Bio 2011

HIGH GLUCOSE CONTENT IN BLOOD
EXCESS GLUCOSE/ GLYCOGEN

CONVERT TO FATS
EXCESS FAT STORED IN ADIPOSE
TISSUE
HIGH CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN BLOOD
DEPOSITED IN INNER WALL OF
ARTERIES
LUMEN OF ARTERIES BECOME
SMALLER
BLOOD FLOW BECOME SLOWER
BLOCKAGE AT LUMEN OF ARTERIES

WEIGHT LOSS
TIREDNESS / FATIGUE

GROWTH STUNTED
KWASHIOKOR
MARASMUS

EXCESS AMINO ACIDS CONVERT TO
UREA/ AMMONIUM COMPOUND
ACCUMULATION OF URIC ACIDS

LIPIDS

CARBOHYDRATE
MARASMUS
WEIGHT LOSS
TIREDNESS / FATIGUE
DIEBETES MELLITUS
OBESITY
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
HEART ATTACK/ ANGINA/
CHEST PAIN/ STROKE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS/
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
OBESITY
LIVER MALFUNCTION
KIDNEY MALFUNCTION
GOUT

PROTEIN
DEFICIENCY EXCESSIVE
CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION
MALNUTRITION
http://edu.joshuatly.com/

Salivary amylase
Starch + water
maltose

Rennin
Carseinogen + water carsein

Pepsin
Protein + water Polypeptides

Saliva
Salivary Gland
Gastric Gland
Gastric Juice
Enzymes
Acidic medium
Kill bacteria

HCL
MOUTH
STOMACH
DUODENUM
Pancreas
Liver
Pancreatic Juice
Amylase
Starch + water maltose
Trypsin
Polypeptides+water peptides
Lipase
Lipid+water fatty acids+glyceroles
Alkaline
medium
Neutralize acid

Bile
Intestinal
Gland
Sucrase
Sucrose+water glucose + fructose
Maltase
Maltose+water glucose + glucose
Lactase
Lactose+water glucose + galactose
Erepsin
Peptides+water amino acids
Lipase
Lipid+water fatty acids + glyceroles
Intestinal Juice
ILEUM
FOOD DIGESTION

ABSORPTION AND ASSIMILATION OF DIGESTED FOOD

Synthesis of plasma
membrane

Glucose
Convert

Glycogen (stored)
Convert

Glucose
Synthesis of plasma
Proteins (in liver)
Cellular respiration

Amino acids

Urea Synthesis of protoplasm

Excreted by kidneys
Lymphatic system
Bloodstream
Right lymphatic
duct
Heart

Deamination
Through
subclavian
veins
LIVER
Glucose
Hepartic portal vein
Fatty acids
and glycerol
Amino acids
Vitamin B, C
Vitamin A, D,
E, K
Lipids

Blood Capillary
Lacteal
Villi

Photosynthesis

H
2
O
H + CO
2
CH
2
O
+
H
2
O

O + H
2
O
OH
-
- e
-
- OH
[ OH ] - HO
2
+
O
2

H
+
+ e
-

H
GRAN
A
STROM
A
S
SST
TTA
AAR
RRC
CCH
HH
SERIES OF
CONDENSATIO
N
ENVIRONMEN
T
e
-

e
-

PHOTOLYSIS
OF WATER

ENVIRONMEN
T
P4
P1
P2
P5
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12

PHOTOSYNTHESIS MECANISM

P1 : LIGHT REACTION REQUIRE LIGHT AND TAKES PLACE IN THE GRANA.
P2 : CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS / TRAPS LIGHT ENERGY
P3 : ELECTRON OF CHLOROPHYLL IS EXCITED
P4 : PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER OCCUR AND WATER SPLIT INTO HIDROGEN IONS ( H
+
) AND HYDROXYL
IONS
(OH
-
)
P5 : H
+
ION COMBINES WITH THE ELECTRONE TO FORM HYDROGEN ATOM
P6 : THE ENERGY FROM THE EXCITED ELECTRONS IS USED TO FORM ATP
P7 : HYDROXYL IONS LOSES AN ELECTRON TO FORM HYDROXYL GROUP
P8 : THE HYDROXYL GROUPS COMBINE TO FORM O
2
AND WATER
P9 : O
2
IS RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
P10 : HYDROGEN ATOM IS USED IN THE REDUCTION OF CO
2
INTO GLUCOSE
P11 : GLUCOSE UNDERGOES SERIES OF CONDENSATION TO FORM STARCH
P12 : DARK REACTION DO NOT REQUIRE LIGHT AND TAKES PLACE IN THE STROMA .


Oxidation

Completely

Carbon dioxide + Water +
2898kJ

(38ATP)

Energy

Release

P1: Presence of oxygen
P2: Breakdown of glucose
P3: Products
P4: Number of ATP

Incompletely

Yeast
Carbon dioxide Animals (Muscle)
+ ethanol + 210kJ (2ATP) Lactic acids + 150kJ

CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
MAIN
SUBSTRATE:
Glucose
Breakdown
Oxygen

+ Oxygen

Glucose

Carbon dioxide +
+ water + energy
Glycogen
(keep in body)

5/
6
1/
6
Oxidation
Convert
ATP
ADP
+
phosphate
+ energy
CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS
BREATHING MECHANISMS IN INSECTS

CO
2
O
2
1. Abdominal
muscles relax
2. Spiracles open
3. Air pressure inside
Trachea lowered
4. Air drawn in
Inhales Exhales
1. Abdominal
muscles
contract
2. Air pressure inside
Trachea increased
3. Air drawn out

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN FISH

Gill arch
Oxygen dissolved
in water flow
Gills
Operculum
Buccal cavity
1. Mouth opens 2. Floor of buccal cavity
lowered

3. Pressure in buccal
cavity lowered
4. Operculum closed
due to the high pressure
outside
5. Water drawn into the
mouth
6. Mouth closes
7. Floor of buccal cavity
raised

8. Water flows through
lamellae
9. Gases exchange
between blood
capillaries and water
10. Operculum open due
to the high pressure in
the buccal cavity

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN FROG

Bucco-pharyngeal
floor lowered
Glottis closes
Air drawn into
bucco-pharyngeal
cavity through
nostrils
Bucco-pharyngeal
cavity
Glottis
Nostrils closed,
glottis opens
Bucco-pharyngeal
floor raised
Air pressure
increases
Air is pushed into
lungs
Lungs expand
Lungs contract
Air released
through nostrils

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMAN

1. INTERNAL
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
CONTRACT AND
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES RELAX
5. AIR IS
EXPELLED
OUT
4. VOLUME OF
THORACIC CAVITY
DECREASES AND
PRESSURE IN
THORACIC CAVITY
INCREASES

3. DIAPHRAGM
RELAXES AND CURVED
UPWARD

2. RIBCAGE MOVE
INWARD AND
DOWNWARD

5. AIR IS
FORCED IN
4. VOLUME OF THORACIC
CAVITY INREASES AND
PRESSURE IN THORACIC
CAVITY DECREASES

3. DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS
AND FLATTENED

2. RIBCAGE MOVE
OUTWARD AND
UPWARD

1. EXTERNAL
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
CONTRACT AND
INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES RELAX

Inhalation Exhalation
P6
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD ENTERING
THE BLOOD CAPILLARY
INHALED AIR
EXHALED AIR
P4
P6

P1

1. 7% - DISSOLVED CO
2
IN
THE BLOOD PLASMA
2. 23 % -
CARBAMINOHAEMOGL
OBIN
3. 70 % - BICARBONATE
IONS
( HCO
3
-
)
TISSUE CAPILLARIES
- CO
2
DIFFUSES FROM BODY CELLS --> BLOOD
PLASMA --> RED BLOOD CELLS
- CO
2
REACTS WITH WATER --> CARBONIC
ACIDS ( H
2
CO
3
) *CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
- CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H
+

AND HCO
3

- HCO
3
DIFFUSE FROM RED BLOOD CELLS -->
BLOOD PLASMA

LUNG
- HCO
3
DIFFUSES FROM BLOOD PLASMA --> RED
BLOOD CELLS
- FORM CARBONIC ACIDS (H
2
CO
3
) BREAKS DOWN
--> CO
2
+ H
2
O
- CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H
+
AND
HCO
3

- DIFFUSE OUT OF THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES &
INTO ALVEOLI
HAEMOGLOBIN + O
2

OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O
2
IS
HIGHER IN THE BLOOD
CAPILLARY THAN THE PARTIAL
PRESSURE OF O2 IN THE BODY
CELLS.

O
2
DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO
2
IS HIGHER
IN THE CELLS THAN THE PARTIAL
PRESSURE OF CO2 IN THE BLOOD
CAPILLARY.

CO
2
DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS

i) Based on the diagram, fill in the blanks with the correct answer on how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is regulated
during a vigorous activity.

Sample answer
P1- During vigorous activity, the concentration of carbon dioxide as a result of active cellular respiration
P2- The carbon dioxide react with water to form carbonic acid which results in a .. in the pH level of the blood and tissue fluid
that bathing the brain
P3- The drop in pH is detected by the . in the medulla oblongata
C
O
N
C
E
N
T
R
A
T
I
O
N

O
F

C
O
2

p
H

I
N

B
L
O
O
D

&

C
E
R
E
B
R
P
S
P
I
N
A
L

F
L
U
I
D

CENTRAL
CHEMORECEPTORS
(MEDULLA
OBLONGATA)
PERIPHERAL
CHEMORECEPTORS
carotid bodies &
aortic bodies
INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES
DIAPHRAGM
RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
CONTRACT & RELAX
FASTER

B
R
E
A
T
H
I
N
G

&

V
E
N
T
I
L
A
T
I
O
N

R
A
T
E

NORMAL LEVELS
OF CO
2

CONCENTRATION
NERVE IMPULSE NERVE IMPULSE
RESPIRATORY
CENTRE

P4- and detected by . ( carotid bodies and aortic bodies )
P5- The central chemoreceptors and pheripheral receptors send . to the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
P6- The respiratory centre sends nerve impulses to the . and the .., causing the
respiratory muscle to contract and relax faster
P7- As a result, the breathing and ventilation rate causes .. oxygen inhaled and the oxygen concentration
return to the normal level
P8- As excess carbon dioxide is . from the body, the carbon dioxide concentration and pH value of the blood return to
.


CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

EFFECTS HUMAN
ACTIVITIES
GREEN HOUSE
EFFECT
DOMESTIC
WASTE
LANDSLIDE
LOST OF WATER
CATCHMENT
SOIL EROSION
CLIMATIC
CHANGES
LOSS OF
HABITAT
FLASH FLOOD
GLOBAL
WARMING
INCREASE OF CO
2

INCREASE OF
TEMPERATURE
EXTINCTION LOSS OF
BIODIVERSITY
DISTURP THE
FOOD CHAIN
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
INTENSIVE FARMING
EUTHROFICATION
WATER POLLUTION
AQUATIC
ORGANISM
DIE
THERMAL
POLLUTION
ICE MELTING INCREASE OF
SEA LEVEL
ACID RAIN
DEFORESTATION

CHAPTER 1: TRANSPORTATION

- initiated and coordinated by pacemaker Sinoatrial nodes (SA Nodes)

Atria Atrial wall blood pumped
Wall contract into ventricles

SA nodes

AV Ventricles Venrical Blood pump out of
Wall Contract ventricles to lungs
and body

- controlled by:
i. parasympathetic nerve slow down the pacemaker
ii. sympathetic nerve
iii. hormone e.g: adrenaline

Diagram: The pumping of the Heart
Generate electrical
impulse
Bundle branches
Bundle of His fibres
Purkinje fibres
P1
P2
P3
P4 P5
P6
P7
P8 P9 P10
speed up the pacemaker
}

D1
Spread
Cause
Effect
Impulse
reach
Spread
impulse
Throughout Cause Effect

Change of BP Baroreceptor } location: arch of aorta and carotid arteries

BP increases

Baroreceptor
BP decreases

Cardiovascular centre

Weaker cardiac muscles contraction

Heart Stronger cardiac muscles contraction
Relax and widening (vasodilation)
To lower the resistance of blood flow
Smooth muscles of the arteries Contract and narrowing (vasoconstriction)
To higher the resistance of blood flow

Normal BP

Diagram: How blood pressure is regulated

D2

Clumped platelets

Damage cells

Clotting factors in vit K & Ca
+

the plasma (soluble protein)

(inactive plasma (active plasma
protein) proptein)

(insoluble protein)

(trapping RBC)

Diagram: Mechanisme of Blood Clotting

Form activator:
Thromboplastin
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Mesh
Scab
D3

Interstitial fluid
diffuses
transported

1. blood that enter the arterial end of a capillary is under high hydrostatic pressure

2. cause some of plasma diffuse blood capillaries to space between cells.

3. form

4. Content: all blood components except RBC, plasma protein, albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen, platelets

5. Function: exchange materials between blood capillaries and cells occurs

6. 85% of the interstitial fluid re-enter blood circulation at the end of the venule

7. 15% diffused into lymphatic vessels 10.
fatty acids
8. to form lymph ileum lacteal

9. 11. glyserol

lymphatic system

subclavian vein

12. blood circulatory system

Diagram: Formation of Lymphatic system

D4

1. Surface of mesophyll covered with a thin layer of water
2. heat from the sun cause water on the external surface evaporate
4. concentration water vapour compare in surrounding
3. saturating the air spaces
5. water vapour evaporate and diffuse out through
stomata
6. movement of air carry away water vapour

Root pressure

8. Create a pushing force that result the inflow of water into the xylem root pressure

Capillary action
9. Cohesive force between water molecules draw up water in the xylem vessels
10. Adhesive force between water molecule and wall of xylem vessel

Transpiration pull
11. water evaporates from the surface of the mesophyll cells into air spaces
12. the water evaporates into surrounding through stomata
13. the water is lost from mesophyll cell is replaced by water in the xylem

Diagram: Transportation of water from soil to leaves

Root hair

1. surrounding soil
is hypotonic
2. water
osmosis
Cortex
3. hypotonic
5. moves inward
through:
i. cytoplasm
ii. vacuole
iii. cell walls

7. moves inward
through:
i. cytoplasm
ii. vacuole

Endodermis
6. has Cosparian strip
block the water
through cell wall

Xylem
vessel
4. diffuse
Adjacent cell

D6

CHAPTER 3: COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

Voluntary action

Involuntary action (Reflexes)

a) Reflex arc (needle)

b) Knee-jerk reflex (patellar)

Diagram: Transmission pathway of Information

Stimuli
Afferent
neurone
Response Effectors Brain
(Interneurone)
Receptors
Efferent
neurone
Stimulus
Afferent
neurone
Response Effectors Spinal cord Receptors
Efferent
neurone
D7
Stimuli
Afferent
neurone
Response Effectors Spinal cord
(interneurone)
Receptors
Efferent
neurone

Diagram: Transmission of information across synapses
1. Electrical impulses reaches presynaptic membrane
2. Triggers synaptic vesicles
3. release neurotransmitter
4. into synaptic cleft
5. neurotransmitter diffuses
6. bind to receptors
7. leads to generation of a new electrical signals
D8

C. SECRETION
1. Function eliminate waste
products
2. Location: Distal convulated
tubule
3. Substances: H
+
, K
+
, NH
3
, urea,

creatinine, toxins, drugs

A. ULTRAFILTRATION

1. renal artery receive blood from
aorta
2. high pressure
3. maintained & enhanced because diameter of afferent
arteriole larger than efferent arteriole
4. form high hydrostatic pressure
5. blood enter glomerulus
6. ultrafiltration takes place
7. fluids is called glomerular filtrate
8. have same composition with blood except
no erythrocyte and plasma protein

B. REABSORPTION
Location Substances Process involve
Proximal
tubule
100% of glucose &
amino acid
Active
transport
water Osmosis
Loop of
Henle
65% sodium ions
Passive
transport
Large quality of
ions
water Osmosis

D9

Negative feedback mechanisms

Diagram: Osmoregulation by kidneys

Normal blood
osmotic
pressure
Normal blood
osmotic
pressure
Stimulate pituitary glands
Secrete more ADH into blood
Distal CT and collecting duct more
permeable
More water reabsorbed
Less urine and concentrated
Stimulate pituitary glands
Secrete less ADH into blood
Distal CT and collecting duct less permeable
Less water reabsorbed
More urine and dilute
increase
increase
decrease
decrease
Osmoreceptor
cell detect
pressure
Osmoreceptor
cell detect
pressure
D10

Diagram: Homeostatic control of blood glucose level

Normal blood
glucose level
Normal blood
glucose level
Pancreas stimulated
Secrete insulin
i. glucose is used for cell respiration
ii. excess glucose glycogen
iii. excess glucose

fat
Pancreas stimulated
Secrete glucagons
i. rate of respiration decrease
ii. glycogen

glucose
Chemoreceptor
detect
Chemoreceptor
detect
increases
increases
decreases
decreases
D11

Normal
temperature (37C)
Normal
temperature (37C)

Sweating heat is absorbed from skin to
enable evaporation
Vasodilation of smooth muscles in arterioles
increase the amount of heat radiated and lost
Hair shaft flatten warm air not trap against
skin
No sweating
Vasoconstriction of smooth muscles in
arterioles reduce the amount of heat
radiated and lost
Hair shaft raised trapping insulating layer of
warm air
Shivering of skeletal muscles heat is
generated
Thermoreceptor
detect
Thermoreceptor
detect
increase decrease
decrease
increase
D12

Diagram: Homeostatic control of body temperature

Diagram: The role of auxins in phototropism

Diagram: The role of auxins in geotropism
1. Auxin is
produced at
coleoptile
Shoot
6. shoot bending
toward the light
3. Auxin diffuse to
elongation region
4. stimulates the
cells elongation
5. more auxin, the
rate of cell
elongation higher
2. Auxin accumulate at
the region with lower
light intensity

D13
1. light and gravity cause auxin
transported to the lower side
Shoot
Root
2. accumulation of auxin cause
cell elongate faster, shoot
bending upward
3. accumulation of auxin
inhibits cell elongation, root
bending downward
D14

CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH

and

Diagram: Regulating of hormonal in menstrual cycle

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Ovary
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Uterus
Day 12 14
Day 1 11
Day 14 - 28
Positive
feedback
Negative
feedback
High
High
Low
D15

Release
Release
Inhibit

Day 1 11

&

Hypothalamus GnRH Pituitary gland
LH
FSH
Follicle
Oestrogen Oestrogen & Progesteron
Negatitive
Feedback
Relatively
low
D16

Secrete Positive feedback
Cause
Promote development Stimulate
Inhibit
Secrete
Secrete

Day 12 14

&

Day 14 28

Oestrogen increases Hypothalamus GnRH increases
FSH increases
LH increases
Ovulation
FSH & LH increases Ovulation Corpus luteum
Progesterone &
Oestrogen
Hypothalamus &
Pituitary gland
FSH & LH
Negatitive
Feedback
D17
D18

MODULE : P3
6
Hormone LH
Hormone FSH
7
3
1. FSH is secreted stimulate the development of follicles
(at the same time menstruation occurs)

2. follicles produce oestrogen but in a small amount, as the
follicle larger, oestrogen increases

3. cause

increase sectretion of GnRH

FSH increases 4. LH inreases

5. corpus luteum produce progesterone and oestrogen

6. implantation

7. if no implantation, corpus luteum degenerating

8. progesterone & oestrogen decreases

9. endometrium wall break down

9. endometrium wall break down
5
2
8
D19

Diagram: Double Fertilisation in Plant
1. Pollen grain germinates
2. sugar stimulate germination

4. pollen tube grows into the style
3. form pollen tube
Tube nucleus
5. generative nucleus
divides by mitosis

2 male gametes
Stigma
Ovary
Tube nucleus
Integument
6. Penetrate the ovule through micropyle
8. 1 male nuclei + egg
cell

diploid zygote
7. 1 male nuclei + 2 polar
nuclei

triploid zygote
D20

Fertilisation (P5)

Parental Phenotype (P1)
Tall
(Heterozygote)
Tall
(Heterozygote)

Parental Genotype (P2)

Tt

T t

Gametes (P4)

T t

T t

F1 Genotype (P6)

TT Tt

Tt tt

F1Phenotype (P7)

Tall Tall

Tall Dwarf

Genotype ratio (P8)

1TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt

Phenotype ratio (P9)

3Tall : 1 Dwarf

Key: (P10)
T allele for tall
T allele for
dwarf

Diagram: Schematic Diagram for monohybrid

Meiosis (P3)
D21

Cell containing gene
of interest
1. Isolation of
plasmid DNA
Plasmid
Bacterial
chromosom
e
Bacterium
2. Gene of interest is cut using an
enzyme
4. Plasmid put into bacterial cell
3. Gene inserted into plasmid
5. Recombinant bacterium is cultured
6. Identify bacteria carrying gene of interest
Plasmid recombinant
Bactrium
recombinant
Culturel medium
D22

PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

1. The following statements are on lymphatic system and blood circulatory system.
The substances that come out from the blood capillaries into the
body tissues will be reentered into the blood circulatory system
Lymphatic system also function in transport products of digestion
Explain the above statements to justify that lymphatic system is a complementary to the
blood circulatory system.
[10 Marks] [SPM 2006]
Refer D4

2. Auxin is a plant hormone which helps in plant growth. Diagram 7.2 shows the
growth of a shoot towards light.

Explain the role of auxin in the growth of the plant shoot as in Diagram 7.2.

[4 marks] [SPM 2007]
Refer D13


3. Diagram 8.2 shows the movement of water molecules of water molecules in a
plant.

Explain how water molecules move from root to the leaf in the plant and then
moves out into the atmosphere.

[10 marks] [SPM 2009]
Refer D6


4.

Based on the above statement, explain how the HCG injections enable the process
of pregnancy.
Refer D17

5. Figure 7(c) shows the organs and glands involved in regulating the human body
temperature.

A student skates on an ice skating rink. Based on figure 7(c), explain how regulation of
the students body temperature occurs.
[10 marks] [SPM 2004]
Refer D12

6. Starting from when the blood enters the kidney, explain how the waste products
excreted from kidney as urine.
[15 marks] [SPM 1988]
Refer D9
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) has a similar role to
luteinizing hormone (LH). The woman has a problem conceiving
due to failure in ovulation. The woman becomes pregnant after a
doctor has given her injections of HCG

7. A supervisor enters a frozen storage that use for keeping the food. Explain the
physiology changes that occurs in the body to maintain his body temperature.

[10 marks] [SPM 2001]
Refer D12

8. Individual X had a medical check up. He told the doctor that his wound at his leg
takes time for recovery. After the medical check up ,the doctor told him:
i. His urine is positive for reducing sugar
ii. His blood glucose level over the normal level
iii. Are adviced to reduce the intake of rich carbohydrate food
iv. To take insulin injection

Based on your biological knowledge, write a report that explain the individual Xs
condition.

Refer D11

9. Menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones that released by pituitary gland and
ovary. Married women who want to practice family planning may use the
contraceptive pills. Describe how contraceptive pills act as a negative feedback to
prevent pregnancy.

[10 marks] [SPM 2002]
Refer D16 & D18

10. In a family, the father has curly hair and the mother has straight hair. Based on
your genetic knowledge, explain why all their children do not have straight hair.

[10 marks] [SPM 1987]
Refer D21


11. Diagram 7.1 shows an electron micrograph of cellular components of human blood

Diagram 7.1

Based on Diagram 7.1, explain how platelets help to stop bleeding
when a wound occurs.
[ 4 marks ] [SPM 2008]
Refer D3

Answer all questions.

Jawab semua soalan.

The time suggested to complete each question is 45 minutes.
Masa yang dicadangkan untuk menjawab semua soalan ialah 45 minit.

QUESTION 1

A group of biology students carried out an experiment to determine the variation of leaf
by measuring the leaves surface area for three different plant P,Q and R but same
spesies.

Sekumpulan pelajar biologi menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji variasi daun
dengan mengukui luas permukaan daun bagi tiga tumbuhan P, Q dan R yang berlainan
persekitaran yang berbeza tapi daripada sepseis yang sama.

Diagram 1 shows the surface area of 48 leaves from P,Q and R.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan luas permukaan 48 helai daun dari tumnuhan P,Q dab R.


Leaves Surface area
Luas permukaan daun (mm
2
)

50 61 66 70 55 61 58 64 63 63 74 73

70 54 66 70 57 68 58 61 63 62 75 71

73 52 54 66 81 66 59 58 63 67 67 63

77 60 55 69 72 62 62 65 77 65 68 64

(a) Based on the table 1,record the number of leaves based on range of leaves
surface area below..

Berdasarkan Rajah 1 rekodkan bilangan daun berdasarkan sela kelas luas
permukaan daun di bawah.
Leaves
Surface
Area/Luas
permukaan
daun
(mm
2
)

50-53

54-57

58-61

62-65

66-69

70-73

74-77

78-81

Number of
leaf
Bilangan
daun

Table 1
jadual 1
[3 marks]
(b)(i) Based on table 1, state two observations from this experiment.
Berdasarkan jadual 1, nyatakan dua pemerhatian daripada eksperimen ini.

Observation1/ Pemerhatian 1

...

Observation 2/ Pemerhatian 2

[3 marks]
DIAGRAM 1 / RAJ AH 1

(ii) State the inferences which corresponds to the observations in (b)(i)
Nyatakan inference yang berkaitan dengan pemerhatian dalam (b)(i).

Inference 1/ Inferens 1

...

Inference2/ Inferens 2

[3 marks]
(c) Complete Table 1 based on this experiment.
Lengkapkan jadual 1 berdasarkan eksperimen.

Variable
Pembolehubah
Method to handle the variable
Kaedah mengendalikan pembolehubah
Manipulated variable
Pembolehubah dimanipulasi
....
..

..

Responding variable
Pembolehubah bergerakbalas

...........................................

..

Controlled variable
Pembolehubah dimalarkan

.

.

Table 2/ Jadual 2 [3 marks]


(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment.
Nyatakan hipotesis eksperimen ini.

...

[3 marks]

(e)(i) Based on table 1, construct a table and record the result of the experiment
which includes the following aspects:
Berdasarkan jadual 2, bina satu jadual dan rekod keputusan eksperimen di mana
mengandungi aspek berikut :-

Title with correct unit
Tajuk dengan unit yang betul
Leaves surface area
Luas permukaan daun
Number of leaves
Bilangan daun

[3 marks]


(ii) Use the graph paper provided on page 8 to answer this question. The variation
of leaves is represented by the leaves surface area.
Using the the data in 1(e)(i) , draw a bar chart to show the realationship between
variation of leaves against number of leaves on the graph paper provided.

Gunakan graf yang di sedikan di halaman 8 untuk menjawab soalan ini. Variasi
daun diwakili oleh luas permukaan daun.
Menggunakan data di 1 (e)(i), lukis graf bar untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara
variasi daun dengan bilangan daun
[3 marks]


f) Based on a bar chart, explain the relationship between variation of leaves and
the number of leaves.
Berdasarkan graf bar , terangkan perhubungan antara variasi daun dan bilangan
daun.

...

[3 marks]

g) The experiment is repeated using same plant but planted in sand area. Predict
the number leaves in range surface area 74 81 mm
2
.
Eksperimen di ulang menggunakan pokok yang sama tetapi di tanam di kawasan
berpasir .Ramalkan bilangan daun dalam sela luas permukaan daun antara 74-
81 mm
2.
.

...

[3 marks]

(h) Based on the result of this experiment, state the operational definition of continuous
variation.
Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen ini, nyatakan definasi secara operasi bagi
variasi selanjar

...

[3 marks]


(i) The following is a list of genetic and environmental factors for variation
classify these factors causing variationin table 3.

Berikut adalah senarai faktor-faktor genetic dan sekitaran yang mempengaruhi
variasi
klasifikasikan faktor penyebab variasi dalam jadual 3

Genetic Factor
Faktor Genetik
Enviroment Factor
Faktor Persekitaran

Table 3
Jadual 3
[3 marks]

mutation, nutrient ,sunlight, temperature, sexual reproduction,
mutasi, nutrient,cahaya matahari,suhu pembiakan seksual.


Mark Scheme Question 1

No Mark Scheme Score
KB0603 Measuring Using Number
1(a)

Able to record all the number of leave at their range of surface area correctly
Sample answer

Leaves
Surface
area
50-53 54-57 58-61 62-65 66-69 70-73 74-77 78-81
Number
of
leaves
2 5 8 12 9 7 4 1

3

Able to record any two heights correctly

2
Able to record any one height correctly

1
No response or incorrect response.

0
KB0601 - Observation
(b) (i) Able to state any two correct observations based on the following criteria :
K1 range of leaves surface area
K2 - The number of leaves

Sample Answer
Horizontal observation:

1. The range of leaves surface area for 62-65 is 12

2. The range of leaves surface area for 78-81 is 1

Vertical observation :

3. The range of leaves surface area for 62-65 is higher number of leaves surface
area compared to other the range of leaves surface area

3

Able to state one correct observation and any one inaccurate observation or able to
state two inaccurate observations

Sample answers of incomplete observation : (Has the range surface area, but no value
of number but in qualitative)
Horizontal

1. The range of leaves surface area for 62-65 is the higher number
2. The range of leaves surface area for 78-81 is the lower number
2

Able to state only one correct observation
or
Able to state two observations at idea level.

Sample answer
1. Number of leaves lower in the range of surface area.
2. Number of leaves lower at the lower range of surface area.

1
No response or incorrect response or one idea only

0
Scoring

Correct Inaccurate Idea Wrong Score
2 - - - 3
1 1 - - 2
- 2 - -
1 - 1 - 1
- - 2 -
1 1
- 1 1 -
- 1 - 1 0
- - 1 1

KB0604 - Making inference
(b)
(ii)
Able to make two correct inferences

Sample answers
Horizontal observation

1. Range of surface area 50-53 has low number of leaves distribution
.
2. Range of surface area 62-65 has higher leaves distribution

Notes :
The inferences should be correspond to the observations.

inference 1observation 1
0 mark if not correspond
- inference 2observation 2

3
Able to make one correct inference and one inaccurate inference
or
Able to state two inaccurate inferences

Sample answers
Inference (horizontal observation)
2

1. Number of leaves for range of low surface area is lesser
2. Number of leaves for range of higher surface area is the most

Able to state only one correct inference
or
Able to state two inferences at idea level

Sample answers
1. The range of surface area affect the number of leaves

1
No response or incorrect response

Correct Inaccurate Idea Wrong Score
2 - - - 3
1 1 - - 2
- 2 - -
1 - 1 - 1
- - 2 -
1 1
- 1 1 -
- 1 - 1 0
- - 1 1

0

KB0610-Controlling variables
(c) Able to state all 3 variables and 3 methods to handle each variable.
Sample answer

Variable Method to handle the variable
Manipulated variable

Range of surface area

Change the range of surface area
50-53,54-57,58-61,62-65,66-69,70-
73,74-77,77-81
Use different range of surface area
Responding variable

The number of leaves

Count and record the number of
leaves

Controlled variable
1.Species of plant
2. Area planted

1. Use the same/ fix species of
plant
2. Use the same/ fix location
planted

3

All 6 ticks

Able to state 4 to 5 ticks

2

Able to state 2-3 ticks

1
No response or incorrect response or one tick only
0

KB0611-State hypothesis
(d) Able to state a hypothesis relating manipulated variable and responding variable
correctly with the following aspect :
P1 Manipulated variable range of surface area
P2 Responding variable The number of leaves
H - relationship higher // lower

Sample answer

1. The number of leaves at range of surface area 62-65 is 12

3
Able to state a hypothesis relating the manipulated variable and the responding
variable but less accurately.

Sample answer
1.

2
Able to state one idea of a hypothesis

Sample answer
1. The range of surface area affects the number of leaves
(no P1 and relationship)

1

0


KB0606 Communicating data
(e) (i) Able to construct a table correctly with the following aspects :
1. Able to state the 3 titles with units - T 1- mark
2. Able to record all data for leaves surface area correctly. - D 1 mark
3. Able to count the number of leaves - C 1 - mark

Sample answer

The leaves surface
area
Number of leaves
50-53 2
54-57 5
58-61 8
62-62 12
66-69 9
70-73 7
74-77 4
78-81 1

3

Any two aspects correctly

2
Any one aspect correctly

1


0
(e)
(ii)
Able to draw a graph of the variation of leaves against the number of leaves which
satisfies the following criteria:

Axes (P) both axes are labelled and uniform scales,
manipulated variable on horizontal axis, correct units.
Points(T)- all points correctly plotted
Shape(B)- all points are connected smoothly
Sample Answer Refer grap

3

Any two aspects correctly

2

Any one aspects correctly

1

0
KB 0608 Interpreting data
(f)

Able to explain the relationship between the range of surface area and the number of
leaves correctly based on the following criteria:

R1- number of leaves is higher at range of surface area 62-65
E1- show slight different in characteristic of individiual
E3- continuos varition

Sample Answer

1. The number of leaves is higher at range of surface area 62 -65,

2. Show slight different in characteristic of individual

3. To show continuous variation
3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
range
of
surface
area
number of
leaves

Able to explain the relationship using any two criteria

2

Able to explain the relationship using one criteria

1


0
KB0605 - Predicting

Able to predict correctly and explain the prediction based on the following criteria:

P number of leaves lesser

E1 at range of surface area at 78-81

E2- due to continuous varition
Sample answer
Contoh jawapan
Number of leaves lesser at range of surface area at 78-81 due to continuous variation.

3
Any two criteria stated 2
Any one criteria stated 1


0

KB0609 Defining by operation
(g) Able to state the definition of exhaled air operationally, complete and correct based on
the following criteria:

D1- Continuous variation is slight differences in characteristics (Fact)

D2- that cause the change in the number of leaves(RV)

D3- affected by area planted/range of surface area (MV )

Sample answer

3

Continuous variation is differences in characteristics that cause the changes in the
number of leaves affected by area planted/ range of surface area.

Any two criteria stated

Sample answer
Continuous variation is differences in characteristics that cause the changes in the
number of leaves

2
Any one criteria stated

1. Continuous variation is differences in characteristics
2. Continuous variation is the changes in number of leaves

1
None of the above or no response

0
KB0602 - Classifying
(c) (ii) Able to classify the genetic and environmental cause varition in this experiment
correctly

Sample Answer

Genetic factor

Enviromental factor

Sexual reproduction

nutrient

mutation

temperature

sunlight

5 Ticks
3
4 Ticks

2
2- 3 Ticks

1
No response or wrong response
0


Question 2

Transpiration is the loss of water to surroundings in the form of water vapour from the
surface of plant through evaporation
There are several environment factors that affect the rate of transpiration. Humidity is
one of the factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Transpirasi ialah proses kehilangan air ke persekitaran melalui permukaan daun
melalaui proses penyejatan

Design a laboratory experiment to study the effect of humidity on rate of transpiration
The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

Problem statement
Penyataan masalah
Hypothesis
Hipotesis
Variables
Pembolehubah
List of apparatus and materials
Senarai radas dan bahan
Experimental procedures or methods
Prosedur eksperimen
Presentation of data
Persembahan data

[17 marks]


QUESTION 2
PROBLEM STATEMENT (01)
No. Mark Scheme Score
2(i)
KB061201
Able to state a problem statement relating the manipulated variable
with the responding variable correctly
3

P1 : level of humidity
P2 : rate of transpiration
H : question form and question mark(?)
Sample answer
1. What is the effect of level of humidity on the rate of transpiration?
2. How does level of humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

Able to state a problem statement less accurately
2

Sample answer

1. What is the level of humidity on the rate of transpiration. (no H)
2. What is the effect of level of humidity on the transpiration?
(incomplete P2)
3. What is the effect of humidity on the rate of transpiration?
(incomplete P1)

Able to state a problem statement at idea level
1

Sample answer

1. What is the rate of transpiration. (no P1 and H)
2. What is the effect of level of humidity.(no P2 and H)

0


HYPOTHESIS (02)
2 (iii)
KB061202
Able to state a hypothesis relating the manipulated variable to the
responding variable correctly 3

P1 : level of humidity
P2 : rate of transpiration
H : relationship

Sample answer

1. The higher the level of humidity, the lower the rate of
transpiration.

Able to state a hypothesis inaccurately
*Have P1 and P2 or P1/P2 and H 2

Sample answer

1. The level of humidity is affected/influences by the rate
of transpiration. (no H)

Able to state a hypothesis at idea level 1

Sample answer
1. Humidity affects the rate of transpiration (only P2)

2. If more humidity, more transpiration be happened.

No response or incorrect response 0


VARIABLES (03)
2 (iv)
Able to state all three variables correctly

KB061203

Sample answer

Manipulated : level of humidity 1m

Responding : rate of transpiration / Distance travel of bubble in 5
minutes -1m
3

Fixed : light intensity, wind movement, temperature, size of
plant use - 1m

Able to state only two variables correctly 2
Able to state only one variables correctly 1


LIST OF APPARATUS AND MATERIALS (04)
2(v) Able to list all the important apparatus and materials correctly 3
KB061205

Sample answer

Apparatus :Capillary tubing, rubber tubing, a beaker, a basin of
water, stopwatch, ruler

Materials : a leafy shoot, Vaseline, coloured water, transparent
polythene bag, thread

4 apparatus +4 materials

Able to list any 3 material and 3 apparatus 2

Able to list any 2 material and 1 apparatus 1



PROCEDURE (05)
2 (vii)
Able to describe the steps of experiment correctly based on the
following aspects:
KB061204
K1 : Preparation of materials and apparatus (any 3)

K2 : Operating the constant variable (any 1)

K3 : Operating the responding variable (any 1)

K4 : Operating the manipulated variable (any 1)

K5 : Steps to increase reliability of results accurately (any 1)

Sample answers

1. A hibiscus plants is cut under water
2. The end stem of the leafy shoot is immersed in water.

3. The capillary tube is filled with water and held upright in beaker
filled with water.

4. The leafy shoot is inserted into rubber tubing which ia attached to
the capillary tube.

5. The hibiscus plant and capillary tube is held upright using a retort
stand.

6. The capillary tube is marked with points X and Y which are 5 cm
apart.

7. The capillary tube is lifted just above the water level to trap an air
bubble in the tube

8. The time taken for air bubble to move from point X- Y is recorded
using stopwatch

9.The experiment (K2) repeat step 1 7 but the hibiscus plant
covered by transparent polythene bag

K1 ( All 4)

1. Cut under water

2. fill the beaker with water
3. Fill the capillary tube with water

4. inserted leafy plant to rubber tubing

5.lifted capillary tube


K2 (any 1)

1. mark the capillary tube 5 cm apart

2. Fix the type of plant

K3

1. Record the time taken of air bubble to move from X -Y

K4

1. Repeat the experiment with plant covered with transparent
polythene bag

K5 (any 1)

1. use vaselin for airtight.

2. cut the leafy shoot under water to prevent air bubble.

All 5 'K' 3

Any 3 - 4 K 2

Any 2 K 1

No response or incorrect response or 1 K only. 0


No.

Mark Scheme

Score
2 (viii)
Able to construct a table to record data based on the following
aspects : 2
KB061203
1. Correct title and units (*titles compulsary) 1m
2. List the MV 1m

Sample answer

Condititon of enviroment Time taken for the air bubble
to move a distance of 5 cm
( second)
Plant without covered with
transparent polythene bag

Plant covered with
transparent polythene bag

Scoring:
01 = 3M
02 = 3M
03 = 3M
04 = 3M
05 = 3M
06 = 2M
Total = 17M
END OF MARKING SCHEME


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