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ZEROS AND GRAM POINTS ON THE CRITICAL LINE
(ix)


Pier Franz Roggero, Michele Nardelli
1,2
, Francesco Di Noto


1
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra
Universit degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino, 10
80138 Napoli, Italy


2
Dipartimento di Matematica ed Applicazioni R. Caccioppoli
Universit degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Polo delle Scienze e delle Tecnologie
Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia (Fuorigrotta), 80126 Napoli, Italy


Abstract:

In this paper we focus attention on a relationship between zeros and Gram
points with the prime numbers on the critical line (ix)
Furthermore, we focus attention also on a formula to determine prime
numbers using the Gram Points.
So if the zeros of the Riemann function give the exact number of prime
numbers, with the Gram Points always on the critical line we can even find
the values of all prime numbers.




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1. ZEROS AND GRAM POINTS ON THE CRITICAL LINE ( ix) ...................................... 3
2. OBSERVATIONS.............................................................................................................. 11
3. FORMULA TO DETERMINE PRIME NUMBERS.............................................................. 22
3. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 27



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1. ZEROS AND GRAM POINTS ON THE CRITICAL LINE ( ix)

The functional equation shows that the Riemann zeta function has zeros at 2, 4, ... .
These are called the trivial zeros. They are trivial in the sense that their existence is
relatively easy to prove, for example, from sin(s/2) being 0 in the functional equation
(see below). The non-trivial zeros have captured far more attention because their
distribution not only is far less understood but, more importantly, their study yields
impressive results concerning prime numbers and related objects in number theory.
The Riemann zeta function satisfies the functional equation:
( ) ( ) ( ) s s
s
s
s s

|

\
|
=

1 1
2
sin 2
1

,
where (s) is the gamma function, which is an equality of meromorphic functions valid
on the whole complex plane.
It is known that any non-trivial zero lies in the open strip {sC: 0<Re(s)<1}, which is
called the critical strip. The Riemann hypothesis, asserts that any non-trivial zero s has
Re(s)=1/2. In the theory of the Riemann zeta function, the set {sC: Re(s)= 1/2} is
called the critical line.
So ( ix)=0

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But we also have other values on the critical line where the imaginary part
IM((iy))=0 vanishes and they are called Gram Points.
( iy)=are all transcendent real values of a combination of the function sinus.
The Riemann zeta function on the critical line can be written

( )
( ) t Z e it
t i

=
|

\
|
+
2
1
, ( )
( )
|

\
|
+ = it e t Z
t i
2
1

If t is a real number, then the Z function ( ) t Z returns real values.
Hence the zeta function on the critical line will be real when ( ) ( ) 0 sin = t . Positive real
values of t where this occurs are called Gram points, after J. P. Gram, and can of
course also be described as the points where
( )

t
is an integer.
A Gram point is a solution
n
g of
( ) n g
n
= .
Here are the smallest non negative Gram points
Gram observed that there was often exactly one zero of the zeta function between any
two Gram points; Hutchinson called this observation Gram's law. There are several
other closely related statements that are also sometimes called Gram's law: for example,
(1)
n
Z(g
n
) is usually positive, or Z(t) usually has opposite sign at consecutive Gram
points. The imaginary parts
n
of the first few zeros and the first few Gram points g
n
are
given in the following table
g
1

1
g
0

2
g
1

3
g
2

4
g
3

5
g
4

6

0.000 3.436 9.667 14.135 17.846 21.022 23.170 25.011 27.670 30.425 31.718 32.935 35.467 37.586

This shows the values of (1/2+it) in the complex plane for 0 t 34. (For t=0, (1/2)
-1.460 corresponds to the leftmost point of the red curve.) Gram's law states that the
curve usually crosses the real axis once between zeros.
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The first failure of Gram's law occurs at the 127'th zero and the Gram point g
126
, which
are in the "wrong" order.
g
124

126
g
125
g
126

127

128
g
127

129
g
128

279.148 279.229 280.802 282.455 282.465 283.211 284.104 284.836 285.752
A Gram point t is called good if the zeta function is positive at 1/2 + it.
The indices of the "bad" Gram points where Z has the "wrong" sign are 126, 134, 195,
211, ... A Gram block is an interval bounded by two good Gram points such that all the
Gram points between them are bad. A refinement of Gram's law called Rosser's rule due
to Rosser, Yohe & Schoenfeld (1969) says that Gram blocks often have the expected
number of zeros in them (the same as the number of Gram intervals), even though some
of the individual Gram intervals in the block may not have exactly one zero in them. For
example, the interval bounded by g
125
and g
127
is a Gram block containing a unique bad
Gram point g
126
, and contains the expected number 2 of zeros although neither of its two
Gram intervals contains a unique zero. Rosser et al. checked that there were no
exceptions to Rosser's rule in the first 3 million zeros, although there are infinitely many
exceptions to Rosser's rule over the entire zeta function.
Gram's rule and Rosser's rule both say that in some sense zeros do not stray too far from
their expected positions. The distance of a zero from its expected position is controlled
by the function S defined above, which grows extremely slowly: its average value is of
the order of (log log T)
1/2
, which only reaches 2 for T around 10
24
. This means that both
rules hold most of the time for small T but eventually break down often. Indeed
Trudgian (2011) showed that both Gram's law and Rosser's rule fail in a positive
proportion of cases.
To be more specific, it is expected that in about 73% one zero is enclosed by two
successive Gram points, but in 14% no zero and in 13% two zeros are in such a
Gram-interval on the long run.

Hence the function ( + ix) has others values where the IM(( + ix))=0 and so we
find the correlation with the Gram points g IM(( + ig))=0
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As we can see from this graph


Blue is the real part and red is the imaginary part of the function ( ix) for 0x100
is shown so that we can clearly see the first non-trivial zeros and the values where real
and imaginary part are both equal to zero:

Re((ix)) = IM((ix)) = 0
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Combining the zeros and points of Gram we have the following table
TAB. 1

x jy
prime
number
0
-
1,4603545
3,436218226 0,56415 2, 3
9,666908056 1,53181 5, 7
14,13472514 0 11, 13
17,845599 2,34018 17
21,02203964 0 19
23,1702827 1,45744 23
25,01085758 0
27,67018222 2,84509
30,42487613 0 29
31,71797995 0,925264 31
32,93506159 0
35,4671843 2,93812
37,58617816 0 37
38,99920996 1,786721
40,91871901 0
42,36355039 1,098756 41
43,32707328 0 43
45,59302898 3,6629
48,00515088 0 47
48,71077662 0,688292
49,77383248 0
51,73384281 2,0112138
52,97032148 0
54,67523745 2,91239 53
56,4462477 0
57,54516518 1,758164
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59,347044 0 59
60,35181197 0,53858
60,83177853 0
63,10186798 4,1643988 61
65,11254405 0
65,80088764 1,053877
67,07981053 0 67
68,45354492 1,54
69,54640171 0
71,05 1,96 71
72,06715767 0
73,64 3,61 73
75,7046907 0
76,15 0,55
77,14484007 0
78,65 1,24
79,33737502 0 79
81,1 3,99
82,91038085 0
83,58 1,16 83
84,73549298 0
85,99 1,94
87,42527461 0
88,38 0,64
88,80911121 0
90,75 4,47 89
92,49189927 0
93,09 1,3
94,65134404 0
95,4 0,49
95,87063423 0
97,7 2,86 97
98,83119422 0
99.99 2,69
101,317851 0 101
102,25 2,12
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103,725538040 0 103
104,49 1,01
105,446623052 0
106,72 0,98
107,168611184 0 107
108,93 5,18
111,029535543 0 109
111,1 0,1
111,874659177 0
113,3 1,78 113
114,320220915 0
115,4 1,59
116,226680321 0
117,6 3,09
118,790782866 0
119,7 2,64
121,370125002 0
121,8 0,73
122,946829294 0
124 0,47
124,256818554 0
126,1 4,56
127,516683880 0 127



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We have intervals that can be of all 4 types: between a zero and a Gram point or
between a Gram point and a zero or between 2 zeros or still between two Gram points:
In summary:

ZG
GZ
ZZ
GG

The prime numbers starting with number 47 are all spaced out by at least one interval.

The statement is as follows:
Prime numbers, starting with number 47, are all within any one of these intervals
(ZG, GZ, ZZ or GG), however, two consecutive primes are never on two
contiguous intervals, which is equivalent to say that also two consecutive primes or
twin prime are spaced by at least one interval.

Thus for example the odd number 91 is not a prime number, in the range between 90,8
to 92,49189927 because the interval immediately preceding already exists the prime
number 89.
Another example, where G and Z are not alternating, are the twin prime numbers 281
and 283

280.802
282.455 281
282.465
283.211 283

In bold there are the two zeros
We note that the prime twin numbers 281 and 283 are separated by exactly one interval.



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2. OBSERVATIONS

Since the Gram points are involved both = 3.14 and the prime numbers of the form 6k
+1 except 2 and the 3 initials, and since 6 2 = 6.28, many of the primes involved are
also very close to 2k + 1 if the number is even, 2k + 1 if the number is odd, or with
the integer part of 2k.

For example in the following table below:


numbers first
column. TAB 1
2k + 1 2k + 2 2k integer part first
= prime involved in
the numbers of
Gram
14,13472514 14
pari
13 and 15
23,1702827 23
dispari
21 and 25 23
31,71797995 ... 29 and 33 31
37,58617816 35 and 39 37
43,32707328 41 and 45 43
52,97032148 51 and 53
59,347044 57 and 61 59
60,83177853 59 and 61


Third column TAB. 1 with prime numbers (in red) and common involved in the above
table


2, 3
5, 7
11, 13
17
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19
23


29
31


37


41
43

47


43

47




53


59


61

...



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Subsequent reports of the numbers of Gram, for helpful comments on the performance
of than that of the primes of similar size


Indices n
Gram
points g(n)
Subsequent
relations r

n/(n-1)
Primes of
the same
size from
127
Subsequent
relations r

p/(pn -1)
comments
The ratio
decreases
more and
more and
tends to 1 as
n increases,
even for
prime
numbers
r decreases
faster than r
'

126 134/126 = 1,06 127 131/127=1,03
134 195/134 = 1.45 131 ...= 1,04
195 211/195= 1,08 137 ...=1,01 137 e 139
are twins

211 232/211=1,0995 139 ...= 1,07
232 254/232=1,0948 149 ...1,01 151 e 149
are twins

254 288/254=1,1338 151 ...=1,039
288 367/288=1,2743 157 ...=1,038
367 377/367=1,0272 163 =1,024
377 379/377=1,0053 167 =1,035
379 173


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The relationships are almost similar, both tend to 1 to grow it p. Relationships are about
small r the greatest powers of r 'corresponding to the primes, for example p is 1.45, we
have that the corresponding ratio is 1.04 so
1,04
9
= 1,42 1,45, or 1,038
3
= 1,12 1,1338 , but also 1,038
7
= 1,29 1,2743




Indices n of Gram points g(n) for which (-1)^n Z(g(n)) < 0, where Z(t) is the
Riemann-Siegel Z-function.



126, 134, 195, 211, 232, 254, 288, 367, 377, 379, 397, 400, 461, 507, 518, 529, 567, 578, 595,
618, 626, 637, 654, 668, 692, 694, 703, 715, 728, 766, 777, 793, 795, 807, 819, 848, 857, 869,
887, 964, 992, 995, 1016, 1028, 1034, 1043, 1046, 1071, 1086


Prime numbers from 127 to 277

127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173
179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229
233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277


On some equations concerning the Grams Law in the theory of Riemann Zeta
function

Definition 1

For positive t , we denote by ( ) t the increment of the argument of the function
|

\
|

2
2 /
s
s
along the segment with the end-points
2
1
= s and it s + =
2
1
. On can prove that
the asymptotic expansion

( )
( )
( )
( )

+
=
+

+
1
1 2
2
1
2
1 2
1
1 2 2 2
1 2
8 2 2
ln
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
t B
n n
t t t
t

(1)

holds, as t grows. Here the
n
B
2
are the Bernoulli numbers. The function ( ) t is
presented in the expression for ( ) t N the number of zeros of ( ) s in the strip t s < Im 0 .
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This expression is called by Riemann von Mangoldt formula and has the form

( ) ( ) ( ) t S t t N + + = 1
1

. (2)

Here ( )
|

\
|
+ =

it t S
2
1
arg
1
denotes the argument of the Riemann zeta function on the
critical line. Thence, the eq. (2) can be rewritten also as follows:

( ) ( ) + + = 1
1
t t N

\
|
+

it
2
1
arg
1
. (2b)




Definition 2

For any 0 n , the Gram point
n
t is defined as the unique root of the equation
( ) ( ) 1 = n t
n
.

Definition 3

Suppose b a, are an arbitrary real numbers, b a < . Denote by ( ) b a e , the number of
solutions of the inequalities b a
n
< with the condition M N n N + < . Similarly, by
( ) b a f , we denote the number of solutions of the inequalities ( ) b n a < under the same
condition.

Lemma 1

The relation
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 , 1 , + + + + + = b a a b f b a e (3)

holds true for any integers a and , b b a <



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Lemma 2

For a real x let the quantity ( ) x denote the number of integers n , M N n N + < ,
satisfying the condition
( )
2
L x
n

. (4)
Then
( ) |

\
|
+ =

x
u
du e M x

2 /
2
2
1
. (5)

where ( )
5 . 0 5 . 1 4 . 22
ln

= L e .

Thence, we can rewrite the eq. (5) also as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )|

\
|
+ =

x
u
L e du e M x
5 . 0 5 . 1 4 . 22 2 /
ln
2
1
2

. (5b)

We note that the values 22.4, 1.5 and 0.5 can be obtained also as follows:

22.4 = 537.6/24;
1.5 = 36/24;
0.5 = 12/24

Thence, we can rewrite the eq. (5b) also as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )|

\
|
+ =

x
u
L e du e M x
24 / 12 24 / 36 24 / 6 . 537 2 /
ln
2
1
2

. (5c)

In this way, we can to connect the eq. (5c) with the number 24 that is related to the
modes that correspond to the physical vibrations of the bosonic strings by the
following Ramanujan function:

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( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+

(
(
(

4
2 7 10
4
2 11 10
log
'
142
'
cosh
' cos
log 4
24
2
'
'
4
0
'
2
2
w t
itw e
dx e
x
txw
anti
w
w
t
w x

.

Thence, we have the following mathematical connection:

( ) ( ) ( ) |

\
|
+ =

x
u
L e du e M x
24 / 12 24 / 36 24 / 6 . 537 2 /
ln
2
1
2

( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+

(
(
(

4
2 7 10
4
2 11 10
log
'
142
'
cosh
' cos
log 4
2
'
'
4
0
'
2
2
w t
itw e
dx e
x
txw
anti
w
w
t
w x

. (5d)

Theorem 1

For any a and b , b a < , the number of solutions of the inequality b a
n
< with the
condition M N n N + < satisfies the relation

( ) |

\
|
+ =

du e M b a e
u 2 /
2
2
1
, , (6)

where L a / 2 = , L b / 2 = , ( )
5 . 0 5 . 1 4 . 22
ln 2 . 2

= L e .

Also here, as for the eqs. (5b-5c), we can rewrite the eq. (6) also as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )|

\
|
+ =

L b
L a
u
L e du e M b a e
/ 2
/ 2
24 / 12 24 / 36 24 / 6 . 537 2 /
ln 2 . 2
2
1
,
2

, (6b)

that can be connected with the Ramanujans function concerning the number 24:

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( ) ( ) ( ) |

\
|
+ =

L b
L a
u
L e du e M b a e
/ 2
/ 2
24 / 12 24 / 36 24 / 6 . 537 2 /
ln 2 . 2
2
1
,
2

( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+

(
(
(

4
2 7 10
4
2 11 10
log
'
142
'
cosh
' cos
log 4
2
'
'
4
0
'
2
2
w t
itw e
dx e
x
txw
anti
w
w
t
w x

. (6c)

Let b a, be an integers and let c be sufficiently large constant such that the inequalities
l
n
, ( ) l n hold true for any M N n N + < with [ ] N c l ln = . Then in the case
l b a l < the assertion follows from lemmas 1 and 2:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
= + |

\
|
+ = + + + =

+
+

l du e M l a b f b a e
L a
L b
u
1
/ 2 1
/ 2 1
2
2 /
1
2 2
2
1
2 1 , 1 ,
2

\
|
+ = + |

\
|
+ + =

1 . 2
2
1
2 2 /
2
1
2 /
1 2
/ 2
/ 2
2
2 /
2 2
du e M l L du e M
u
L b
L a
u
. (7)

In the case b l a l < < the required statement follows from the equality ( ) ( ) l a e b a e , , =
and from the estimate

< <

01 . 0
2
1
2 / 1 2 /
2 2
e du e
u
, L l / 2 = . (8)

The cases l b l a < , b l l a < < < are handle as above. If a or b is non-integer, then
assertion follows from the relation ( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) b a e b a e , , = and the above arguments.
Theorem 1 asserts that the quantity ( ) b a r , in the relation

( ) ( )|

\
|
+ =

b a r du e M b a e
u
,
2
1
,
2 /
2
(9)

obeys the estimate
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 . 0 5 . 0
ln ln ln ln ,

= = N O L O b a r , (10)

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for any a and b . Suppose be any positive number,
2
1
< . Then for any a we have

( ) ( )|

\
|
+ + + = + + =

2
1
2
1 ,
2
1
1 , 0
2 /

a a r du e M a a e
u
, (11)

where ( ) L a / 2
1
+ = , ( ) L a / 2 1
2
+ = . Hence,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= = = = + +
2
1
2
5 . 0 5 . 0
1 2
2 /
ln ln
2
1
1 ,

N O L O O du e a a r
u
. (12)

This equation can be rewritten also as follows:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= = = = + +
2
1
2
24 / 12 24 / 12
1 2
2 /
ln ln
2
1
1 ,

N O L O O du e a a r
u
. (12b)

Also the equation (12b), thence, can be related with the Ramanujans equation
concerning the number 24:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = = = = + +

2
1
2
24 / 12 24 / 12
1 2
2 /
ln ln
2
1
1 ,

N O L O O du e a a r
u


( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+

(
(
(

4
2 7 10
4
2 11 10
log
'
142
'
cosh
' cos
log 4
2
'
'
4
0
'
2
2
w t
itw e
dx e
x
txw
anti
w
w
t
w x

. (12c)

Probably this estimate holds true for any b a, .

Theorem 2

The quantity ( ) x of the numbers M N n N n + < , that satisfy the condition

( ) ( ) x L t t e
N n n n
= / 2 ' (13)
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obeys the following relation:

( ) |

\
|
+ =

x
u
L
A
du e M x
ln 2
1
2 /
2

. (14)

Suppose ( ) t f be a characteristic function of the discrete random quantity with the values
M N n N e
n
+ < , , that is, the sum

( ) ( )

+ <
=
M N n N
n
ite
M
t f exp
1
. (15)

Taking an integer 1 > K whose precise value is chosen below, we get

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

+ < + <

= =

\
|
|
|

|
+

= + =
M N n N M N n N
K
k
K
k
K
n
k
n
k
k
n
k
n n
K
te
te
k
i te
k M
te i te
M
t f
1
0 1
2
1 2
1
2
! 2
2
! 1 2
1
! 2
1 1
sin cos
1

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )

= + < = + < + <

= +

=
1
0 1
2
2
1 2
1 2 1
2
2
1
! 2
2
! 1 2
1 1
! 2
1
K
k M N n N
K
k M N n N M N n N
K
n
K
k
n
k k
k
n
k k
e
M K
t
e
k
t
i e
M k
t

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

= =

|
|

\
|
+ +

+
|
|

\
|
+

=
K
k
K
k
K
K
K
k k k
k
k k
L
A
K
K
K
t
L
Be
B k
k
k
t
L
A
k
k
k
t
0 1
6 2
3
2
1 2
2
6
1
2
3 4 2 . 0
1
! 2
! 2
! 2
2
6 . 1
!
! 1 2
! 1 2
3 4 2 . 0
1
! 2
! 2
! 2
1

(16)
where 0
1
= for 0 = k . After some transformations we have

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(

+ +
|
|

\
|
+ =

=

K
k
k
K
k
k
k
k K
t
t
k
Be
BL
t
t
k
A
L
t
t
K
e t f
1
1 2
1
2
1 2
6 2
2 /
!
4 . 2
!
3 2
4 . 0
2 !
3 2
. (17)

Now lets consider the integral ( ) I ,

( )
( ) ( )

0
dt
t
t g t f
I , (18)

where 1 > . Thence, we have the following estimate:

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( )
( ) ( )
( )+ +
|
|

\
|
<

+ +
|
|

\
|

= =

2 6
2
1 1
1 2 2 2 6 2
3 2 exp
2 . 0
2 1 2 !
4 . 2
2 !
3 2 4 . 0
2 !
1 3

A
L K
e
k k
Be
BL k k
A
L K K
I
K
K
k
K
k
k
k
k
k K

( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
exp
5 . 0
2
exp
4 . 2

Be
L K
e
Be
BL
K
+
|
|

\
|
< + . (19)

Setting

Be
L ln
2
1

= , 1 ln
8
1
1
2
2
2
+
(

= +
(

= L
Be
K

, (20)

we get:

( )
4
2 2
5 . 0
exp
5 . 0
L
Be
L
< ,
L
L L
B
B
K
e
K
K
1
ln
5
exp ln
8
ln
exp
2
2 2
2
<
|

\
|
<
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

. (21)

Thus, ( )
4
L I < . Let ( ) x F and ( ) x G be the distribution functions corresponding to the
characteristic functions ( ) t f and ( ) t g , respectively. By the Berry-Esseen inequality, for
any real x we have:

( ) ( ) ( )
L
A
L
e
L
I x G x F
ln ln
1 2 12 2
5 . 1 5 . 20
4
1
< + < +

. (22)

Hence,
( ) ( ) ( )



+ = + + =
x
u
L
A
du e I x G x F
ln 2
1 2 12 2
2 / 1
2

, (23)

or
( ) ( ) ( )

+ = + = + + =
x
u
L
A
du e
L
A
x G
L
e
L
x G x F
ln 2
1
ln ln
1
2 /
5 . 1 5 . 20
4
2

. (23b)

We note that the eq. (23) can be rewritten also as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )



+ = + + =
x
u
L
A
du e I x G x F
ln
2
2
2 2 24 4
2
2 / 1
2

, (23c)

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where the number 24 is related to the modes that correspond to the physical vibrations
of the bosonic strings by the following Ramanujan function:



( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+

(
(
(

4
2 7 10
4
2 11 10
log
'
142
'
cosh
' cos
log 4
24
2
'
'
4
0
'
2
2
w t
itw e
dx e
x
txw
anti
w
w
t
w x

.

While, the eq. (23b) can be rewritten also as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )

+ = + = + + =
x
u
L
A
du e
L
A
x G
L
e
L
x G x F
ln 2
1
ln ln
1
2 /
16 / 24 24 / 492
4
2

, (23d)

where also here there is the number 24, fundamental in string theory.

3. FORMULA TO DETERMINE PRIME NUMBERS

The formula to determine the prime number p
n
is the following:


( )
( )
1
1
ln

+
=
n n
n n
n
x x
x x
p



with
0 < < 1

Depending on the value of we find are all the prime numbers except the primes 2 and
3.
Of course, choosing the appropriate value of we have the prime number in integer
value.
For example if we choose = 0,45156362. we have the prime integer number 41.


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As we can see in TAB. 1 with =0,57 for all values we have a good approximation for
all prime numbers up to 193:



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TAB. 1

x of Gram
points
value
prime
number
calculated
with
=0,57
prime
number
0 -1,4603545
2
3,43621823 0,56415
3
9,66690806 1,53181 4,082445932
5
17,845599 2,34018 7,462236229
7
23,1702827 1,45744 13,97973288
11
27,6701822 2,84509 19,2672899
13
31,71798 0,925264 24,21106208
17
35,4671843 2,93812 28,97788798
19
38,99921 1,786721 33,63721509
23
42,3635504 1,098756 38,22580999
29
45,593029 3,6629 42,76581517
31
48,7107766 0,688292 47,27170627
37
51,7338428 2,0112138 51,75350473
41
54,6752374 2,91239 56,21844895 43
57,5451652 1,758164 60,67194099 47
60,351812 0,53858 65,11811857 53
63,101868 4,1643988 69,5602188 59
65,8008876 1,053877 74,0008189 61
68,4535449 1,54 78,44200124 67
71,05 1,96 83,33832578 71
73,64 3,61 86,66276201 73
76,15 0,55 92,77616005 79
78,65 1,24 96,29694695 83
81,1 3,99 101,6166911 89
83,58 1,16 103,3489847 97
85,99 1,94 109,88172 101
88,38 0,64 114,07283 103
90,75 4,47 118,3280665 107
93,09 1,3 123,2590548 109
95,4 0,49 128,3244164 113
97,7 2,86 132,1476701 127
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99,99 2,69 136,0003051 131
102,25 2,12 141,3806411 137
104,49 1,01 146,1194377 139
106,72 0,98 150,1115486 149
108,93 5,18 155,0083987 151
111,1 0,1 161,8855066 157
113,3 1,78 162,2256401 163
115,4 1,59 175,7008202 167
117,6 3,09 168,4428438 173
119,7 2,64 182,3078471 179
121,8 0,73 185,5345347 181
124 0,47 177,6963563 191
126,1 4,56 192,1415616 193



For example, we have that:

126,1 + 124 = 250,1; 250,1 * 0,57 = 142,557 ;

126,1 124 = 2,1; ln 2,1 = 0,741937344; 142,557 / 0,741937344 = 192,1415618

thence the above formula is correct.

Furthermore, all the numbers of TAB 1. are connected with the following numbers
concerning the universal music system based on Phi, thence we have some
mathematical connections also with and :

0,5648; 1,5326; 2,34375; 1,456230; 2,8328; 0,92705; 2,9361; 1,78329;

1,09872; 3,6668; 0,6875; 2,0162; 2,91246; 1,7507; 0,53498; 4,1666; 1,0524.



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With regard the mathematical connections with the Ramanujans modular equations
regarding the physical vibrations of the bosonic strings that are connected also with
(thence with by the simple expression =
6
5
), we have that:


|
|

\
|

+
+
+ =

= =

q
t
dt
t f
t f
q R
0
5 / 4 5 / 1
5
) (
) (
5
1
exp
2
5 3
1
5
) (
2
1 5
/ 1 618033 , 0 ,

and

(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|

+
+
+ =

q
t
dt
t f
t f
q R
0
5 / 4 5 / 1
5
) (
) (
5
1
exp
2
5 3
1
5
) (
20
3
2 ,


where
2
1 5 +
= .

Furthermore, we have also:


(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+
=
4
2 7 10
4
2 11 10
log
142
24
.



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3. REFERENCES


Aggirandosi tra i plot della zeta di Riemann - Rudi Mathematici
www.rudimathematici.com/blocknotes/pdf/RTGFZ.pdf
Lo studio della zeta di Riemann interessante non solo da un punto di vista .... L'ipotesi
di Riemann uno dei problemi del Millennio non ancora risolti. ... come indicatori i
punti di Gram oppure i valori di minimo o massimo locale della Z(t), ..



References in Google gram points Riemann

RiemannSiegel theta function - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/.../RiemannSiegel_theta_functio... Traduci questa pagina
Passa a Gram points - [edit]. The Riemann zeta function on the critical line can be
written. \zeta\left(\frac{1}{2}+it\: Z(t) = e^{i \theta(t)} \. If t is a real number, ...

Riemann hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis Traduci questa pagina
Passa a Gram points - [edit]. A Gram point is a point on the critical line 1/2 + it where
the zeta function is real and non-zero. Using the expression for the ...


Gram Point -- from Wolfram MathWorld
mathworld.wolfram.com/GramPoint.html Traduci questa pagina
Gram Point. DOWNLOAD Mathematica Notebook GramPoints. Let theta(t) be the
Riemann-Siegel function. The unique value g_n such that ...







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number theory - Why are Gram points for the Riemann zeta ...
math.stackexchange.com/.../why-are-gram-points-f... Traduci questa pagina
12/nov/2011 - Given the Riemann-Siegel function, why are the Gram points important?
I say if we have $S(T)$, the oscillating part of the zeros, then given a ...
[PDF]

On the values of the Riemann zeta function at the Gram points
www.mccme.ru/lifr/2011global/talks/korolev.pdf Traduci questa pagina
On the values of the Riemann zeta function at the Gram points. M.A. Korolev. The
Gram point tn > 0 in the theory of (s) may be interpreted as the value of ...

Riemann Hypothesis in a Nutshell - Home Page
web.viu.ca/.../Riemannzeta/riemannzetalong.html Traduci questa pagina
Riemann Hypothesis. ... This alternation of zeros with Gram points is key to verifying
the Riemann Hypothesis. The algorithm used to compute Z(t) is called the ...
[PDF]

Gram's Law and the Argument of the Riemann Zeta Function
elib.mi.sanu.ac.rs/files/journals/.../n106p053.pdf Traduci questa pagina
di M Korolev - Citato da 2 - Articoli correlati
the Riemann zeta function at the Gram points are proved. We apply these ... The notion
'Gram's Law' has different senses in different papers. Thus, we begin this ...
[PDF]

Separation of the complex zeros of the Riemann zeta function
www.mathematik.hu-berlin.de/.../Herman%20J.J.%... Traduci questa pagina
20/lug/2006 - The Euler-Maclaurin formule voor . . The Riemann-Siegel formula
for . Gram points and Gram's Law. Rosser's rule. Separation of ...

Mean values of the Riemann zeta-function at the Gram points ...
www.maths.ox.ac.uk/node/9370 Traduci questa pagina
21/mag/2009 - Mean values of the Riemann zeta-function at the Gram points. Mean
values of the Riemann zeta-function at the Gram points. Thu, 21/05/2009




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On the Gram's Law in the Theory of Riemann Zeta Function ...
www.researchgate.net/.../47817386_On_the_Gram... Traduci questa pagina
Function and the Riemann Hypothesis' (1946), and some of their equivalents. 0 0 ... For
any n?0, the Gram point tn is defined as the unique root of the equation ...