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Chapter 2

1. Prove or disprove: A (B C) = (A B) (A C).


Ans: True, since
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( A B C A B C A B C A B A C A B A C = = = = ) .

2. Prove that A B A B = by giving a containment proof (that is, prove that the left
side is a subset of the right side and that the right side is a subset of the left side).
Ans: A B : Let A B x A B . x A B, x A or x B x , A or
x B x A , B . Reversing the steps shows that A B A B .

3. Prove that A B A B = by giving an element table proof.
Ans: The columns for A B and A B match: each entry is 0 if and only if A and B
have the value 1.

4. Prove that A B A B = by giving a proof using logical equivalence.
Ans:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
A B x x A B
x x A B
x x A B
x x A x B
x x A x B
x x A x B
x x A x B
x x A B A B
={ , }
={ , }
={ , }
={ , }
={ , }
={ , }
={ , }
={ , } =
.

5. Prove that A B by giving a Venn diagram proof. A B =
Ans:



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6. Prove that A (B C) = (A B) (A C) by giving a containment proof (that is,
prove that the left side is a subset of the right side and that the right side is a subset of the
left side).
Ans: A (B C) (A B) (A C): Let x A (B C). x A and x B C,
x A and x B, or x A and x C, x (A B) (A C). Reversing the
steps gives the opposite containment.

7. Prove that A (B C) = (A B) (A C) by giving an element table proof.
Ans: Each set has the same values in the element table: the value is 1 if and only if A has
the value 1 and either B or C has the value 1.

8. Prove that A (B C) = (A B) (A C) by giving a proof using logical equivalence.
Ans:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) (
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
A B C x x A B C
x x A x B C
x x A x B x C
) x x A x B x A x C
x x A B x A C
x x A B A C
A B A C
={ , }
={ , }
={ , }
={ , }
={ , }
={ , }
=


9. Prove that A (B C) = (A B) (A C) by giving a Venn diagram proof.
Ans:



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10. Prove or disprove: if A, B, and C are sets, then A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
Ans: False. For example, let A = {1,2}, B = {1}, C = {2}.

11. Prove or disprove A (B C) = (A B) C.
Ans: True, using either a membership table or a containment proof, for example.

Use the following to answer questions 12-15:

Use a Venn diagram to determine which relationship, , =, , is true for the pair of sets.

12. A B, A (B A).
Ans: =.

13. A (B C), (A B) C.
Ans: .

14. (A B) (A C), A (B C).
Ans: =.

15. (A C) (B C), A B.
Ans: .

Use the following to answer questions 16-20:

In the questions below determine whether the given set is the power set of some set. If the set is
a power set, give the set of which it is a power set.

16. {,{},{a},{{a}},{{{a}}},{,a},{,{a}},{,{{a}}},{a,{a}},{a,{{a}}},{{a},{{a}}},
{,a,{a}},{,a,{{a}}},{,{a},{{a}}},{a,{a},{{a}}},{,a,{a},{{a}}}}.
Ans: Yes {,a,{a},{{a}}}.

17. {,{a}}.
Ans: Yes, {a}.

18. {,{a},{,a}}.
Ans: No, it lacks {}.

19. {,{a},{},{a,}}.
Ans: Yes, {{a,}}.

20. {,{a,}}.
Ans: No, it lacks {a} and {}.

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21. Prove that S T for all sets S and T. S T =
Ans: Since S T (De Morgan's law), the complements are equal. S T =

Use the following to answer questions 22-33:

In the questions below mark each statement TRUE or FALSE. Assume that the statement
applies to all sets.

22. A (B C) = (A B) C.
Ans: False

23. (A C) (B C) = A B.
Ans: False

24. A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
Ans: True

25. A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
Ans: False

26. A B . A A =
Ans: True

27. If A C = B C, then A = B.
Ans: False

28. If A C = B C, then A = B.
Ans: False

29. If A B = A B, then A = B.
Ans: True

30. If A B = A, then B = A.
Ans: False

31. There is a set A such that , P(A) , = 12.
Ans: False

32. A A = A.
Ans: False

33. Find three subsets of {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} such that the intersection of any two has size 2
and the intersection of all three has size 1.
Ans: For example, {1,2,3}, {2,3,4}, {1,3,4}.

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34. Find


| |
1
1/ ,1/ .
i
i i
+
=

Ans: [-1,1].

35. Find

(
1 i
+
=
1
,
i
1 ). 1
Ans: .

36. Find

[
1 i
+
=
1
,
i
1 ]. 1
Ans: {1}.

37. Find

( ).
1 i
+
=
, i
Ans: .

38. Suppose U = {1, 2, ..., 9}, A = all multiples of 2, B = all multiples of 3, and C = {3, 4, 5,
6, 7}. Find C - (B - A).
Ans: {4,5,6,7}.

39. Suppose S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Find ( ) . P S
Ans: 32.

Use the following to answer questions 40-43:

In the questions below suppose A = {x,y} and B = {x,{x}}. Mark the statement TRUE or
FALSE

40. x B.
Ans: False

41. P(B).
Ans: True

42. {x} A B.
Ans: False

43. , P(A) , = 4.
Ans: True

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Use the following to answer questions 44-51:

In the questions below suppose A = {a,b,c}. Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.

44. {b,c} P(A).
Ans: True

45. {{a}} P(A).
Ans: True

46. A.
Ans: True

47. {} P(A).
Ans: True

48. A A.
Ans: True

49. {a,c} A.
Ans: True

50. {a,b} A A.
Ans: False

51. (c,c) A A.
Ans: True

Use the following to answer questions 52-59:

In the questions below suppose A = {1,2,3,4,5}. Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.

52. {1} P(A).
Ans: True

53. {{3}} P(A).
Ans: True

54. A.
Ans: True

55. {} P(A).
Ans: True

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56. P(A).
Ans: True

57. {2,4} A A.
Ans: False

58. {} P(A).
Ans: False

59. (1,1) A A.
Ans: True

Use the following to answer questions 60-62:

In the questions below suppose the following are fuzzy sets:
F = {0.7Ann,0.1Bill,0.8Fran,0.3Olive,0.5Tom},
R = {0.4Ann,0.9Bill,0.9Fran,0.6Olive,0.7Tom}.

60. Find F and R .
Ans: 0 3 0 9 0 2 0 7 0 5 Ann Bill Fran Olive Tom { . , . , . , . , . } F = ,
0 6 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 3 R Ann Bill Fran Olive Tom . , . , . , . , . } ={

61. Find F R.
Ans: {0.7Ann,0.9Bill,0.9Fran,0.6Olive,0.7Tom}.

62. Find F R.
Ans: {0.4Ann,0.1Bill,0.8Fran,0.3Olive,0.5Tom}.

Use the following to answer questions 63-72:

In the questions below, suppose A = {a,b,c} and B = {b,{c}}. Mark the statement TRUE or
FALSE

63. c A B.
Ans: True

64. , P(A B) , = 64.
Ans: True

65. P(B).
Ans: True

66. B A.
Ans: False

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67. {c} B.
Ans: False

68. {a,b} A A.
Ans: False

69. {b,c} P(A).
Ans: True

70. {b,{c}} P(B).
Ans: True

71. A A.
Ans: True

72. {{{c}}} P(B).
Ans: True

Use the following to answer questions 73-85:

In the questions below determine whether the set is finite or infinite. If the set is finite, find its
size.

73. {x , x Z and x
2
< 10}.
Ans: 7.

74. P({a,b,c,d}), where P denotes the power set.
Ans: 16.

75. {1,3,5,7,}.
Ans: Infinite.

76. A B, where A = {1,2,3,4,5} and B = {1,2,3}.
Ans: 15.

77. {x , x N and 9x
2
1 = 0}.
Ans: 0.

78. P(A), where A is the power set of {a,b,c}.
Ans: 256.

79. A B, where A = {a,b,c} and B = .
Ans: 0.

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80. {x , x N and 4x
2
8 = 0}.
Ans: 0.

81. {x , x Z and x
2
= 2}.
Ans: 0.

82. P(A), where A = P({1,2}).
Ans: 16.

83. {1,10,100,1000,}.
Ans: Infinite.

84. S T, where S = {a,b,c} and T = {1,2,3,4,5}.
Ans: 15.

85. {x , x Z and x
2
< 8}.
Ans: 5.

86. Prove that between every two rational numbers a/b and c/d
(a) there is a rational number.
(b) there are an infinite number of rational numbers.
Ans: (a) Assume
a
. Then
c
b d

2 2
a c
b d
a ad bc
b bd
+ + c
d
= .
(b) Assume
a c
b d
< . Let m
1
be the midpoint of
a c
b d
(
,
(

. For i > 1 let m
i
be the
midpoint of
1 i
a
m
b
(
(
(

(

, . .

87. Prove that there is no smallest positive rational number.
Ans: If 0
a
< , then
b
0
4 3 2
a a a

b b b
< < < < <
a
b
.

Use the following to answer questions 88-96:

In the questions below determine whether the rule describes a function with the given domain
and codomain.

88. f : N N where ( ) f n n = .
Ans: Not a function; f(2) is not an integer.

89. h : R R where ( ) h x x = .
Ans: Function.

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90. g : N N where g(n) = any integer > n.
Ans: Not a function; g(1) has more than one value.

91. F : R R where
1
( )
5
F x
x
=

.
Ans: Not a function; F(5) not defined.

92. F : Z R where
2
1
( )
5
F x
x
=

.
Ans: Function.

93. F : Z Z where
2
1
( )
5
F x
x
=

.
Ans: Not a function; F(1) not an integer.

94. G : R R where G x
2 if 0
( )
1 if 4
x x
x x
+
=


Ans: Not a function; the cases overlap. For example, G(1) is equal to both 3 and 0.

95. f : R R where
2
if 2
( )
1 if 4
x x
f x
x x

=


Ans: Not a function; f(3) not defined.

96. G : Q Q where G(p/q) = q.
Ans: Not a function; f(1/2) = 2 and f(2/4) = 4.

97. Give an example of a function f : Z Z that is 1-1 and not onto Z.
Ans: f(n) = 2n.

98. Give an example of a function f : Z Z that is onto Z but not 1-1.
Ans: ( )
2
n (
=
(

f n .


0
99. Give an example of a function f : Z N that is both 1-1 and onto N.
Ans: f n
2 if 0
( )
2 1 if
n n
n x

=

>


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100. Give an example of a function f : N Z that is both 1-1 and onto Z.
Ans: f(n) =
2
, even
2
1
, odd
2
n
n
n
n



101. Give an example of a function f : Z N that is 1-1 and not onto N.
Ans: f n
2 , 0
( )
2 1, 0
n n
n n

=

+ >


102. Give an example of a function f : N Z that is onto Z and not 1-1.
Ans:
, odd
2
( )
-1
, even.
2
n
n
n
n

f n

103. Suppose f : N N has the rule f(n) = 4n + 1. Determine whether f is 1-1.
Ans: Yes.

104. Suppose f : N N has the rule f(n) = 4n + 1. Determine whether f is onto N.
Ans: No.

105. Suppose f : Z Z has the rule f(n) = 3n
2
1. Determine whether f is 1-1.
Ans: No.

106. Suppose f : Z Z has the rule f(n) = 3n 1. Determine whether f is onto Z.
Ans: No.

107. Suppose f : N N has the rule f(n) = 3n
2
1. Determine whether f is 1-1.
Ans: Yes.

108. Suppose f : N N has the rule f(n) = 4n
2
+ 1. Determine whether f is onto N.
Ans: No.

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109. Suppose f : R R where f(x) = x/2.
(a) Draw the graph of f.
(b) Is f 1-1?
(c) Is f onto R?
Ans: (a)
(b) No.
(c) No.

110. Suppose f : R R where f(x) = x/2.
(a) If S = {x , 1 x 6}, find f(S).
(b) If T = {3,4,5}, find f
1
(T).
Ans: (a) {0,1,2,3}
(b) [6,12).

111. Determine whether f is a function from the set of all bit strings to the set of integers if f(S)
is the position of a 1 bit in the bit string S.
Ans: No; there may be no 1 bits or more than one 1 bit.

112. Determine whether f is a function from the set of all bit strings to the set of integers if f(S)
is the number of 0 bits in S.
Ans: Yes.

113. Determine whether f is a function from the set of all bit strings to the set of integers if f(S)
is the largest integer i such that the ith bit of S is 0 and f(S) = 1 when S is the empty string
(the string with no bits).
Ans: No; f not defined for the string of all 1's, for example S = 11111.

114. Let f(x) = x
3
/3. Find f(S) if S is:
(a) {2,1,0,1,2,3}.
(b) {0,1,2,3,4,5}.
(c) {1,5,7,11}.
(d) {2,6,10,14}.
Ans: (a) {3,1,0,2,9}.
(b) {0,2,9,21,41}.
(c) {0,41,114,443}.
(d) {2,72,333,914}.

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115. Suppose f : R Z where f(x) = 2x 1(.
(a) Draw the graph of f.
(b) Is f 1-1? (Explain)
(c) Is f onto Z? (Explain)
Ans: (a)
(b) No.
(c) Yes.

116. Suppose f : R Z where f(x) = 2x 1(.
(a) If A = {x , 1 x 4}, find f(A).
(b) If B = {3,4,5,6,7}, find f(B).
(c) If C = {9,8}, find f
1
(C).
(d) If D = {0.4,0.5,0.6}, find f
1
(D).
Ans: (a) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}.
(b) {5,7,9,11,13}.
(c) (9/2,7/2].
(d) .

117. Suppose g : R R where
1
( )
2
x
g x
(
=
(

.
(a) Draw the graph of g.
(b) Is g 1-1?
(c) Is g onto R?
Ans: (a)
(b) No.
(c) No.

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118. Suppose g : R R where
1
( )
2
x
g x
(
=
(

.
(a) If S = {x , 1 x 6}, find g(S).
(b) If T = {2}, find g
1
(T).
Ans: (a) {0,1,2}.
(b) [5,7).

119. Show that x( = x.
Ans: Let n = x(, so that n 1 < x n. Multiplying by 1 yields n + 1 > x n, which
means that n = x.

120. Prove or disprove: For all positive real numbers x and y, x y x y.
Ans: False: x = y = 1.5.

121. Prove or disprove: For all positive real numbers x and y, x y( x( y(.
Ans: True: x x(
(

, ; therefore y y (
(
xy x y ( (
( (
; since x y ( (
( (
is an integer at
least as great as xy, then xy x y ( ( (
( ( (
.

122. Suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {a,b,c}, C = {2,7,10}, and f
and g are defined by g = {(1,b),(2,a),(3,a),(4,b)} and f = {(a,10),(b,7),(c,2)}. Find f g.
Ans: {(1,7),(2,10),(3,10),(4,7)}.

123. Suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {a,b,c}, C = {2,7,10}, and f
and g are defined by g = {(1,b),(2,a),(3,a),(4,b)} and f = {(a,10),(b,7),(c,2)}. Find f
1
.
Ans: {(2,c),(7,b),(10,a)}.

Use the following to answer questions 124-127:

In the questions below suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = B = C = {1,2,3,4}, g =
{(1,4),(2,1),(3,1),(4,2)} and f = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,4),(4,2)}.

124. Find f g.
Ans: {(1,2),(2,3),(3,3),(4,2)}.

125. Find g f.
Ans: {(1,1),(2,1),(3,2),(4,1)}.

126. Find g g.
Ans: {(1,2),(2,4),(3,4),(4,1)}.

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127. Find g (g g).
Ans: {(1,1),(2,2),(3,2),(4,4)}.

Use the following to answer questions 128-131:

In the questions below suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {a,b,c}, C =
{2,8,10}, and g and f are defined by g = {(1,b),(2,a),(3,b),(4,a)} and f = {(a,8),(b,10),(c,2)}.

128. Find f g.
Ans: {(1,10),(2,8),(3,10),(4,8)}.

129. Find f
1
.
Ans: {(2,c),(8,a),(10,b)}.

130. Find f f
1
.
Ans: {(2,2),(8,8),(10,10)}.

131. Explain why g
1
is not a function.
Ans: g
1
(a) is equal to both 2 and 4.

Use the following to answer questions 132-133:

In the questions below suppose g : A B and f : B C where A = {a,b,c,d}, B = {1,2,3}, C =
{2,3,6,8}, and g and f are defined by g = {(a,2),(b,1),(c,3),(d,2)} and f = {(1,8),(2,3),(3,2)}.

132. Find f g.
Ans: {(a,3),(b,8),(c,2),(d,3)}.

133. Find f
1
.
Ans: {(2,3),(3,2),(8,1)}.

134. For any function f : A B, define a new function g : P(A) P(B) as follows: for every S
A, g(S) = {f(x) , x S}. Prove that f is onto if and only if g is onto.
Ans: Suppose f is onto. Let T P(B) and let S = {x A , f(x) T}. Then g(S) = T, and g
is onto. If f is not onto B, let y B f(A). Then there is no subset S of A such that
g(S) = {y}.

Use the following to answer questions 135-139:

In the questions below find the inverse of the function f or else explain why the function has no
inverse.

Page 36

135. f : Z Z where f(x) = x mod 10.
Ans: f
1
(10) does not exist.

136. f : A B where A = {a,b,c}, B = {1,2,3} and f = {(a,2),(b,1),(c,3)}.
Ans: {(1,b),(2,a),(3,c)}.

137. f : R R where f(x) = 3x 5.
Ans:
1
5
( )
3
x
f x .

+
=

138. f : R R where f(x) = 2x.
Ans:
1
1
2
( ) f

does not exist.

139. f : Z Z where f(x) = {
- 2 if 5
+ 1 if 4.
x x
x x


Ans: f
1
(5) is not a single value.

140. Suppose g : A B and f : B C, where f g is 1-1 and g is 1-1. Must f be 1-1?
Ans: No.

141. Suppose g : A B and f : B C, where f g is 1-1 and f is 1-1. Must g be 1-1?
Ans: Yes.

142. Suppose f : R R and g : R R where g(x) = 2x + 1 and g f(x) = 2x + 11. Find the
rule for f.
Ans: f(x) = x + 5.

Use the following to answer questions 143-147:

In the questions below for each partial function, determine its domain, codomain, domain of
definition, set of values for which it is undefined or if it is a total function:

143. f : Z R where f(n) = 1/n.
Ans: Z, R, Z {0}, {0}.

144. f : Z Z where f(n) = n/2(.
Ans: Z, Z, Z, total function.

145. f : Z Z Q where f(m,n) = m/n.
Ans: Z Z, Q, Z (Z {0}), Z {0}.

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146. f : Z Z Z where f(m,n) = mn.
Ans: Z Z, Z, Z Z, total function.

147. f : Z Z Z where f(m,n) = m n if m > n.
Ans: Z Z, Z, {(m,n) , m > n}, {(m,n) , m n}.

148. For the partial function f : Z Z R defined by
2
1
( ) f m n
n m
, =

2
, determine its
domain, codomain, domain of definition, and set of values for which it is undefined or
whether it is a total function.
Ans: Z Z, R, {(m,n) , m n or m n}, {(m,n) , m = n or m = n}.

149. Let f : {1,2,3,4,5} {1,2,3,4,5,6} be a function.
(a) How many total functions are there?
(b) How many of these functions are one-to-one?
Ans: (a) 6
5
= 7,776.
(b) 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720.

Use the following to answer questions 150-156:

In the questions below find a formula that generates the following sequence a
1
,a
2
,a
3
.

150. 5,9,13,17,21,.
Ans: a
n
= 4n + 1.

151. 3,3,3,3,3,.
Ans: a
n
= 3.

152. 15,20,25,30,35,.
Ans: a
n
= 5(n + 2).

153. 1,0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6,.
Ans: a
n
= 1 (n 1)/10.

154. 1,1/3,1/5,1/7,1/9,.
Ans: a
n
= 1/(2n 1).

155. 2,0,2,0,2,0,2,....
Ans: a
n
= 1 + ( 1)
n+1
.

156. 0,2,0,2,0,2,0,....
Ans: a
n
= 1 + ( 1)
n
.

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Page 39
157. Find the sum 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + ....
Ans: 1/2.

158. Find the sum 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + ... + 2
28
.
Ans: 2
29
2.

159. Find the sum 2 4 + 8 16 + 32 ... 2
28
.
Ans:
29
(2 ) +
2 2
3 3
.

160. Find the sum 1 1/2 + 1/4 1/8 + 1/16 ....
Ans: 2/3.

161. Find the sum 2 + 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/32 + 1/128 + ....
Ans: 8/3.

162. Find the summ 112 + 113 + 114 + ... + 673.
Ans: 220,585.

163. Find


6
1
(( 2) 2 ).
i i
i =

Ans: -84.

164. Find
3
1 1
.
j
j i
ij
= =

)
.

Ans: 25.

165. Rewrite

so that the index of summation has lower limit 0 and upper limit 7.
4
2
3
( 1
i
i
=
+
Ans: ( 3


7
2
0
) 1)
i
i
=
+

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