B.
Ans: True
64. , P(A B) , = 64.
Ans: True
65. P(B).
Ans: True
66. B A.
Ans: False
Page 28
67. {c} B.
Ans: False
68. {a,b} A A.
Ans: False
69. {b,c} P(A).
Ans: True
70. {b,{c}} P(B).
Ans: True
71. A A.
Ans: True
72. {{{c}}} P(B).
Ans: True
Use the following to answer questions 73-85:
In the questions below determine whether the set is finite or infinite. If the set is finite, find its
size.
73. {x , x Z and x
2
< 10}.
Ans: 7.
74. P({a,b,c,d}), where P denotes the power set.
Ans: 16.
75. {1,3,5,7,}.
Ans: Infinite.
76. A B, where A = {1,2,3,4,5} and B = {1,2,3}.
Ans: 15.
77. {x , x N and 9x
2
1 = 0}.
Ans: 0.
78. P(A), where A is the power set of {a,b,c}.
Ans: 256.
79. A B, where A = {a,b,c} and B = .
Ans: 0.
Page 29
80. {x , x N and 4x
2
8 = 0}.
Ans: 0.
81. {x , x Z and x
2
= 2}.
Ans: 0.
82. P(A), where A = P({1,2}).
Ans: 16.
83. {1,10,100,1000,}.
Ans: Infinite.
84. S T, where S = {a,b,c} and T = {1,2,3,4,5}.
Ans: 15.
85. {x , x Z and x
2
< 8}.
Ans: 5.
86. Prove that between every two rational numbers a/b and c/d
(a) there is a rational number.
(b) there are an infinite number of rational numbers.
Ans: (a) Assume
a
. Then
c
b d
2 2
a c
b d
a ad bc
b bd
+ + c
d
= .
(b) Assume
a c
b d
< . Let m
1
be the midpoint of
a c
b d
(
,
(
. For i > 1 let m
i
be the
midpoint of
1 i
a
m
b
(
(
(
(
, . .
87. Prove that there is no smallest positive rational number.
Ans: If 0
a
< , then
b
0
4 3 2
a a a
b b b
< < < < <
a
b
.
Use the following to answer questions 88-96:
In the questions below determine whether the rule describes a function with the given domain
and codomain.
88. f : N N where ( ) f n n = .
Ans: Not a function; f(2) is not an integer.
89. h : R R where ( ) h x x = .
Ans: Function.
Page 30
90. g : N N where g(n) = any integer > n.
Ans: Not a function; g(1) has more than one value.
91. F : R R where
1
( )
5
F x
x
=
.
Ans: Not a function; F(5) not defined.
92. F : Z R where
2
1
( )
5
F x
x
=
.
Ans: Function.
93. F : Z Z where
2
1
( )
5
F x
x
=
.
Ans: Not a function; F(1) not an integer.
94. G : R R where G x
2 if 0
( )
1 if 4
x x
x x
+
=
Ans: Not a function; the cases overlap. For example, G(1) is equal to both 3 and 0.
95. f : R R where
2
if 2
( )
1 if 4
x x
f x
x x
=
Ans: Not a function; f(3) not defined.
96. G : Q Q where G(p/q) = q.
Ans: Not a function; f(1/2) = 2 and f(2/4) = 4.
97. Give an example of a function f : Z Z that is 1-1 and not onto Z.
Ans: f(n) = 2n.
98. Give an example of a function f : Z Z that is onto Z but not 1-1.
Ans: ( )
2
n (
=
(
f n .
0
99. Give an example of a function f : Z N that is both 1-1 and onto N.
Ans: f n
2 if 0
( )
2 1 if
n n
n x
=
>
Page 31
100. Give an example of a function f : N Z that is both 1-1 and onto Z.
Ans: f(n) =
2
, even
2
1
, odd
2
n
n
n
n
101. Give an example of a function f : Z N that is 1-1 and not onto N.
Ans: f n
2 , 0
( )
2 1, 0
n n
n n
=
+ >
102. Give an example of a function f : N Z that is onto Z and not 1-1.
Ans:
, odd
2
( )
-1
, even.
2
n
n
n
n
f n
103. Suppose f : N N has the rule f(n) = 4n + 1. Determine whether f is 1-1.
Ans: Yes.
104. Suppose f : N N has the rule f(n) = 4n + 1. Determine whether f is onto N.
Ans: No.
105. Suppose f : Z Z has the rule f(n) = 3n
2
1. Determine whether f is 1-1.
Ans: No.
106. Suppose f : Z Z has the rule f(n) = 3n 1. Determine whether f is onto Z.
Ans: No.
107. Suppose f : N N has the rule f(n) = 3n
2
1. Determine whether f is 1-1.
Ans: Yes.
108. Suppose f : N N has the rule f(n) = 4n
2
+ 1. Determine whether f is onto N.
Ans: No.
Page 32
109. Suppose f : R R where f(x) = x/2.
(a) Draw the graph of f.
(b) Is f 1-1?
(c) Is f onto R?
Ans: (a)
(b) No.
(c) No.
110. Suppose f : R R where f(x) = x/2.
(a) If S = {x , 1 x 6}, find f(S).
(b) If T = {3,4,5}, find f
1
(T).
Ans: (a) {0,1,2,3}
(b) [6,12).
111. Determine whether f is a function from the set of all bit strings to the set of integers if f(S)
is the position of a 1 bit in the bit string S.
Ans: No; there may be no 1 bits or more than one 1 bit.
112. Determine whether f is a function from the set of all bit strings to the set of integers if f(S)
is the number of 0 bits in S.
Ans: Yes.
113. Determine whether f is a function from the set of all bit strings to the set of integers if f(S)
is the largest integer i such that the ith bit of S is 0 and f(S) = 1 when S is the empty string
(the string with no bits).
Ans: No; f not defined for the string of all 1's, for example S = 11111.
114. Let f(x) = x
3
/3. Find f(S) if S is:
(a) {2,1,0,1,2,3}.
(b) {0,1,2,3,4,5}.
(c) {1,5,7,11}.
(d) {2,6,10,14}.
Ans: (a) {3,1,0,2,9}.
(b) {0,2,9,21,41}.
(c) {0,41,114,443}.
(d) {2,72,333,914}.
Page 33
115. Suppose f : R Z where f(x) = 2x 1(.
(a) Draw the graph of f.
(b) Is f 1-1? (Explain)
(c) Is f onto Z? (Explain)
Ans: (a)
(b) No.
(c) Yes.
116. Suppose f : R Z where f(x) = 2x 1(.
(a) If A = {x , 1 x 4}, find f(A).
(b) If B = {3,4,5,6,7}, find f(B).
(c) If C = {9,8}, find f
1
(C).
(d) If D = {0.4,0.5,0.6}, find f
1
(D).
Ans: (a) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}.
(b) {5,7,9,11,13}.
(c) (9/2,7/2].
(d) .
117. Suppose g : R R where
1
( )
2
x
g x
(
=
(
.
(a) Draw the graph of g.
(b) Is g 1-1?
(c) Is g onto R?
Ans: (a)
(b) No.
(c) No.
Page 34
118. Suppose g : R R where
1
( )
2
x
g x
(
=
(
.
(a) If S = {x , 1 x 6}, find g(S).
(b) If T = {2}, find g
1
(T).
Ans: (a) {0,1,2}.
(b) [5,7).
119. Show that x( = x.
Ans: Let n = x(, so that n 1 < x n. Multiplying by 1 yields n + 1 > x n, which
means that n = x.
120. Prove or disprove: For all positive real numbers x and y, x y x y.
Ans: False: x = y = 1.5.
121. Prove or disprove: For all positive real numbers x and y, x y( x( y(.
Ans: True: x x(
(
, ; therefore y y (
(
xy x y ( (
( (
; since x y ( (
( (
is an integer at
least as great as xy, then xy x y ( ( (
( ( (
.
122. Suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {a,b,c}, C = {2,7,10}, and f
and g are defined by g = {(1,b),(2,a),(3,a),(4,b)} and f = {(a,10),(b,7),(c,2)}. Find f g.
Ans: {(1,7),(2,10),(3,10),(4,7)}.
123. Suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {a,b,c}, C = {2,7,10}, and f
and g are defined by g = {(1,b),(2,a),(3,a),(4,b)} and f = {(a,10),(b,7),(c,2)}. Find f
1
.
Ans: {(2,c),(7,b),(10,a)}.
Use the following to answer questions 124-127:
In the questions below suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = B = C = {1,2,3,4}, g =
{(1,4),(2,1),(3,1),(4,2)} and f = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,4),(4,2)}.
124. Find f g.
Ans: {(1,2),(2,3),(3,3),(4,2)}.
125. Find g f.
Ans: {(1,1),(2,1),(3,2),(4,1)}.
126. Find g g.
Ans: {(1,2),(2,4),(3,4),(4,1)}.
Page 35
127. Find g (g g).
Ans: {(1,1),(2,2),(3,2),(4,4)}.
Use the following to answer questions 128-131:
In the questions below suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {a,b,c}, C =
{2,8,10}, and g and f are defined by g = {(1,b),(2,a),(3,b),(4,a)} and f = {(a,8),(b,10),(c,2)}.
128. Find f g.
Ans: {(1,10),(2,8),(3,10),(4,8)}.
129. Find f
1
.
Ans: {(2,c),(8,a),(10,b)}.
130. Find f f
1
.
Ans: {(2,2),(8,8),(10,10)}.
131. Explain why g
1
is not a function.
Ans: g
1
(a) is equal to both 2 and 4.
Use the following to answer questions 132-133:
In the questions below suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = {a,b,c,d}, B = {1,2,3}, C =
{2,3,6,8}, and g and f are defined by g = {(a,2),(b,1),(c,3),(d,2)} and f = {(1,8),(2,3),(3,2)}.
132. Find f g.
Ans: {(a,3),(b,8),(c,2),(d,3)}.
133. Find f
1
.
Ans: {(2,3),(3,2),(8,1)}.
134. For any function f : A B, define a new function g : P(A) P(B) as follows: for every S
A, g(S) = {f(x) , x S}. Prove that f is onto if and only if g is onto.
Ans: Suppose f is onto. Let T P(B) and let S = {x A , f(x) T}. Then g(S) = T, and g
is onto. If f is not onto B, let y B f(A). Then there is no subset S of A such that
g(S) = {y}.
Use the following to answer questions 135-139:
In the questions below find the inverse of the function f or else explain why the function has no
inverse.
Page 36
135. f : Z Z where f(x) = x mod 10.
Ans: f
1
(10) does not exist.
136. f : A B where A = {a,b,c}, B = {1,2,3} and f = {(a,2),(b,1),(c,3)}.
Ans: {(1,b),(2,a),(3,c)}.
137. f : R R where f(x) = 3x 5.
Ans:
1
5
( )
3
x
f x .
+
=
138. f : R R where f(x) = 2x.
Ans:
1
1
2
( ) f
does not exist.
139. f : Z Z where f(x) = {
- 2 if 5
+ 1 if 4.
x x
x x
Ans: f
1
(5) is not a single value.
140. Suppose g : A B and f : B C, where f g is 1-1 and g is 1-1. Must f be 1-1?
Ans: No.
141. Suppose g : A B and f : B C, where f g is 1-1 and f is 1-1. Must g be 1-1?
Ans: Yes.
142. Suppose f : R R and g : R R where g(x) = 2x + 1 and g f(x) = 2x + 11. Find the
rule for f.
Ans: f(x) = x + 5.
Use the following to answer questions 143-147:
In the questions below for each partial function, determine its domain, codomain, domain of
definition, set of values for which it is undefined or if it is a total function:
143. f : Z R where f(n) = 1/n.
Ans: Z, R, Z {0}, {0}.
144. f : Z Z where f(n) = n/2(.
Ans: Z, Z, Z, total function.
145. f : Z Z Q where f(m,n) = m/n.
Ans: Z Z, Q, Z (Z {0}), Z {0}.
Page 37
146. f : Z Z Z where f(m,n) = mn.
Ans: Z Z, Z, Z Z, total function.
147. f : Z Z Z where f(m,n) = m n if m > n.
Ans: Z Z, Z, {(m,n) , m > n}, {(m,n) , m n}.
148. For the partial function f : Z Z R defined by
2
1
( ) f m n
n m
, =
2
, determine its
domain, codomain, domain of definition, and set of values for which it is undefined or
whether it is a total function.
Ans: Z Z, R, {(m,n) , m n or m n}, {(m,n) , m = n or m = n}.
149. Let f : {1,2,3,4,5} {1,2,3,4,5,6} be a function.
(a) How many total functions are there?
(b) How many of these functions are one-to-one?
Ans: (a) 6
5
= 7,776.
(b) 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720.
Use the following to answer questions 150-156:
In the questions below find a formula that generates the following sequence a
1
,a
2
,a
3
.
150. 5,9,13,17,21,.
Ans: a
n
= 4n + 1.
151. 3,3,3,3,3,.
Ans: a
n
= 3.
152. 15,20,25,30,35,.
Ans: a
n
= 5(n + 2).
153. 1,0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6,.
Ans: a
n
= 1 (n 1)/10.
154. 1,1/3,1/5,1/7,1/9,.
Ans: a
n
= 1/(2n 1).
155. 2,0,2,0,2,0,2,....
Ans: a
n
= 1 + ( 1)
n+1
.
156. 0,2,0,2,0,2,0,....
Ans: a
n
= 1 + ( 1)
n
.
Page 38
Page 39
157. Find the sum 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + ....
Ans: 1/2.
158. Find the sum 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + ... + 2
28
.
Ans: 2
29
2.
159. Find the sum 2 4 + 8 16 + 32 ... 2
28
.
Ans:
29
(2 ) +
2 2
3 3
.
160. Find the sum 1 1/2 + 1/4 1/8 + 1/16 ....
Ans: 2/3.
161. Find the sum 2 + 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/32 + 1/128 + ....
Ans: 8/3.
162. Find the summ 112 + 113 + 114 + ... + 673.
Ans: 220,585.
163. Find
6
1
(( 2) 2 ).
i i
i =
Ans: -84.
164. Find
3
1 1
.
j
j i
ij
= =
)
.
Ans: 25.
165. Rewrite
so that the index of summation has lower limit 0 and upper limit 7.
4
2
3
( 1
i
i
=
+
Ans: ( 3
7
2
0
) 1)
i
i
=
+