EPA Method 5: Stack Sampling for Particulate Matter

Description and Equations

Sampling Train
Isokinetic Sampling Conditions
Ideal Sample Nozzle Diameter, D
n
Sample gas flow rate: AH
@
and the orifice meter
Working isokinetic equation
Example Calculations
D
n
, isokinetic AH and AH
@

Mass emission rate
Standardized Concentration
Temperature and Pressure
Excess Air
Heat Output
% of isokinetic velocity
Method 17: Semi-Volatile PM
Reference Method 5 Sampling Train
v
stack
(over-sample) (under-sample) (just right)
ISOKINETIC
SAMPLING
V
nozzle
< V
stack
V
nozzle
> V
stack
V
nozzle
= V
stack
Nozzle Velocity at the Probe Tip
particles have inertia
1. Compute ideal nozzle diameter that gives isokinetic conditions at an ideal
sample flow rate of 0.75 cfm at the meter box.

2. Select best available nozzle diameter

3. Determine the relationship between AH and AP at isokinetic sampling
conditions.

4. Continually adjust AH at each traverse point in accordance with measured
values of AP using the relationship established in (3).

5. At the end of each source test, compute the percent deviation from isokinetic
conditions (if >10%, then re-do the tests)

6. Periodically check AH
@
in lab to see if orifice meter has changed calibration

7. Periodically measure AP in wind tunnel and determine c
p
to see if the S-Type
pitot tube has changed calibration.
Isokinetic Sampling Procedure
( )
ws p m
s
s s
m
n
B 1 c T
P P
M T
P 0.0269
D

=
{ } cfm 75 . 0 B 1
P T
P T
Q Q
ws
m s
s m
nozzle m
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s s
s
p s nozzle
M P
P T
c 85.49 v v = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
4
D
v Q
2
n
nozzle nozzle
1. Isokinetic conditions & pitot tube equation
2. Mass continuity
3. Ideal gas, dry gas at meter box and Q
m
= 0.75 cfm
Ideal Sample Nozzle Diameter, D
n
Working Equation:
(see example calculation)
AP
Dry gas
B
ws
= 0
M = M
d
V
m

AH
T
m

P
m
= P
b
+

AH
P
b

What it the relationship between AP and
AH at isokinetic sampling conditions?
T
s

P
s

B
ws
M
s

Measuring Flow Rate with the Orifice Meter

From an energy balance along a streamline passing through the orifice, we can derive
the fact that the velocity head (v
2
/2g) immediately downstream of the orifice is equal to
the change in pressure head (AP/) across the orifice. This results in the fact that the
velocity of the gas passing through the orifice is proportional to the square root of the
pressure drop across the orifice.
5 . 0
m
2
H
/A Q v
(

A
= = g k

Orifice meter in
cross-section
Orifice
AH
v = the velocity of gas passing through the orifice
Q
m
= volumetric flow rate of gas passing through the orifice
A = the cross-sectional area of the orifice
AH = the pressure difference across the orifice
= the density of the gas passing through the orifice
k= a "fudge factor" to account for energy losses in the flow
K
m
= a meter constant to account for k, A and g
v
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
m
d m
T
M P
m
2
m
K
Q
H
AH
@
is defined as the orifice pressure
differential corresponding to 0.75 cfm of
air at T = 68F and P = 29.92 inches Hg.
( ) ( )( )
( )
m m
K R K
Hg cfm
H
9244 . 0
528
0 . 29 " 92 . 29 75 . 0
2
@
= = A

What would cause AH
@
to change?
K
m
and AH
@
At Isokinetic Conditions:
?? =
A
A
P
H
Let: v
nozzle
= v
stack

( )
m
ws s m
m s
nozzle
Q
B P T
P T
Q

=
1
and
( )
m s s
s m d
2
ws
2
p @
4
n
P T M
P T M
B 1 c H D 846.72
P
H
=
Isokinetic Working Equation
Then:
inches H
2
O
inches H
2
O
inches
inches H
2
O
T in degrees R
P in consistent units
Given:
Desired gas sampling rate at the Method 5 meter box = 0.75 cfm (meter conditions)
Available sizes of sampling nozzles: 1/8, 3/16,0.25,5/16
AH
@
= 1.84 H
2
O
C
p
= Pitot Tube Constant = 0.80
T
m
= Dry Gas Meter Temperature = 60 F
P
m
= Dry Gas Meter Pressure = 29.90 Hg
M
d
= Dry Gas Molecular Weight = 30.10
T
s
= Stack Gas Temperature = 500 F
P
s
= Stack Gas Pressure = 28.90 Hg
B
ws
= Volume Fraction of Water in Stack Gas = 0.12
AP = Pressure Difference Across S-Type Pitot Tube = 1.3 H
2
O

Find:
1. Wet Gas Molecular Weight
2. Ideal Sample Nozzle Diameter (for Isokinetic Sampling)
3. Best Available Nozzle Diameter
4. AH
m
needed to achieve isokinetic sampling flow rates at the traverse points below:
Traverse Point 1 AP = 1.0 H
2
O
Traverse Point 2 AP = 1.3 H
2
O
Traverse Point 3 AP = 0.8 H
2
O
1. Wet gas molecular weight:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6 . 28 12 . 0 18 88 . 0 10 . 30 18 1 = + = + =
ws ws d s
B B M M
2. Ideal Sampling Nozzle Diameter:
( ) P P
M T
B c T
P
Dn
s
s s
ws p m
m
A
=
1
0269 . 0
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
" 24 . 0
" 3 . 1 " 90 . 28
6 . 28 960
12 . 0 1 80 . 0 60 460
" 92 . 29 0269 . 0
2
=
+
=
O H Hg
R
R
Hg
D
n

This value of D
n
is so close to 1/4, that the 1/4 nozzle is the best
choice. As a general rule, the best available diameter should be
smaller than the ideal diameter. Why is this??
3. Best Available Nozzle Diameter:
( )
m s s
s m d
2
ws
2
p @
4
n
P T M
P T M
B 1 c H D 846.72
P
H
=
4. AH to achieve isokinetic conditions:
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
661 . 1
90 . 29 960 28.60
90 . 28 520 30.10
12 . 0 1 0.80 1.84 0.25 846.72
P
H
2 2 4
= =
AP (H
2
O) AH (H
2
O)
1.0 1.66
1.3 2.16
0.8 1.33
2
m m
m
@
Q
0.75cfm
P
T
H 0.0567 H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
To compute AH
@
for your particular orifice meter,
simultaneously measure AH, T
m
, P
m
and Q
m
Note: If Q
m
= 0.75 cfm, T
m
=528 R and P
m
=29.92 Hg, then
AH
@
= AH
Computing AH
@
Inches Hg
degrees R
cfm
Inches H
2
O
Calculating Mass Emission Rate
( )
s s s
A v C Rate Emission Mass =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
s
m
m
s
ws
m m
s
P
P
T
T
B 1
V Y
V
s
s
V
mass collected
C =
P
M P
T
C 85.486 v
s s
s
p s
=
Calculating Mass Emission Rate
( )
hr
lb
hr
ft
acf
lb
x 9 . 41
sec
3600 20
sec
ft
31.134 10 878 . 1 Rate Emission Mass
2 5
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

( )
acf 34.666
29.55
13.6
1.45
29.91
543.75
786.7
0.0775 1
21.76ft 1.0
P
P
T
T
B 1
V Y
V
3
s
m
m
s
ws
m m
s
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
acf
lb
x
grams
lb
acf
grams
5
s
s
10 878 . 1
8 . 453
1
666 . 34
2955 . 0
V
mass collected
C

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
( )
( )( ) sec
134 . 31 198 .
712 . 8 2 29.55
786.7
0.85 85.486 v
s
ft
= =
Given: Y
m
=1.0, T
m
=543.75R, P
b
=29.91Hg, AH=1.45H
2
O, V
m
= 21.76ft
3
,
T
s
=786.7 R, P
s
=29.55Hg, B
ws
=0.0775, M
s
=28.712 lb/lb-mole, C
p
=0.85, average
(AP)
0.5
= (0.198 H2O)
0.5
, collected mass = 0.2955 grams, duct area = 20 ft
2

actual
Reporting Stack Gas Concentration
Federal, State and Local Regulations require routine
reporting of the observed stack gas concentrations of
many air pollutants. However, the actual conditions in the
stack will vary considerably between seemingly identical
sources. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the
observed concentrations. There are three basic standards:

1. Standard temperature and pressure (dry basis)
2. Standard combustion exhaust (excess air)
3. Standard heat output
SCAPCA WDOE
Spokane Municipal Incinerator Emission Standards
1. Standard temperature and pressure (dry basis)
This is obtained by computing the standard volume
of dry gas sampled at the meter and using this to
compute the pollutant concentration.
( )
(

=
(

=
Hg
P
T
R
Y V
P
P
T
T
Y V V
m
m
m m
std
m
m
std
m m
std
m
" 92 . 29
528

( )
std
m
std
V
mass collected
C =
( ) ( )( ) dscf 98 1 . 21
" 92 . 29
6 . 13
45 . 1
91 . 29
75 . 543
528
0 . 1 76 . 21
3
=
(
(
(

+
(

=
Hg
ft V
std
m
dry
standard
dscf
grains
dscf
gram
grains
grams
218 . 0
198 . 21
432 . 15
2988 . 0
C
std
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Given: V
m
= 21.76ft3, T
m
= 543.75 R,P
b
=29.91Hg, AH=1.45 H
2
O, collected
mass = 0.2988 grams
Calculate: The stack gas concentration in grains per dry, standard cubic foot
2. Standard combustion exhaust
This is obtained by adjusting the standard pollutant
concentration assuming either 12% CO
2
or 7% O
2
. This
correction is widely used to avoid the possibility of
reducing the concentration by simply diluting the stack gas
with excess air.
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
stack in %CO
12%
C C
2
std
12%CO
std
2
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
stack in %O - 20.9
13.9%
C C
2
std
7%O
std
2
CO
2

( )
O
2

( )
The amount of excess air* provided for fuel
combustion determines the concentrations of CO
2

and O
2
in the exhaust gas.
*Expressed as a percentage of that required to just oxidize all the fuel. Zero % excess air implies zero % O
2
in the exhaust
Calculate: The stack gas concentration in grains per dry, standard cubic foot,
corrected to 12% CO
2
and to 7% O
2
.
Given: The values in the last example and %CO
2
= 9.0, %O
2
= 9.3
( )
dscf
grains
dscf
grains
291 . 0
% 9.0
12%
218 . 0 C
2
12%CO
std
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( )
dscf
grains
dscf
grains
261 . 0
% 9.3 - 20.9
13.9%
218 . 0 C
2
7%O
std
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3. Standard Heat Output
Under controlled combustion conditions, various fuels produce
specific gas volumes per unit heat output. These volumes can be
used to convert measured concentrations (mass per unit volume) to
a standard condition (mass per unit heat output).
( )( ) ( )
corr s
D F C E =
energy
mass
volume
mass
energy
volume
Dilution correction
factor for excess air
F-Factor
F-Factors
Fuel Type F
d
(dscf/10
6
BTU)
F
c
(scf/10
6
BTU)
Anthracite Coal 10140 1980
Bituminous Coal 9820 1810
Lignite Coal 9900 1920
Fuel Oil 9220 1450
Natural Gas 8740 1040
Wood 9280 1840
Two Different F-Factors
Factor Data
Req'd
Formula
F
d
%O
2
(dry basis)
(

=
2
% 9 . 20
9 . 20
O
F C E
d s
F
c
%CO
2
(dry or wet)
(

=
2
%
100
CO
F C E
c s
Example:
Lignite coal burned in a boiler
Orsat Analysis: CO
2
= 10.5%, O
2
= 9.0%, CO = 1.5%, N
2
= 79.0%
Measured particle concentration: C
s
= 0.01 grains per dscf
F
d
= 9900 dscf per million BTU (see previous Table)
BTU
grains
BTU
dscf
dscf
grains
O
F C E
d s
6 6
2
10
9 . 173
0 . 9 9 . 20
9 . 20
10
9900 01 . 0
% 9 . 20
9 . 20
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
BTU 10
lb
0.0248
7000grains
1lb
BTU 10
grains
173.9 E
6 6
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Calculating % of Isokinetic Velocity
( )
( )
ws
2
n
s s
std
m s
stack
nozzle
B 1
4
D
v P
V T 0.0944
v
v
100 isokinetic % %I

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
% 5 . 100
0775 . 0 1 36min
4
12
0.3125

sec
98 . 29 Hg " 29.55
scf 21.198 R 786.7 0.0944
I %
2
=

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
ft
ft

Given: (V
m
)
std
= 21.198scf, T
s
=786.7 R, P
s
=29.55Hg, B
ws
=0.0775, v
s
=29.98 ft/sec,
D
n
= 0.3125 inch (5/16 inch), sampling time = 36 minutes
Gases +
Particles
Gases
Stack (Hot)
Front-Half
Filter
Gases +
New Particles
Impinger Box (Cold)
Gases
EPA Method 17: For Semi-Volatile Particles
Back-Half
Filter
Reference Method 17 Sampling Train
v
stack
Back-Half Filter
Front-Half Filter
O = 36 minutes, V
m
= 21.76 cubic feet

Nozzle and Probe: 11.5 milligrams 4%
Front Half Filter: 132.8 milligrams 45%
Impingers : 117.5 milligrams 39%
Back Half Filter: 37.1 milligrams 12%
Method 17 Particle Catch
Example of Veneer Dryer Exhaust
Example Data Analysis from EPA Method 17

Given the following information from a source test of an anthracite coal boiler:
Orsat analysis: % CO
2
= 12; %O
2
= 4.3; %CO = 0.5; % N
2
= 83.2
Impinger water catch: 20 ml of water; 5.0 grams in silica gel
Y = Dry gas meter calibration factor = 0.98
AH@ = 1.8 inches water
Average dry gas meter temperature = 560 R
Volume of dry gas measured by meter = 24.8 cubic feet
Sampling time = 35 minutes
Pressure drop across orifice meter = 1.5 inches water
Barometric pressure = 30.0 inches Hg
Static pressure in stack = 29.0 inches Hg
Probe nozzle diameter = 3/8"
S-type pitot tube coefficient = 0.82
Average (AP)
0.5
from S-type pitot tube = (0.20 inches water)
0.5
Stack gas temperature = 700 R
Duct cross sectional area = 40 square feet
Sample mass collected @ nozzle = 0.03 grams
Sample mass collected @ in-stack filter = 0.15 grams
Sample masss collected @ "back-half" filter = 0.02 grams
Sample mass collected @ "back-half" impinger wash = 0.16 grams

Method 17 Example Calculation
Calculate the following:

1. Dry MW of stack gas: 30.09
2. Wet MW of stack gas: 29.5
3. Average gas velocity in duct: 28.36 (ft/sec)
4. Particle concentration in stack at standard, dry conditions: 0.24 (grains/dscf)
5. Particle concentration at actual conditions (corrected to 12% CO
2
): 0.17 (grains/acf)
6 Particle concentration at actual conditions (corrected to 7% O
2
): 0.14 (grains/acf)
7. Particle Mass Emission Rate _________97.7_____(lb/hr)
8. F Factor Based on %O2 (dry basis) ________10140______(dscf/10
6
BTU)
9. Particle Mass Emission Rate per unit energy: ______0.44_______(lb/10
6
BTU)
Method 17 Example Calculation
Method 17 Example Calculation
Calculates ideal nozzle size, plus number and
location of sample points.
Automatically records all process data during
test procedures
Enables quick verification of isokinetic sample
rate and valid test results.
Automatically adjusts for isokinetic sample rate.
Floppy disk interface allows pre- and post-test
data management.

Automated Stack Sampler
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate.html
Method 5G: Sampling a wood stove
with a dilution tunnel
http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ert/index.html
EPA Environmental Reporting Tool (ERT)
See Spreadsheets link on course website