EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Hospital Management System provides the benefits of streamlined operations, enhanced

administration & control, superior patient care, strict cost control and improved
profitability. HMS is powerful, flexible, and easy to use and is designed and developed to
deliver real conceivable benefits to hospitals. More importantly it is backed by reliable
and dependable support.
The proect !Hospital Management System" is based on the database, obect oriented and
networking techni#ues. $s there are many areas where we keep the records in database
for which we are using M% S&' software which is one of the best and the easiest
software to keep our information. This proect uses ($)$ as the front*end software
which is an +bect +riented ,rogramming and has connectivity with M% S&'.
Hospital Management System is custom built to meet the specific re#uirement of the mid
and large si-e hospitals across the globe. $ll the re#uired modules and features have been
particularly built to ust fit in to your re#uirement. This package has been widely
accepted by the clients in .ndia and overseas. /ot stopping only to this but they are
highly satisfied and appreciating. 0ntire application is web based and built on 1 tier
architecture using the latest technologies. The sound database of the application makes it
more users friendly and expandable. The package is highly customi-able and can be
modified as per the needs and re#uirements of our clients. ,rolonged study of the
functionalities of the hospital and its specific re#uirement has given it a wonderful shape
both technically and usability wise. .t covers all the re#uired modules right from ,atient
2egistration, Medicine details, 3octor, 4ards, , $dmin, Store, ,atient appointment, bill
payment, record modification, discharge details etc.
5
TABLE OF CONTENT
S.No. TITLE PAGE NO.
6ertificate7777777777777777..777777.7..1
$cknowledgement7777777777777777777778
3eclaration7777777777777777777777779
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
.ntroduction777777777777777777..77:
3efinition of the ,roblem 777777.77777777..5;
3rawbacks +f 6urrent Manual* System 77777.777755
0stablished the need of new System77777777.77..55
,roposed system7777..7777777777777.75<
/eed77777777777777777777777.51
Software and hardware re#uirements7777777.777..58
2. AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
+bective777777777777777777777..<8
$ims77..7777777.77777777777.77.<9

3. LITRATURE REVIEW2
!. RESEACH METHODOLOGY. 2"
#. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
,rinciples of System $nalysis7777777777777715
<
=easibility Study777777777777777777718
6ost and >enefit $nalysis7777777..77.77777..19
Technical =easibility77777777777.77777719
+perational =easibility77777777777..77777..19
System 'ife 6ycle777777777777777...7771?
.dentification of /eed77777777777777777..1:
=act =inding Techni#ues77777777777777....7..8;
Software 2e#uirement Specification7777777777.7..8?
$63 @$rchitectural 6ontext 3iagramA7777777777...91
,ert 6hart7777777777777777777777.98
02*3iagram777777777777777777777.9?
3ata =low 3iagram77777777777777777..79:
. SYSTEM DESIGN
System 3esign777..7777777...77777777..?9
3ata Modeling77777777777777777..77.?B
Scheduling 7.77777777777777777777B5
$. SOURCE CODE
Source 6ode77777777777777777777....B1
6ode efficiency77777777.7777777777....58?
+ptimi-ation +f 6ode777777..7777777777.58?
%. TESTING
Testing phase77777777777777777777.58B
'evels of testing777777777...777777777.58:
)erification $nd )alidation @)&)A77..777777777598
". SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
System .mplementation Maintenance and review777777.59C
1
Hardware 0valuation =actors7777.777777777759C
Software 0valuation =actors7777.777777777.759B
1&. SECURITY MEASURES7777777777.77777..779:
11. FURTHER SCOPE OF THE PROJECT..1&
12. CONCLUSION.12
BIBLIOGRAPHY.....13
8
CHAPTER ' 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
I()*o+,-).o(/
Human >ody is a very complex and sophisticated structure and comprises of millions of
functions. $ll these complicated functions have been understood by man him, part*by*
part their research and experiments. $s science and technology progressed, medicine
became an integral part of the research. Dradually, medical science became an entirely
new branch of science. $s of today, the Health Sector comprises of Medical institutions
i.e. Hospitals, H+S,.T$'s etc. research and development institutions and medical
colleges. Thus the Health sector aims at providing the best medical facilities to the
common man.
M0+.-12 I(3).),).o(3 .( I(+.1
Still being a developing nation .ndia has seen a tremendous growth of the Health sector
in the field of research as well as in the field of development of numerous large and small
scale Hospital institutions still lacking in inter*structure facilities. Dovernment of .ndia
has still aimed at providing medical facilities by establishing hospital. The basic working
of various hospitals in .ndia is still on paper as compared to hospitals in 0uropean
countries where computers have been put in to assist the hospital personals their work.
The concept of automation of the administration and management of hospital is now
being implemented in .ndia also, with large hospitals like $,,+'+ and $..MS in 3elhi,
0S6+2TS in 6hennai, having automated their existing system.
+ur proect is based on the above concept i.e. automation of $dministration and
Management of Hospital. The proect has been developed keeping in*view the following
aspectsE *
@iA 4orking environment of the Hospital.
9
@iiA The thought*process and attitude of .ndian people.
@iiiA The literacy rate of .ndia.
@ivA The 0xisting system, being used in the maority of Hospitals.
@vA The availability of .nfra*structural facilities likes finance, skilled personals, and
working environment.
DEFINITION OF PROBLEM/
Since H+S,.T$' is associated with the lives of common people and their day*to*day
routines so . decided to work on this proect.
The manual handling of the record is time consuming and highly prone to error. The
purpose of this proect is to automate or make online, the process of day*to*day activities
like 2oom activities, $dmission of /ew ,atient, 3ischarge of ,atient, $ssign a 3octor,
and finally compute the bill etc.
. have tried my best to make the complicated process Ho34.)12 M1(15060() S73)06 as
simple as possible using Structured & Modular techni#ue & Menu oriented interface. .
have tried to design the software in such a way that user may not have any difficulty in
using this package & further expansion is possible without much effort. 0ven though .
cannot claim that this work to be entirely exhaustive, the main purpose of my exercise is
perform each Hospital"s activity in computeri-ed way rather than manually which is time
consuming.
. am confident that this software package can be readily used by non*programming
personal avoiding human handled chance of error.
C
DRAWBAC8S OF CURRENT MANUAL9 SYSTEM
5. The current manual system has a lot of paper work and it does not deal with old and
new car purchase and sale.
<. To maintain the records of sale and service manually, is a Time*consuming ob.
1. 4ith the increase in database, it will become a massive ob to maintain the database.
8. 2e#uires large #uantities of file cabinets, which are huge and re#uire #uite a bit of
space in the office, which can be used for storing records of previous details.
9. The retrieval of records of previously registered patients will be a tedious ob.
C. 'ack of security for the records, anyone disarrange the records of your system.
?. .f someone want to check the details of the available doctors the previous system
does not provide any necessary detail of this type.
ESTABLISH THE NEED OF NEW SYSTEM
5. ,roblem of 2eliabilityE 6urrent system is not reliable. .t seems to vary in #uality
from one month to the, next. Sometimes it gives good output, but some times the
output is worst.
<. ,roblem of $ccuracyE There are too many mistakes in reports.
1. ,roblem of timelinessE .n the current system the reports and output produced is
mostly late and in most of the cases it is useless because it is not on time.
8. ,roblem of )alidityE The output and reports mostly contains misleading information.
The customerFs information is sometimes not valid.
?
9. ,roblem of 0conomyE The current system is very costly. 4e have to spend lots of
money to keep the system up and going, but still not get the desired results.
C. ,roblem of 6apacityE The current system is suffering from problem of capacity also.
The staff for organi-ation is very less and the workload is too much. =ew peoples
cannot handle all the work.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
2. E642o700 D0)1.23/ The new proposed system stores and maintains all the employees
details.
2. C12-,21).o(3/ The new proposed system calculates salary and income tax
automatically and it is very fast and accurate.
3. R05.3)0*3/ There is no need of keeping and maintaining salary and employee register
manually. .t remembers each and every record and we can get any report related to
employee and salary at any time.
!. S400+/ The new proposed system is very fast with 5;;G accuracy and saves time.
#. M1(4o:0*/ The new proposed system needs less manpower. 'ess people can do the
large work.
. E;;.-.0(-7/ The new proposed systems complete the work of many salesperson in
less time.
$. P13) +0)1.23/ The new proposed system contains the details of every past doctor and
patients for future assistance.
B
%. R0+,-03 *0+,(+1(-7/ The most important benefit of this system is that it reduces
the redundancy of data within the data.
". Wo*< 2o1+/ 2educes the work load of the data store by helping in easy updates of
the products and providing them with the necessary details together with financial
transactions management.
1&. E137 3)1)060()3/ Month*end and day*end statement easily taken out without
getting headaches on browsing through the day end statements.
NEED/
. have designed the given proposed system in the (S, to automate the process of day to
day activities of Hospital like 2oom activities, $dmission of /ew ,atient, 3ischarge of
,atient, $ssign a 3octor, and finally compute the bill etc., online facilities to the multiple
users etc.
The complete set of rules & procedures related to Hospital"s day to day activities and
generating report is called =HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM>. My proect
gives a brief idea regarding automated Hospital activities.
The following steps that give the detailed information of the need of proposed system areE
,erformanceE 3uring past several decades, the hospital management system is supposed
to maintain manual handling of all the hospital daily activities. The manual handling of
the record is time consuming and highly prone to error. To improve the performance of
the hospital management system, the computeri-ed hospital management system is to be
undertaken. The computeri-ed hospital proect is fully computeri-ed and user friendly
even that any of the hospital"s members can see the patient"s report and the doctor"s
report.
:
0fficiencyE The basic need of the proect is efficiency. The proect should be efficient so
that whenever a new patient is admitted, and automatically a bed is assigned and also a
doctor is assigned to the patient according to the patient"s disease. $nd if any patient is
getting discharged, the bed assigned to himHher should automatically free in the
computer.
6ontrolE The complete control of the proect is under the hands of authori-ed person who
has the password to access this proect and illegal access is not supposed to deal with. $ll
the control is under the administrator and the other members have the rights to ust see
the records not to change any transaction or entry.
SecurityE Security is the main criteria for the proposed system. Since illegal access may
corrupt the database and it will affect not only the hospital but also it also affects the
patient"s life. So security has to be given in this proect.
SOFTWARE & HARDWARE RE?UIREMENTS/
A++.(5 +7(16.- -o()0() @.1 0A4*033.o(3
$s we saw in the previous section, any HTM' file can be turned into a (S, file by changing its extension to
.sp. +f course, what makes (S, useful is the ability to embed (ava. ,ut the following text in a file with
.sp extension @let us call it hello.jspA, place it in your (S, directory, and view it in a browser.
<HTML>
<BODY>
Hello! The time is now <%= new java.util.Date() %>
<BODY>
<HTML>
/otice that each time you reload the page in the browser, it comes up with the current time.
The character se#uences <%= and %> enclose (ava expressions, which are evaluated at run
time.
This is what makes it possible to use (S, to generate dynamic HTM' pages that change
in response to user actions or vary from user to user.
Exercise: 4rite a (S, to output the values returned by !"stem.#et$%o&e%t" for various
system properties such as java.ve%sion' java.home' os.name' use%.name'
use%.home' use%.(i% etc.
5;
S-*.4)20)3
4e have already seen how to embed (ava expressions in (S, pages by putting them between the <%= and
%> character se#uences.
>ut it is difficult to do much programming ust by putting (ava expressions inside
HTM'.
(S, also allows you to write blocks of (ava code inside the (S,. %ou do this by placing
your (ava code between <% and %> characters @ust like expressions, but without the = sign
at the start of the se#uence.A
This block of code is known as a IscriptletI. >y itself, a scriptlet doesnFt contribute any
HTM' @though it can, as we will see down below.A $ scriptlet contains (ava code that is
executed every time the (S, is invoked.
Here is a modified version of our (S, from previous section, adding in a scriptlet.
<HTML>
<BODY>
<%
This is a s)%i&tlet. *oti)e that the +(ate+
va%ia,le we (e)la%e he%e is availa,le in the
em,e((e( e-&%ession late% on.
!"stem.out.&%intln( +.valuatin# (ate now+ )/
java.util.Date (ate = new java.util.Date()/
%>
Hello! The time is now <%= (ate %>
<BODY>
<HTML>
.f you run the above example, you will notice the output from the I!"stem.out.&%intlnI on the
server log. This is a convenient way to do simple debugging @some servers also have techni#ues of
debugging the (S, in the .30. See your serverFs documentation to see if it offers such a techni#ue.A
>y itself a scriptlet does not generate HTM'. .f a scriptlet wants to generate HTM', it
can use a variable called IoutI. This variable does not need to be declared. .t is already
predefined for scriptlets, along with some other variables. The following example shows
how the scriptlet can generate HTM' output.
<HTML>
<BODY>
<%
This s)%i&tlet (e)la%es an( initiali0es +(ate+
!"stem.out.&%intln( +.valuatin# (ate now+ )/
java.util.Date (ate = new java.util.Date()/
%>
Hello! The time is now
<%
This s)%i&tlet #ene%ates HTML out&ut
out.&%intln( !t%in#.valueO1( (ate ))/
%>
<BODY>
<HTML>
55
Here, instead of using an expression, we are generating the HTM' directly by printing to the IoutI
variable. The IoutI variable is of type java-.se%vlet.js&.2s&3%ite%.
$nother very useful pre*defined variable is I%e4uestI. .t is of type
java-.se%vlet.htt&.Htt&!e%vlet5e4uest
$ Ire#uestI in server*side processing refers to the transaction between a browser and the
server. 4hen someone clicks or enters a J2', the browser sends a Ire#uestI to the
server for that J2', and shows the data returned. $s a part of this Ire#uestI, various data
is available, including the file the browser wants from the server, and if the re#uest is
coming from pressing a SJ>M.T button, the information the user has entered in the form
fields.
The (S, I%e4uestI variable is used to obtain information from the re#uest as sent by the
browser. =or instance, you can find out the name of the clientFs host @if available,
otherwise the ., address will be returned.A 'et us modify the code as shownE
<HTML>
<BODY>
<%
This s)%i&tlet (e)la%es an( initiali0es +(ate+
!"stem.out.&%intln( +.valuatin# (ate now+ )/
java.util.Date (ate = new java.util.Date()/
%>
Hello! The time is now
<%
out.&%intln( (ate )/
out.&%intln( +<B5>You% ma)hine6s a((%ess is + )/
out.&%intln( %e4uest.#et5emoteHost())/
%>
<BODY>
<HTML>
$ similar variable is IresponseI. This can be used to affect the response being sent to the browser. =or
instance, you can call %es&onse.sen(5e(i%e)t( anothe%7%l )/ to send a response to the
browser that it should load a different J2'. This response will actualy go all the way to the browser. The
browser will then send a different re#uest, to Ianothe%7%lI. This is a little different from some other
(S, mechanisms we will come across, for including another page or forwarding the browser to another
page.
Exercise: 4rite a (S, to output the entire line, IHelloK The time is now ...I but use a
scriptlet for the complete string, including the HTM' tags.

M.A.(5 S-*.4)20)3 1(+ HTML
4e have already seen how to use the IoutI variable to generate HTM' output from within a scriptlet. =or
more complicated HTM', using the out variable all the time loses some of the advantages of (S,
programming. .t is simpler to mix scriptlets and HTM'.
Suppose you have to generate a table in HTM'. This is a common operation, and you
may want to generate a table from a S&' table, or from the lines of a file. >ut to keep
our example simple, we will generate a table containing the numbers from 5 to /. /ot
very useful, but it will show you the techni#ue.
Here is the (S, fragment to do itE
5<
<T8BL. BO5D.5=9>
<%
1o% ( int i = :/ i < n/ i;; ) <
%>
<T5>
<TD>*um,e%<TD>
<TD><%= i;= %><TD>
<T5>
<%
>
%>
<T8BL.>
%ou would have to supply an int variable InI before it will work, and then it will output a simple table
with InI rows.
The important things to notice are how the %> and <% characters appear in the middle of
the I1o%I loop, to let you drop back into HTM' and then to come back to the scriptlet.
The concepts are simple here ** as you can see, you can drop out of the scriptlets, write
normal HTM', and get back into the scriptlet. $ny control expressions such as a IwhileI
or a IforI loop or an IifI expression will control the HTM' also. .f the HTM' is inside a
loop, it will be emitted once for each iteration of the loop.
$nother example of mixing scriptlets and HTM' is shown below ** here it is assumed
that there is a boolean variable named IhelloI available. .f you set it to true, you will
see one output, if you set it to false, you will see another output.
<%
i1 ( hello ) <
%>
<$>Hello' wo%l(
<%
> else <
%>
<$>?oo(,"e' wo%l(
<%
>
%>
.t is a little difficult to keep track of all open braces and scriptlet start and ends, but with a little practice and
some good formatting discipline, you will ac#uire competence in doing it.
Exercise: Make the above examples work. 4rite a (S, to output all the values returned
by !"stem.#et$%o&e%ties with IL>2MI embedded after each property name and value.
3o not output the IL>2MI using the IoutI variable.
JSP D.*0-).@03
4e have been fully #ualifying the java.util.Date in the examples in the previous sections. ,erhaps
you wondered why we donFt ust import ava.util.NO
.t is possible to use Iim&o%tI statements in (S,s, but the syntax is a little different from
normal (ava. Try the following exampleE
<%@ &a#e im&o%t=+java.util.A+ %>
<HTML>
<BODY>
<%
51
!"stem.out.&%intln( +.valuatin# (ate now+ )/
Date (ate = new Date()/
%>
Hello! The time is now <%= (ate %>
<BODY>
<HTML>
The first line in the above example is called a IdirectiveI. $ (S, IdirectiveI starts with <%@ characters.
This one is a Ipage directiveI. The page directive can contain the list of all imported
packages. To import more than one item, separate the package names by commas, e.g.
<%@ &a#e im&o%t=+java.util.A'java.te-t.A+ %>
There are a number of (S, directives, besides the page directive. >esides the page directives, the other
most useful directives are include and taglib. 4e will be covering taglib separately.
The include directive is used to physically include the contents of another file. The
included file can be HTM' or (S, or anything else ** the result is as if the original (S,
file actually contained the included text. To see this directive in action, create a new (S,
<HTML>
<BODY>
?oin# to in)lu(e hello.js&...<B5>
<%@ in)lu(e 1ile=+hello.js&+ %>
<BODY>
<HTML>
)iew this (S, in your browser, and you will see your original hello.js& get included in the new (S,.
Exercise: Modify all your earlier exercises to import the ava.util packages.
JSP D0-21*1).o(3
The (S, you write turns into a class definition. $ll the scriptlets you write are placed inside a single
method of this class.
%ou can also add variable and method declarations to this class. %ou can then use these
variables and methods from your scriptlets and expressions.
To add a declaration, you must use the <%! and %> se#uences to enclose your
declarations, as shown below.
<%@ &a#e im&o%t=+java.util.A+ %>
<HTML>
<BODY>
<%!
Date theDate = new Date()/
Date #etDate()
<
!"stem.out.&%intln( +Bn #etDate() metho(+ )/
%etu%n theDate/
>
%>
Hello! The time is now <%= #etDate() %>
<BODY>
<HTML>
The example has been created a little contrived, to show variable and method declarations.
58
Here we are declaring a 3ate variable theDate, and the method #etDate. >oth of these
are available now in our scriptlets and expressions.
>ut this example no longer worksK The date will be the same, no matter how often you
reload the page. This is because these are declarations, and will only be evaluated once
when the page is loadedK @(ust as if you were creating a class and had variable
initiali-ation declared in it.A
Exercise: Modify the above example to add another function )om&uteDate which re*
initiali-es theDate. $dd a scriptlet that calls )om&uteDate each time.
No)0/ /ow that you know how to do this ** it is in general not a good idea to use
variables as shown here. The (S, usually will run as multiple threads of one single
instance. 3ifferent threads would interfere with variable access, because it will be the
same variable for all of them. .f you do have to use variables in (S,, you should use
synchronized access, but that hurts the performance. .n general, any data you need should
go either in the session obect or the request obect @these are introduced a little laterA if
passing data between different (S, pages. )ariables you declare inside scriptlets are fine,
e.g. LG int i P 89O GM because these are declared inside the local scope and are not
shared.

JSP T153
$nother important syntax element of (S, are tags. (S, tags do not use <%, but ust the < character. $ (S,
tag is somewhat like an HTM' tag. (S, tags can have a Istart tagI, a Itag bodyI and an Iend tagI. The
start and end tag both use the tag name, enclosed in < and > characters. The end starts with a character
after the < character. The tag names have an embedded colon character C in them, the part before the colon
describes the type of the tag. =or instanceE
<someCta#>
,o("
<someCta#>
.f the tag does not re#uire a body, the start and end can be conveniently merged together, as
<someCta#>
Here by closing the start tag with a HM instead of M character, we are ending the tag immediately, and
without a body. @This syntax convention is the the same as QM'.A
Tags can be of two typesE loaded from an external tag library, or predefined tags.
,redefined tags start with jsp: characters. =or instance, js&Cin)lu(e is a predefined
tag that is used to include other pages.
4e have already seen the in)lu(e directive. spEinclude is similar. >ut instead of
loading the text of the included file in the original file, it actually calls the included target
at run*time @the way a browser would call the included target. .n practice, this is actually
a simulated re#uest rather than a full round*trip between the browser and the serverA.
=ollowing is an example of js&Cin)lu(e usage
<HTML>
<BODY>
?oin# to in)lu(e hello.js&...<B5>
59
<js&Cin)lu(e &a#e=+hello.js&+>
<BODY>
<HTML>
Try it and see what you get. /ow change the Ijs&Cin)lu(eI to Ijs&C1o%wa%(I and see what is the
difference. These two predefined tags are fre#uently very useful.
Exercise: 4rite a (S, to do either a 1o%wa%( or an in)lu(e, depending upon a boolean
variable @hintE The concepts of mixing HTM' and scriptlets work with (S, tags alsoKA
JSP S033.o(3
+n a typical web site, a visitor might visit several pages and perform several interactions.
.f you are programming the site, it is very helpful to be able to associate some data with
each visitor. =or this purpose, IsessionIs can be used in (S,.
$ session is an obect associated with a visitor. 3ata can be put in the session and
retrieved from it, much like a Hashtable. $ different set of data is kept for each visitor to
the site.
Here is a set of pages that put a userFs name in the session, and display it elsewhere. Try
out installing and using these.
=irst we have a form, let us call it Det/ame.html
<HTML>
<BODY>
<DO5M M.THOD=$O!T 8ETBO*=+!ave*ame.js&+>
3hat6s "ou% nameF <B*$7T TY$.=T.GT *8M.=use%name !BH.=9:>
<$><B*$7T TY$.=!7BMBT>
<DO5M>
<BODY>
<HTML>
The target of the form is ISave/ame.spI, which saves the userFs name in the session. /ote the variable
IsessionI. This is another variable that is normally made available in (S,s, ust like out and %e4uest
variables. @.n the Rpage directive, you can indicate that you do not need sessions, in which case the
IsessionI variable will not be made available.A
<%
!t%in# name = %e4uest.#et$a%amete%( +use%name+ )/
session.set8tt%i,ute( +the*ame+' name )/
%>
<HTML>
<BODY>
<8 H5.D=+*e-t$a#e.js&+>Eontinue<8>
<BODY>
<HTML>
The Save/ame.sp saves the userFs name in the session, and puts a link to another page, /ext,age.sp.
/ext,age.sp shows how to retrieve the saved name.
<HTML>
<BODY>
Hello' <%= session.#et8tt%i,ute( +the*ame+ ) %>
<BODY>
<HTML>
5C
.f you bring up two different browsers @not different windows of the same browserA, or run two browsers
from two different machines, you can put one name in one browser and another name in another browser,
and both names will be kept track of.
The session is kept around until a timeout period. Then it is assumed the user is no
longer visiting the site, and the session is discarded.
MY S?L/
I()*o+,-).o(
My S&' is an application used to create computer databases for the Microsoft 4indows
family of server operating systems. .t provides an environment used to generate databases
that can be accessed from workstations, the web, or other media such as a personal digital
assistant @,3$A. M% S&' is probably the most accessible and the most documented
enterprise database environment right now. This also means that you can learn it a little
#uicker than most other database environments on the market
5?
To start, you must have a computer that runs an appropriate operating system like
Microsoft 4indows MP Q, Home 0ditionE that includes 4indows Q, Home 0dition,
4indows Q, ,rofessional, 4indows <;;; ,rofessional, or any version of 4indows
Server <;;1. .n this case, you must install M% S&' %og.
5B
WB1) .3 S?L U30+ ;o*/
Jsing S&' one can create and maintain data manipulation obects such as table, views,
se#uence etc. These data manipulation obects will be created and stored on the serverFs
hard disk drive, in a table space, to which the user has been assigned.
+nce these data manipulation obects are created, they are used extensively in
commercial applications.
DMLC DCLC DDL/
.n addition to the creation of data manipulation obects, the actual manipulation of data
within these obects is done using S&'.
The S&' sentences that are used to create these obects are called 33'Fs or 3ata
3efinition 'anguage. The S&' sentences used to manipulate data within these obects are
called 3M'Fs or 3ata Manipulation 'anguage. The S&' sentences, which are used to
control the behavior of these obects, are called 36'Fs or 3ata 6ontrol 'anguage.
5:
CHAPTER ' 2
AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

ODE0-).@0/
Hospital are the essential part of our lives, providing best medical facilities to people
suffering from various ailments, which may be due to change in climatic conditions,
increased work*load, emotional trauma stress etc. .t is necessary for the hospitals to keep
track of its day*to*day activities & records of its patients, doctors, nurses, ward boys and
other staff personals that keep the hospital running smoothly & successfully.
>ut keeping track of all the activities and their records on paper is very cumbersome and
error prone. .t also is very inefficient and a time*consuming process +bserving the
continuous increase in population and number of people visiting the hospital. 2ecording
and maintaining all these records is highly unreliable, inefficient and error*prone. .t is
also not economically & technically feasible to maintain these records on paper.
Thus keeping the working of the manual system as the basis of our proect. 4e have
developed an automated version of the manual system, named as S$3M./.ST2$T.+/
SJ,,+2T S%ST0M =+2 M03.6$' ./ST.TJT.+/ST.
The main aim of our proect is to provide a paper*less hospital up to :;G. .t also aims at
providing low*cost reliable automation of the existing systems. The system also provides
excellent security of data at every level of user*system interaction and also provides
robust & reliable storage and backup facilities.
<;
AIM/
The aim of the study to fully related with Hospital Management system.
The Software is for the automation of Hospital Management System.
.t maintains two levels of usersE*
U $dministrator 'evel
U Jser 'evel
The Software includesE*
U Maintaining ,atient details.
U ,roviding ,rescription, ,recautions and 3iet advice.
U ,roviding and maintaining all kinds of tests for a patient.
U >illing and 2eport generation.
<5
CHAPTER ' 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Hospital Management System provides the benefits of streamlined operations, enhanced
administration & control, superior patient care, strict cost control and improved
profitability.
HMS is powerful, flexible, and easy to use and is designed and developed to deliver real
conceivable benefits to hospitals and H+S,.T$'s. More importantly it is backed by
reliable and dependable support.
This HMS is designed for multispecialty hospitals, to cover a wide range of hospital
administration and management processes. .t is an integrated end*to*end Hospital
Management System that provides relevant information across the hospital to support
effective decision making for patient care, hospital administration and critical financial
accounting, in a seamless flow.
$ Hospital is a place where ,atients come up for general diseases. Hospitals provide
facilities likeE*
6onsultation by 3octors on 3iseases.
3iagnosis for diseases.
,roviding treatment facility.
=acility for admitting ,atients @providing beds, nursing, medicines etc.A
.mmuni-ation for ,atientsH6hildren
)arious operational works that are done in a Hospital areE*
2ecording information about the ,atients that come.
Denerating bills.
<<
2ecording information related to diagnosis given to ,atients.
Veeping record of the .mmuni-ation provided to childrenHpatients.
Veeping information about various diseases and medicines available to cure them.
These are the various obs that need to be done in a Hospital by the operational staff and
3octors. $ll these works are done on papers. The work is done as followsE*
.nformation about ,atients is done by ust writing the ,atients name, age and
gender. 4henever the ,atient comes up his information is stored freshly.
>ills are generated by recording price for each facility provided to ,atient on a
separate sheet and at last they all are summed up.
3iagnosis information to patients is generally recorded on the document, which
contains ,atient information. .t is destroyed after some time period to decrease the
paper load in the office.
.mmuni-ation records of children are maintained in pre*formatted sheets, which
are kept in a file.
.nformation about various diseases is not kept as any document. 3octors
themselves do this ob by remembering various medicines.
$ll this work is done manually by the receptionist and other operational staff and lot of
papers are needed to be handled and taken care of. 3octors have to remember various
medicines available for diagnosis and sometimes miss better alternatives as they can"t
remember them at that time.
The limited time and resources have restricted us to incorporate, in this proect, only main
activities that are performed in a H+S,.T$' Management System, but utmost care has
been taken to make the system efficient and user friendly. SH+S,.T$' Management
SystemT has been designed to computeri-e the following functions that are performed by
the systemE
<1
5. +n 'ine $ppointments for the ,atients
aA $dmission of /ew ,atient
<. =ree Medical $dvice =or the ,atients
1. 3ischarge 3etail =unctions
bA 3ischarge of ,atient
cA 3octor $ssigning related to ,atient"s 3isease
8. Training 6ourses ,rovided by the Hospital
9. Statement of ,atient 3etails
5A $dmitted ,atient
<A 3ischarged ,atient
1A 3octor 3etails
C. Total number of ,atients admitted in the Hospital
?. 3octors available in the Hospital
B. ,reventive Health 6heckups
:. $dministrator 'inks
a.'ogin =orm
b.To add new doctors in the site
c.'ist of patients
d.'ist of 3octors

<8
CHAPTER ' !
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The proect !Hospital Management System" is based on the database, obect oriented and
networking techni#ues. $s there are many areas where we keep the records in database
for which we are using M% S&' software which is one of the best and the easiest
software to keep our information. This proect uses ($)$ as the front*end software
which is an +bect +riented ,rogramming and has connectivity with M% S&'. .t is a
web based application in which number of clients can also access with a server.
HARDWARE
P*o-033o* / ,entium <.8 DH- or above
M06o*7 / <9C M> 2$M or above
C1-B0 M06o*7 / 5<B V> or above
H1*+ D.3< / 1 D> or above Wat least 1 M> free space re#uiredX
P0( D*.@0 / # GB
P*.()0* / 'aser ,rinter
SOFTWARE
O40*1).(5 S73)06 / 4indows Q, @,rofessionalA.
Fo()9E(+ Too2 / (S,, Servlets, (ava Script
B1-<9E(+ / My S#l
<9
FRONT END
4e have implemented J1@1S-*.4) for all the 6lient side validations. 6lient side
(avaScript is designed to reside inside HTM' document & ensure they run properly. .t is
obect based, event driven, platform independent. These are important parts of any 4eb
application to implement 6lient side )alidations and the invalid data is not submitted.
The form is not submitted until user fills in correct data. .t is extremely useful to restrict
mistakes by user.
BAC8 END
4e have used My S#l. My S#l provides efficientHeffective solution for maor database
tech.
* 'arge database and space management.
* Many concurrent database users.
* High transaction processing re#uirement
* High $vailability
* .ndustry accepted standards
* Manageable security
* ,ortability
<C
CHAPTER ' #
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS/
PRINCIPLES/
Jnderstand the problem before you begin to create the analysis model.
3evelop prototypes that enable a user to understand how human machine
interaction will occur.
2ecord the origin of and the reason for every re#uirement.
Jse multiple views of re#uirements like building data, function and behavioral
models.
4ork to eliminate ambiguity
System $nalysis is a separation of a substance into parts for study and their
implementation and detailed examination.
>efore designing any system it is important that the nature of the business and the way
it currently operates are clearly understood. The detailed examination provides the
specific data re#uired during designing in order to ensure that all the clientFs
re#uirements are fulfilled. The investigation or the study conducted during the analysis
phase is largely based on the feasibility study. 2ather it would not be wrong to say that
the analysis and feasibility phases overlap. High*level analysis begins during the
feasibility study. Though analysis is represented as one phase of the system
development life cycle @S3'6A, this is not true. $nalysis begins with system
initiali-ation and continues until its maintenance. 0ven after successful implementation
of the system, analysis may play its role for periodic maintenance and up gradation of
<?
the system. +ne of the main causes of proect failures is inade#uate understanding, and
one of the main causes of inade#uate understanding of the re#uirements is the poor
planning of system analysis.
$nalysis re#uires us to recall the obectives of the proect and consider following three
#uestionsE
Y 4hat type of information is re#uiredZ
Y 4hat are the constraints on the investigationZ
Y 4hat are the potential problems that may make the task more difficultZ
Veeping the above #uestions in mind and considering the survey conducted to
determine the need of the systemO the total system was designed and can be described
as underE
TB0 )B*00 61Eo* 41*)3 o; )B0 373)06 1*0/
P*o@.+.(5 I(;o*61).o(/
The system is effectively used to provide large variety of information to the interested
customer. The maor purpose of the site is to easily provide access to records of various
(ob seekers & users of matrimonial such as resume & profile of boys and girls those
who want to search a life partner with #uick update to latest modifications in the
records. This thing is not at all possible in printed material, which are updated only
once a few weeks. .t also gives information about the general usage of the system for
first time visitors. The system itself works as a information provider for company & life
partner seekers.
<B
P*02.6.(1*7 I(@03).51).o(
System development, a process consisting of two maor steps of system analysis and
design, start when management or sometimes system development personnel feel that a
new system or an improvement in the existing system is re#uired. The system
development life cycle is classically thought of as the set of activities that analysts,
designers and users carry out to develop and implement an information system. The
system development life cycle consists of the following activitiesE
,reliminary investigation
3etermination of system re#uirements
3esign of system
3evelopment of software
System testing
.mplementation, evaluation, and maintenance
A *0F,03) )o )1<0 133.3)1(-0 ;*o6 .(;o*61).o( 373)06 -1( D0 61+0 ;o* 61(7
*013o(3C D,) .( 01-B -130 3o60o(0 .( )B0 o*51(.31).o( .(.).1)03 )B0 *0F,03) .3 61+0C
)B0 ;.*3) 373)06 1-).@.)7 )B0 4*02.6.(1*7 .(@03).51).o( D05.(3. TB.3 1-).@.)7 B13 )B*00
41*)3/
5A 2e#uest clarification
<A =easibility study
1A 2e#uest approval
R0F,03) -21*.;.-1).o(E Many re#uests from employees and users in the organisations are
not clearly defined, Therefore it becomes necessary that proect re#uest must be eximined
and clarified properly before considering systems investigation.
<:
FEASIBILITY STUDY/
The feasibility study proposes one or more conceptual solution to the problem set of the
proect. .n fact, it is an evaluation of whether it is worthwhile to proceed with proect or
not.
5. 0valuation of feasibility of such solutions. Such evaluation often indicates
shortcomings in the initial goals. This step is repeated as the goals are adusted and
the alternative solutions are evaluated.
=easibility analysis usually considers a number of proect alternatives, one that is chosen
as the most satisfactory solution. These alternatives also need to be evaluated in a broad
way without committing too many resources. )arious steps involved in feasibility
analysis areE
<. To propose a set of solution that can reali-e the proect goal. These solutions are
usually descriptions of what the new system should look like.
=our primary areas of interest in feasibility study areE
E-o(o6.- F013.D.2.)7E $n evaluation of development cost weighed against the ultimate
income of benefit derived from the development system of product. .n economic
feasibility, cost benefit analysis is done in which expected cost and benefits are
evaluated.
1;
COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS/
3eveloping an .T application is an investment. Since after developing that application it
provides the organi-ation with profits. ,rofits can be monetary or in the form of an
improved working environment. However, it carries risks, because in some cases an
estimate can be wrong. $nd the proect might not actually turn out to be beneficial.
6ost benefit analysis helps to give management a picture of the cost, benefits and risks. .t
usually involves comparing alternate investments.
6ost benefit determines the benefits and savings that are expected from the system and
compares them with the expected costs.
.n performing cost and benefit analysis it is important to identify cost and benefits
factors. 6ost and benefits can be categori-ed into the following categoriesE
5. D0@02o460() Co3)3 ' 3evelopment costs is the costs that are incurred during the
development of the system. .t is one time investment.
<. O40*1).(5 Co3)3 ' +perating 6osts are the expenses re#uired for the day to day
running of the system. 0xamples of +perating 6osts are 4ages, Supplies and
+verheads.
1. H1*+:1*0GSo;):1*0 Co3)3 ' .t includes the cost of purchasing or leasing of
computers and it"s peripherals. Software costs involves re#uired SH4 costs.
8. P0*3o((02 Co3)3 ' .t is the money spent on the people involved in the development
of the system.
9. F1-.2.)7 Co3)3 ' 0xpenses that are incurred during the preparation of the physical site
where the system will be operational. These can be wiring, flooring, acoustics,
lightning, and air*conditioning.
C. S,4427 Co3)3 ' These are variable costs that are very proportionately with the
amount of use of paper, ribbons, disks, and the like.
15
BENEFITS
4e can define benefits as
P*o;.) o* B0(0;.) H I(-o60 ' Co3)3
>enefits can be accrued byE
.ncreasing income, or
3ecreasing costs, or
>oth
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY/
Technical =easibility includes existing and new HH4 and SH4 re#uirements that are
re#uired to operate the proect using (S,. The basic SH4 re#uirement is (<00 in which
the front end of the online hospital management proect has been done. The basic entry
forms are developed in (S, and the data is stored in the M% S&'.
OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY/
+perational feasibility is mainly concerned with issues like whether the system will be
used if it is developed and implemented. 4hether there will be resistance from users that
will affect the possible application benefitsZ The essential #uestions that help in testing
the technical feasibility of a system are followingE
3oes management support the proectZ
$re the users not happy with current business practicesZ 4ill it reduce the time
considerablyZ .f yes, then they will welcome the change and the new system.
Have the users involved in the planning and development of the proectZ 0arly
involvement reduced the probability of resistance towards the new system.
1<
4ill the proposed system really benefit the organi-ationZ 3oes the overall response
increaseZ 4ill accessibility of information be lostZ 4ill the system affect the
customers in considerable wayZ
L0512 F013.D.2.)7E
$ determination of any infringement, violation, or liability that could result from
development of the system. 'egal feasibility tells that the software used in the proect
should be original purchased from the legal authorities and they have the license to use it
or the software are pirated.
A2)0*(1).@03E
$n evaluation of alternative approaches to the development of system or product.
SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE/
System life cycle is an organi-ational process of developing and maintaining systems. .t
helps in establishing a system proect plan, because it gives overall list of processes and
sub*processes re#uired for developing a system.
System development life cycle means combination of various activities. .n other words
we can say that various activities put together are referred as system development life
cycle. .n the System $nalysis and 3esign terminology, the system development life cycle
means software development life cycle.
=ollowing are the different phases of software development cycleE
Y System study
Y =easibility study
Y System analysis
Y System design
11
Y 6oding
Y Testing
Y .mplementation
Y Maintenance
The different phase of software development life cycle is shown below.

18
PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATIONN
DETERMINATION OF
RE?UIREMENTS
REVIEW RUNNING
SYSTEM AND SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATIONN
SYSTEM TESTING
SYSTEM TESTING
DEVELOPMENT OF
SOFTWARE AND
CODING
DESIGN OF SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT OF
PROTOTYPE SYSTEM
S%ST0M
$/$'%S.S

9;G 30S.D/ +=
S%ST0M 1;G



6+3./D
<;G

+=
S%ST0M
1;G

6+3./D
<;G

FIG/ SHOWING GENERAL LIFE CYCLE PROCESS AND PERCENTAGE OF TIME
DEVOTED
IDENTIFICATION OF NEED/
. have designed the given proposed system in the (S, to automate the process of news
sites. Many different people use Jsenet, for many different reasons, ranging from
discussions of various topics, re#uests for help or to trade media, which is often seen as
the !dark side" to Jsenet [ the abuse of public news groups to trade copyrighted or
offensive material. Thankfully however, those that use Jsenet responsibly far out weight
the few who use it as a tool for piracy etc.
Many of the people using and contributing to Jsenet are people who work with computer
technology. These people often use Jsenet to seek help with a piece of software or
suggest improvements, indeed one of the early functions of Jsenet was to help users
identify and report bugs found in software.
Jnfortunately, the massive growth seen within Jsenet has also made it a difficult
medium to keep track of, the great variety and number of articles can take considerable
time to filter through in order to find those of interest. There have been a variety of
software applications created to help deal with this problem and many are freely available
for personal use.
The following steps that give the detailed information of the need of proposed system areE
P0*;o*61(-0/ 3uring past several decades, the records are supposed to be manually
handled for all activities. The manual handling of the record is time consuming and
highly prone to error. To improve the performance of the 6ompany system, the
computeri-ed system is to be undertaken. The computeri-ed proect is fully computeri-ed
and user friendly even that any of the members can see the report and status of the
company.
E;;.-.0(-7/ The basic need of this website is efficiency. The website should be efficient
so that whenever a new user submit hisHher details the website is updated automatically.
This record will be useful for other users instantly.
19
Co()*o2/ The complete control of the proect is under the hands of authori-ed person who
has the password to access this proect and illegal access is not supposed to deal with. $ll
the control is under the administrator and the other members have the rights to ust see
the records not to change any transaction or entry.
S0-,*.)7/ Security is the main criteria for the proposed system. Since illegal access may
corrupt the database. So security has to be given in this proect.
FACT FINDING TECHNI?UES/
The functioning of the system is to be understood by the system analyst to design the
proposed system. )arious methods are used for this and these are known as fact*finding
techni#ues. The analyst needs to fully understand the current system.
The analyst needs data about the re#uirements and demands of the proect undertaken and
the techni#ues employed to gather this data are known as fact*finding techni#ues.
)arious kinds of techni#ues and the most popular among them are interviews,
#uestionnaires, record views, case tools and also the personal observations made by the
analyst himself.
I()0*@.0:3
.nterview is a very important data gathering techni#ue as in this the analyst directly
contacts system and the potential user of the proposed system.
+ne very essential aspect of conducting the interview is that the interviewer should first
establish a rapport with the interviewee. .t should also be taken into account that the
interviewee may or may not be a technician and the analyst should prefer to use day to
day language instead of argon and technical terms.
1C
The advantage of the interview is that the analyst has a free hand and the he can extract
almost all the information from the concerned people but then as it is a very time
consuming method, he should also employ other means such as #uestionnaires, record
reviews, etc. This may also help the analyst to verify and validate the information gained.
.nterviewing should be approached, as logically and from a general point of view the
following guides can be very beneficial for a successful interviewE
5. Set the stage for the interview.
<. 0stablish rapportO put the interview at ease.
1. ,hrase #uestions clearly and succinctly.
8. >e a good listenerO a void arguments.
9. 0valuate the outcome of the interview.
The interviews are of the two types namely 3)*,-),*0+ and ,(3)*,-),*0+.
I . S)*,-),*0+ I()0*@.0:
Structured interviews are those where the interviewee is asked a standard set of #uestions
in a particular order. $ll interviews are asked the same set of #uestions. The #uestions are
further divided into two kinds of formats for conducting this type if interview.
II. U(3)*,-),*0+ I()0*@.0:
The unstructured interviews are undertaken in a #uestion*and*answer format. This is of a
much more flexible nature than the structured and can be very rightly used to gather
general information about the system.
?,03).o((1.*03 /
&uestionnaires are another way of information gathering where the potential users of the
system are given #uestionnaires to be filled up and returned to the analyst.
1?
&uestionnaires are useful when the analyst need to gather information from a large
number of people. .t is not possible to interview each individual. $lso if the time is very
short, in that case also #uestionnaires are useful. .f the analyst guarantees the anonymity
of the respondent then the respondent answers the #uestionnaires very honestly and
critically.
The analyst should sensibly design and frame #uestionnaires with clarity of it"s obective
so as to do ust to the cost incurred on their development and distribution.
R0-o*+ R0@.0:3
2ecords and reports are the collection of information and data accumulated over the time
by the users about the system and it"s operations. This can also put light on the
re#uirements of the system and the modifications it has undergone. 2ecords and reports
may have a limitation if they are not up*to*date or if some essential links are missing. $ll
the changes, which the system suffers, may not be recorded. The analyst may scrutini-e
the records either at the beginning of his study which may give him a fair introduction
about the system and will make him familiar with it or in the end which will provide the
analyst with a comparison between what exactly isHwas desired from the system and it"s
current working.
O(9S.)0 OD30*@1).o(
+n*site observations are one of the most effectively tools with the analyst where the
analyst personally goes to the site and discovers the functioning of the system. $s a
observer, the analyst can gain first hand knowledge of the activities, operations, processes
of the system on*site, hence here the role of an analyst is of an information seeker. This
information is very meaningful as it is unbiased and has been directly taken by the
analyst. This exposure also sheds some light on the actual happenings of the system as
1B
compared to what has already been documented, thus the analyst gets closer to system.
This techni#ue is also time*consuming and the analyst should not ump to conclusions or
draw inferences from small samples of observation rather the analyst should be more
patient in gathering the information. This method is however less effective for learning
about people"s perceptions, feelings and motivations.
ANALYSTIS INTERVIEW WITH HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATOR/
A(1273)/ Hi, . have come to talk to you regarding the functioning of your
hospital proect.
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ hello, do come in. . was expecting you.
A(1273)/ ."ll come straight to the point. 3on"t hesitate, you can be as much
open you want. There are no restrictions.
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ ."ll give you my whole contribution.
A(1273)/ Tell me are you excited about the idea of having an automated
system for your hospitalZ
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ %es, . do. )ery much. $fter all it"s gonna reduce our loads of
work.
A(1273)/ 4ill you elaborate on itZ
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ Maor problem is managing the rooms and admission and
discharge of patients. There are so many of rooms and the numbers
of patients are admitted in the room. $t the time of discharging of
a patient, it becomes more difficult to handle the rooms condition,
and re*admitting the patients in that room.
A(1273)/ 4hat do you think be ideal solution to thisZ
1:
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ $ll the information of rooms, patients and discharged patients
should be put into computer. .t"ll be easy for us to check how
many rooms are not available and which patient has to be allotted
what room.
A(1273)/ 6ould you explain howZ
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ 'ook whenever a new patient is admitted heHshe is allotted a bed
number and the bed is reserved for the patient till the patient gets
discharged. $nd when the patient is discharged, the bed allotted to
himHher is freed and now the bed should again automatically ready
for new patient to be admitted.
A(1273)/ 3o you have different patient categoriesZ
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ /o, we don"t have any categori-ation for patients. $ll are treated at
par.
A(1273)/ How do you categori-e your patientsZ
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ >y >ed number.
A(1273)/ 3o you have any other expectations or suggestion for the new
systemZ
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ .t should be able to produce reports faster.
A(1273)/ 2eportsZ . completely forgot about them. 4hat reports you people
produce presentlyZ
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ 4ell first is for room status, another for patient"s list being
admitted and discharged patients and reports for doctors.
A(1273)/ 3o you have some format for themZ
8;
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ %es we do have and we want that the same format be used by the
new system.
A(1273)/ %es we"ll take care of that. $ny other suggestionsZ
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ /o. %ou have already covered all the fields.
A(1273)/ Thanks for your co*operation. .t was nice talking to you.
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ My pleasure. >ye.
85
?UESTIONNAIRES FOR HOSPITAL STAFF/
.nstructionsE $nswer as specified by the format. ,ut /$ for non*application situation.
5. 4hat are your expectations out of the new system @computeri-edAZ 2ate the following
on a scale of 5*8 giving allow value for low priority.
@aA better cataloguing
@bA better managing of users
@cA better account and patients management
@dA computer awareness
@eA any otherUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
<. How many users are you expectingZ
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
1. How many rooms are there in the hospitalZ
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
8. How you want the patients to be categori-ed for searching @like by room number, bed
numberAZ
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
9. .s there any difference in the roles @privilegesA of two or more patientsZ
%esH/o ,lease specify if %es
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
C. 3o you want facility of reserving a bed from phone in advanceZ
%esH/o
8<
?. 3o you have data of patients entered into some kind of databaseZ
%esH/o
B. How do you want users to be categori-edZ
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUor
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
:. 4ould you like online registration for users rather than the printed formZ
%esH/o
5;. 3o you already have some existing categori-ation of patients on the basis as specified
in #uestion 8 aboveZ
%esH/o
55. $ny other specific suggestionHexpectation out of the proposed system.
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
SOFTWARE RE?UIREMENT SPECIFICATION JSRSK/

1.1.1. WB1) 1*0 )B0 D0(0;.)3 o; 1 SRSL
The .000 B1; standard defines the benefits of a good S2SE
Establish the basis for agreement between the customers and the suppliers on
what the software product is to do. The complete description of the functions
to be performed by the software specified in the S2S will assist the potential
users to determine if the software specified meets their needs or how the
software must be modified to meet their needs. W/+T0E 4e use it as the basis
of our contract with our clients all the timeX.
81
Reduce the development effort. The preparation of the S2S forces the various
concerned groups in the customer"s organi-ation to consider rigorously all of
the re#uirements before design begins and reduces later redesign, recoding,
and retesting. 6areful review of the re#uirements in the S2S can reveal
omissions, misunderstandings, and inconsistencies early in the development
cycle when these problems are easier to correct.
Provide a basis for estimating costs and schedules. The description of the
product to be developed as given in the S2S is a realistic basis for estimating
proect costs and can be used to obtain approval for bids or price estimates.
W/+T0E $gain, we use the S2S as the basis for our fixed price estimatesX
Provide a baseline for validation and verification. +rgani-ations can develop
their validation and )erification plans much more productively from a good
S2S. $s a part of the development contract, the S2S provides a baseline
against which compliance can be measured. W/+T0E 4e use the S2S to create
the Test ,lanX.
Facilitate transfer. The S2S makes it easier to transfer the software product to
new users or new machines. 6ustomers thus find it easier to transfer the
software to other parts of their organi-ation, and suppliers find it easier to
transfer it to new customers.
erve as a basis for enhancement. >ecause the S2S discusses the product but
not the proect that developed it, the S2S serves as a basis for later
enhancement of the finished product. The S2S may need to be altered, but it
does provide a foundation for continued production evaluation.
1.1.2. WB1) 3Bo,2+ )B0 SRS 1++*033L

$gain from the .000 standardE
The basic issues that the S2S writer@sA shall address are the followingE
Functionality.
88
4hat is the software supposed to doZ
+ur System aims at automating the manual system being used in the
hospital for maintaining the records of the patients & employees of the
Hospital.
External interfaces.
How does the software interact with people, the system"s hardware, other
hardware, and other softwareZ
+ur system uses various forms and reports through which users can
interact with the system.
$s we can have a centrali-ed database so our system interact it with
database software through network and as network comes in, it uses
network peripheral likes switches etc.
1.2. So;):1*0 E(5.(00*.(5 P1*1+.56 /
Software engineering paradigm can be defined as a development strategy
that encompasses the process, methods, tools layers and generic phases
such as definition phase, development phase and support phase to solve
real lives problems in an industry, research institute etc used by software
engineers or team of engineers.
The most useful software engineering paradigm that . incorporate in
developing my proect is the SSpiral ModelT. This process model is
suitable and useful for my proect because the following reasonsE
The all re#uirements of the proect are not well understood by me at the
beginning.
2elatively small but too complex proect.
This proect is a complete new research. /o one has already implemented the
logics and all necessary factors governing the proect.
89
The target of this process model is that a complete system will be developed
after the number of refinement.
This approach to software development begins at the system level and
progresses towards through analysis, design, coding, testing and support.
The details discussion of these steps is beyond the consideration of the
proect but all these steps have been applied through out the S3'6 of my
proect.
1.3. P*o-033 Lo5.-
5. Jser verification ,rocess E*
The module receives input from the user who logs on the system. The module checks
for the validity of the user from within the system itself. The module generate the
output, displaying the validity or non*validity of the user . the module then grants
access rights to the user depending on the level of the user. The log file is updated
after the user logs*on successfully.
<. +,3 2egistration ,rocess E*
The module is operated on by the operational level user. The module receives input
from the patients, which includes their details. System will record these details &
generate a +,3 /o. and list of 3octors available in +,3 on that day. The output
generated is the +,3 6ard /o and patient is directed to the re#uired 3octor with that
card. The revenue generated from +,3 is recorded & updated in the Master 2evenue
3atabase after every <8 hours.
8C
3. A+6.33.o( R05.3)*1).o( P*o-033 /9
This module receives input from two areasE*
@iA =rom the patient himself who has to get admitted to the Hospital. This process
record patient details and issues a $dmission /o. .This no. is used as reference
in other modules. The module generates a admission slip as the output
indicating the ward & >ed allotted to the patient.
@iiA The record input is received from the +,3 2egistration module, if the +,3
3octor recommends patient for immediate admission to the hospital. The 6ard
/o. taken as reference so that patient details do not re#uired entering again.
The card no is now replaced by the admission no. and output generated is same
as in the case @iA.
2. D,)7 A22o-1).o( P*o-033 /9
This module is operated by the super user in collaboration with top management who
together build*up the schedule for all employees of the Hospital. The process receives
input from the employee Master database and the process prepares schedule for a
period. The output of the process is the schedule report for the period in the
consideration.
3. F.(1(-.12 A-).@.)7 P*o-033 /9
This process receives two types of inputsE*
@iA =irst input, which is received, is for the ,atient. .t receives input from the
admission*registration module, and test & treatment*undertaken module, as
well as the patient master database. .t records & process all the financial
8?
transactions taken place between the hospital and the patient and generates the
final bill as the output.
@iiA Second input, which is received, is for the employees of the hospital. .t
receives input from the duty allocation process and the employee database for
the preparation of a salary*slip. The module records & processes various
calculations and generates the salary*slip as the output.
!. T03) 1(+ T*01)60() U(+0*)1<0( P*o-033 /9
This module receives input in the form of prescription written by the doctor for the
types of tests and treatment to be undertaken by the patient. .t records and process,
the various details about the test and generates the lab*report as the output of the
module. .t also generates the receipt for the tests undertaken. These receipts serve as
one of the input to the financial*activity module.
#. M0+.-12 3,4427 P*o-033/ 9
This module is fairly independent of the other modules. .t maintains the inventory of
the various medicines. .t takes input in the form of prescription and generates output
in the form of bill containing the number of medicines purchased and their respective
rates, along with the total amount to be paid by the patient. The module also
maintains a database of the medicines and provides a check for their availability and
non*availability. .n case of low inventory of any medicine, a message is sent to the
hospital, which replenishes the inventory*level of that medicine.
. M1.()0(1(-0 P*o-033/ 9
This module is the most important module. .t receives input from every other module
of the system, and its functionality is to maintain the working and processing of other
modules as well as the maintenance of the various databases. Thus, it aims at the
overall maintenance of the whole system.
8B
ACD JA*-B.)0-),*12 Co()0A) D.15*16
8:
2egistration & 3ischarge
2egistration form
Jser 'ogin and Security
system
Jser 'ogin and
,assword
$ccess to system
granted
$ccess 3enied
$dmission system
Test & Treatment system
Medicine Shop system
=inancial activity system
,rescription
3ischarge Slip
+,3 6ard
+pd system
2egistration form
$dmission
Dranted
$dmission
2eected
2eport \2esult
2eceipt of
,ayment
2eceipt of
,ayment
)erification & )alidation
PERT CHART
3 @5<A 0 @BA
3 @;A
$ @BA
> @5<A = @BA ( @5;A V @BA ' @9A
6 @9A
. @5<A
D @5<A H @9A




6ritical ,ath
$ctivity
3ummy $ctivity
/ode

9;
< 9 ?
5
8 5
<
:
B C
1
5
;
5
5



$P+rder computing ,latform
>P,repare site
6P2eview Specification
3P.nstall e#uipment
0P Test hardware
=PTraining
DP4rite ,rograms
HPTest programs
.PTest software
(P6onvent Systems
VP.mplement follow*up
'P $ccept
95
E9R9 DIAGRAM
9<
Ho34.)12 P1).0()3
P1).0()
.(;o*61).o
(
A+6.)
Roo6
Ho34.)12
Do-)o
*
*0-o*
+
Do-)o*
P1).0() Roo6
Ho34.)12
O( L.(0
A44o.()60
()
D.3-B1*50
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Jser 2evised 2e#uirement
2e#uirement Specification
3ecision to
3esign .nformation
System
=easibility
Test ,lan Study
.
'ogical System 3esign =unctional Spec.
,hysical
2e#uirement
System 6onfiguration
3ata
Schedule >udget
System Modification .mproved System
Maintenance
91
2e#uirement
3eterminatio
n
.nitial
2e#uirement
.nvestigatio
n
=easibi
lity
$nalys
is
System
.mplementation
System
3esign
System
Specific
ation
$nalysi
s
System
0valuation
Hardware
Study
HOSPITALMANAGEMENT SYSTEM
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
Co()0A) L0@02 DFD
98
!edical
"dvice
#arrier $
%ob
&ospital
P'
Programmer
Patient
tatus
Patient
"ppointment
(ill Payment
HOSPITAL
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
DFD ;o* M0+.-12 A+@.-0
)ata base
99
Patient
*. Read the
)ata from
patient
+. earch for
disease from
,nowledge
-. #opy
elected
Record
.utput /nit
DFD ;o* 41).0() A44o.()60()
)atabase
9C
/ER
*. Read
patient
request
+. earch
from )octor
)ata base
-. 'ive the
0ime and
1umber
.utput /120
DFD ;o* P1).0() S01*-B
)atabase
9?
Patient
*. Read the
)ata from
patient
+. earch the
patient in
patient32)
-. #opy
elected
Record
.utput /nit
DFD ;o* PG Co,*30

)atabase

9B
)octor
*. "ccept
)ata for
specializin
g
+. earch
for eat
"vailability
-. )isplay the
"dmission
status for P'
#ourse
.utput /nit
DFD Fo* B.22 P1760()
)"0"("E
9:
"ccountant
*. Read the
Patient
)ata $
0reatment
+. 'enerate
the bill
Print (ill
.utput
)evice
Patient
DFD Fo* JoD O44o*),(.)7 I( Bo34.)12
)atabase
C;
/ser4
)octor
earch
the web
ite
"pply .nly
'et .nline 2d
DFD Fo* O(2.(0 S01*-B.(5 Fo* P1).0()
)ata base
C5
/ser
Read
Patient
1ame
Patient )ata
#R0
DFD Fo* S01*-B.(5 1 Do-)o*3
)ata (ase
C<
/ser
Read the
)ata of )octor
$ pecialisation
)octor5s
6ith pecialties
#R0
DFD O(2.(0 M0+.-12 A+@.-0
)ata (ase
C1
/ser
Read Patient
)ata and
)isease
)isplay the
Remedies $
0reatments
.utput
DFD Fo* Lo5.( O; U30*

)ata (ase
C8
/ser
Read /ser 2d
$ Password
"uthenticate
/ser $ 7ogin
.utput
B0+ D0)1.23
=.'0

,atient 3ocument
C9
,rocess
Jpdate Table
PATIENT
5 $dmitted

5.5 3isplay
=orm
5.< Det
3etails
5.1
assign bed
5.8
Jpdate
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
ADMISSION OF A NEW PATIENT
=.'0

,atient 3etails
CC
,rocess
Jpdate Table
PATIENT
5 $dmitted

5.5 3isplay
=orm
5.< Det
3etails
5.1
$ssigning a
3octor
5.8
Jpdate
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
RECORD MODIFICATION
=.'0
C?
Jpdate
,rocessing
Scan 2ecord
USER
5
2ead the
patient
<
Show the
3etails of
2ecord
1
Modify
3etails of
2ecord
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
DISCHARGE OF PATIENT
=.'0

,atient 3etails
CB
,rocess
Jpdate Table
PATIENT
5 Scan the
patient name

5.5 3isplay
=orm
5.< Det
3etails
5.8
Jpdate
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
LISTING OF PATIENTS
=.'0
C:
Scan 2ecord
,rocessing
,rocessing
+utput
To ScreenH,rinter
=inal +utput
5
2ead the
>ed
number
< Select
2ecord
from
3atabase
1 6opy
Selected
2ecord
8
6ompute
Total
C 6opy
Selected
2ecord
9 Select
2ecords
B
Denerate
Total 'ist
?
6ompute
>ill
OUTPUT
UNIT
PATIENT
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
LIST OF ALL RECORDS
=.'0

?;
=inal +utput
+utput
,rocessing
,rocessing
Scan $ll 2ecord
MANAG
EMENT
5
2ead the
2e#uest
< Select
2ecord
from =ile
1 6opy
Selected
2ecord
8
6ompute
Total
9
Select
2ecord
? 6opy
Selected
2ecord
?
6ompute
bill
B Denerate
Total 'ist
To ScreenH,rinter
OUTPUT
UNIT
CHAPTER '
SYSTEM DESIGN
S73)06 D03.5(/
The design document that we will develop during this phase is the blueprint of the
software. .t describes how the solution to the customer problem is to be built. Since
solution to complex problems isn"t usually found in the first try, iterations are most likely
re#uired. This is true for software design as well. =or this reason, any design strategy,
design method, or design language must be flexible and must easily accommodate
changes due to iterations in the design. $ny techni#ue or design needs to support and
guide the partitioning process in such a way that the resulting sub*problems are as
independent as possible from each other and can be combined easily for the solution to
the overall problem. Sub*problem independence and easy combination of their solutions
reduces the complexity of the problem. This is the obective of the partitioning process.
,artitioning or decomposition during design involves three types of decisionsE *
3efine the boundaries along which to breakO
3etermine into how money pieces to breakO and
.dentify the proper level of detail when design should stop and implementation should
start. >asic design principles that enable the software engineer to navigate the design
process suggest a set of principles for software design, which have been adapted and
extended in the following listE
=ree from the suffer from Itunnel vision.I $ good designer should consider alternative
approaches, udging each based on the re#uirements of the problem, the resources
available to do the ob.
?5
The design should be traceable to the analysis model. >ecause a single element of the
design model often traces to multiple re#uirements, it is necessary to have a means for
tracking how re#uirements have been satisfied by the design model.
The design should not repeat the same thing. Systems are constructed using a set of
design patterns, many of which have likely been encountered before. These patterns
should always be chosen as an alternative to reinvention. Time is short and resources are
limitedK 3esign time should be invested in representing truly new ideas and integrating
those patterns that already exist.
The design should Iminimi-e the intellectual distanceI between the software and the
problem as it exists in the real world. That is, the structure of the software design should
@whenever possibleA mimic the structure of the problem domain. The design should
exhibit uniformity and integration. $ design is uniform if it appears that one person
developed the entire thing. 2ules of style and format should be defined for a design team
before design work begins. $ design is integrated if care is taken in defining interfaces
between design components.
The design activity begins when the re#uirements document for the software to be
developed is available. This may be the S2S for the complete system, as is the case if the
waterfall model is being followed or the re#uirements for the next IiterationI if the
iterative enhancement is being followed or the re#uirements for the prototype if the
prototyping is being followed. 4hile the re#uirements specification activity is entirely in
the problem domain, design is the first step in moving from the problem domain toward
the solution domain. 3esign is essentially the bridge between re#uirements specification
and the final solution for satisfying the re#uirements.
The design of a system is essentially a blueprint or a plan for a solution for the system.
4e consider a system to be a set of components with clearly defined behavior that
interacts with each other in a fixed defined manner to produce some behavior or services
for its environment. $ component of a system can be considered a system, with its own
?<
components. .n a software system, a component is a software module. The design process
for software systems, often, has two levels. $t the first level, the focus is on deciding
which modules are needed for the system, the specifications of these modules, and how
the modules should be interconnected. This is what is called the system design or top*
level design. .n the second level, the internal design of the modules, or how the
specifications of the module can be satisfied, is decided. This design level is often called
detailed design or logic design. 3etailed design essentially expands the system design to
contain a more detailed description of the processing logic and data structures so that the
design is sufficiently complete for coding.
>ecause the detailed design is an extension of system design, the system design controls
the maor structural characteristics of the system. The system design has a maor impact
on the testability and modifiability of a system, and it impacts its efficiency. Much of the
design effort for designing software is spent creating the system design.
The input to the design phase is the specifications for the system to be designed. Hence,
reasonable entry criteria can be that the specifications are stable and have been approved,
hoping that the approval mechanism will ensure that the specifications are complete,
consistent, unambiguous, etc. The output of the top*level design phase is the architectural
design or the system design for the software system to be built. This can be produced
with or without using a design methodology. $ reasonable exit criteria for the phase
could be that the design has been verified against the input specifications and has been
evaluated and approved for #uality.
$ design can be obect*oriented or function*oriented. .n function*oriented design, the
design consists of module definitions, with each module supporting a functional
abstraction. .n obect*oriented design, the modules in the design represent data
abstraction @these abstractions are discussed in more detail laterA. .n the function*oriented
methods for design and describe one particular methodology the structured design
methodology in some detail. .n a function* oriented design approach, a system is viewed
?1
as a transformation function, transforming the inputs to the desired outputs. The purpose
of the design phase is to specify the components for this transformation function, so that
each component is also a transformation function. Hence, the basic output of the system
design phase, when a function oriented design approach is being followed, is the
definition of all the maor data structures in the system, all the maor modules of the
system, and how the modules interact with each other. +nce the designer is satisfied with
the design he has produced, the design is to be precisely specified in the form of a
document. To specify the design, specification languages are used. ,roducing the design
specification is the ultimate obective of the design phase. The purpose of this design
document is #uite different from that of the design notation. 4hereas a design
represented using the design notation is largely to be used by the designer, a design
specification has to be so precise and complete that it can be used as a basis of further
development by other programmers. Denerally, design specification uses textual
structures, with design notation helping in understanding.

DATA MODELING/
U30*3 )1D20
=ield Type 6onstraint
/ame 6har @1;A /ot /ull
0mp .d 6har @1;A ,rimary Vey
0mail .d 6har @1;A /ot /ull
,assword 6har @1;A /ot /ull
A+6.(
=ield Type 6onstraint
Jsername 6har @1;A /ot /ull
,assword 6har @1;A /ot /ull
P1)0.() )1D20
=ield Type 6onstraint
6ardUno 6har @1;A ,rimary key
/ame 6har @1;A /ot /ull
?8
Dender 6har @1;A /ot /ull
$ge /umeric /ot /ull
$ddress 6har @C;A /ot /ull
,hone /umeric /ot null
2elativeUname 6har @1;A /ot null
2elativeUaddress 6har@C;A /ot null
3epartment 6har @C;A /ot /ull
3octorUname 6har @1;A /ot null
Do-)o* M13)0*
=ield Type 6onstraint
3rUcode 6har @1;A /ot null
3rUname 6har @1;A /ot null
Demder 6har @1;A /ot null
3ateUofUbirth 3ate /ot null
$ddress 6har @1;A /ot null
3ateUofUoin 3ate /ot null
3esgination /ot null
B0+M+0)1.23
=ield Type 6onstraint
>edUno 6har@1;A /ot null
Satus 6har@1;A /ot null
OPDM613)0*
=ield Type 6onstraint
/ame 6har @1;A /ot /ull
6ardUno 6har @1;A ,rimary key
,atientUname 6har @1;A /ot null
Dender 6har @1;A /ot null
$ge /umeric /ot null
$ddress 6har@C;A /ot null
,hone /umeric /ot null
2elUname 6har @1;A /ot /ull
3ate 3ate /ot null
3rUunit 6har @1;A /ot null
3ays 6har@C;A /ot null
3epUname 6har @1;A /ot null
?9
T03)M+0)1.23
=ield Type 6onstraint
2eceiptUno 6har@1;A ,rimary key
,atientUid 6har @1;A /ot null
/ame 6har @1;A /ot null
3ate 3ate /ot null
2eport 6har @C;A /ot null
T03)M613)0*
=ield Type 6onstraint
TestUcode 6har@1;A /ot null
TestUtest 6har@1;A /ot null
2ateUperUtest 6har @1;A /ot null
F00+D1-<
=ield Type 6onstraint
/ame 6har @1;A /ot /ull
0mail .d 6har @1;A /ot /ull
,hone 6har @1;A /ot /ull
State 6har @1;A /ot null
6omment 6har @C;A /ot null
SCHEDULING/
Scheduling of a software proect does not differ greatly from scheduling of any multi*
task engineering effort. Therefore, generali-ed proect scheduling tools and techni#ues
can be applied with little modification to software proects.
,rogram evaluation and review techni#ue @,02TA and critical path method @6,MA are
two proect scheduling methods that can be applied to software development. >oth
techni#ues are driven by information already developed in earlier proect planning
activities.
?C
E3).61)03 o; E;;o*)
$ decomposition of the product function.
The selection of the appropriate process model and task set.
3ecomposition of tasks.
.nterdependencies among tasks may be defined using a task network. Tasks, sometimes
called the proect 4ork >reakdown Structure @4>SA are defined for the product as a
whole or for individual functions.
>oth ,02T and 6,M provide #uantitative tools that allow the software planner to @5A
determine the critical path*the chain of tasks that determines the duration of the proectO
@<A establish Imost likelyI time estimates for individual tasks by applying statistical
modelsO and @1A calculate Iboundary timesI that define a time windowI for a particular
task.
>oundary time calculations can be very useful in software proect scheduling. Slippage in
the design of one function, for example, can retard further development of other
functions. .t describes important boundary times that may be discerned from a ,02T or
6,M networkE @.A the earliest time that a task can begin when preceding tasks are
completed in the shortest possible time, @<A the latest time for task initiation before the
minimum proect completion time is delayed, @1A the earliest finish*the sum of the earliest
start and the task duration, @8A the latest finish* the latest start time added to task duration,
and @9A the total float*the amount of surplus time or leeway allowed in scheduling tasks
so that the network critical path maintained on schedule. >oundary time calculations lead
to a determination of critical path and provide the manager with a #uantitative method for
evaluating progress as tasks are completed.
>oth ,02T and 6,M have been implemented in a wide variety of automated tools that
are available for the personal computer. Such tools are easy to use and take the
scheduling methods described previously available to every software proect manager.
??
?B
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I(+0A.E34
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Ltd alignPIleftIMLh< alignPIustifyI classPIstyle5<IMHospital are the essential part of our lives,
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581
Co+0 E;;.-.0(-7/
2eviewing of 6ode efficiency for a module is carried out after the module is successfully
compiled and all the syntax errors eliminated. 6ode efficiency review is extremely cost*
effective strategies for reduction in coding errors in order to produce high #uality code.
/ormally, two types of efficiency are carried out on the code of a module * code
optimi-ation and code inspection. The procedure and final obective of these two
efficiency techni#ues are very different as discussed below.
O4).6.N1).o( o; Co+0/
6ode optimi-ation is an informal code analysis techni#ue. .n this techni#ue, after a
module has been coded, it is successfully compiled and all syntax errors are eliminated.
Some members of the development team are given the code a few days before the
optimi-ation meeting to read and understand the code. 0ach member selects some test
cases and simulates execution of the code by hand @i.e. trace execution through each
statement and function executionA. The main obectives of the optimi-ation are to
discover the algorithmic and logical errors in the code. The members note down their
findings to discuss these in a optimi-ation meeting where the coder of the module is also
present.
0ven though a code optimi-ation is an informal analysis techni#ue, several guidelines
have evolved over the years for making this na`ve techni#ue more effective and useful.
+f course, these guidelines are based on personal experience, common sense, and several
subective factors. Therefore are based on personal experience, common sense, and
several subective factors. Therefore, guidelines should be considered as examples rather
than as rules to be applied dogmatically. Some of these guidelines are the followingE
The team performing the code optimi-ation should not be either too big or too small.
.deally, it should consist of three to seven members.

588
CHAPTER ' %
TESTING PHASE
+ne of the purposes of the testing is to validate and verify the system. )erification means
checking the system to ensure that it is doing what the function is supposed to do and
)alidation means checking to ensure that system is doing what the user wants it to do.
/o program or system design is perfectO communication between the user and the
designer is not always complete or clear, and time is usually short. The result is errors
and more errors. Theoretically, a newly designed system should have all the pieces in
working order, but in reality, each piece works independently. /ow is the time to put all
the pieces into one system and test it to determine whether it meets the userFs
re#uirements. This is the best chance to detect and correct errors before the system is
implemented. The purpose of system testing is to consider all the likely variations to
which it will be subected and then push the system to its limits. .f we implement the
system without proper testing then it might cause the problems.
5. 6ommunication between the user and the designer.
<. The programmerFs ability to generate a code that reflects exactly the system
specification.
1. The time frame for the design.
Theoretically, a new designed system should have all the pieces in working order, but in
reality, each piece works independently. /ow is the time to put all the pieces into one
system and test it to determine whether it meets the re#uirements of the user. The process
of system testing and the steps taken to validate and prepare a system for final
implementation areE
589
LEVELS OF TESTING/
TB0 +.;;0*0() )7403 o; )03).(5 1*0 13 ;o22o:3/

1. U(.) T03).(5/

This is the smallest testable unit of a computer system and is normally tested using
the white box testing. The author of the programs usually carries out unit tests.
2. I()05*1).o( T03).(5/

.n integration testing, the different units of the system are integrated together to form the
complete system and this type of testing checks the system as whole to ensure that it is
doing what is supposed to do. The testing of an integrated system can be carried out top*
down, bottom*up, or big*bang. .n this type of testing, some parts will be tested with white
box testing and some with black box testing techni#ues. This type of testing plays very
important role in increasing the systems productivity. 4e have checked our system by
using the integration testing techni#ues.
58C
UNIT TESTING
VALIDATION
INTREGRATION
N
SYSTEM
3. S73)06 T03).(5/

$ part from testing the system to validate the functionality of software against the
re#uirements, it is also necessary to test the non*functional aspect of the system. Some
examples of non*functional tools include tests to check performance, data security,
usabilityHuser friendliness, volume, loadHstress that we have used in our proect to test the
various modules.
S73)06 )03).(5 -o(3.3)3 o; )B0 ;o22o:.(5 3)043/
5. ,rogram@sA testing.
<. String testing.
1. System testing.
8. System documentation.
9. Jser acceptance testing.
!. F.02+ T03).(5/
This is a special type of testing that may be very important in some proects. Here the
system is tested in the actual operational surroundings. The interfaces with other systems
and the real world are checked. This type of testing is very rarely used. So far our proect
is concerned, we havenFt tested our proect using the field testing.
5. A--04)1(-0 T03).(5/
$fter the developer has completed all rounds of testing and he is satisfied with the
system, then the user takes over and re*tests the system from his point of view to udge
whether it is acceptable according to some previously identified criteria. This is almost
always a tricky situation in the proect because of the inherent conflict between the
developer and the user. .n this proect, it is the ob of the bookstores to check the system
that whether the made system fulfills the goals or not.
58?
WB7 S73)06 T03).(5L
Testing is vital to the success of the system. System testing makes a logical assumption
that if all the parts of the system are correct, the goal will be successfully achieved.
.nade#uate testing results in two types of problemsE
5. The time lag between the cause and the appearance of the problem.
<. The effect of system errors on the files and records within the system.
$nother reason for system testing is its utility as a user*oriented vehicle before
implementation.
A-).@.)7 N0):o*< ;o* S73)06 T03).(5
The test plan entails the following activitiesE
5. ,repare test plan.
<. Specify conditions for user acceptance testing.
1. ,repare test data for program testing.
8. ,repare test data for transaction path testing.
9. ,lan user training.
C. 6ompileHassemble programs.
?. ,repare ob performance aids.
B. ,repare operational documents.
P*041*0 T03)
$ workable test plan must be prepared in accordance with established design
specifications. .t includes the following itemsE
Y +utputs expected from the system.
Y 6riteria for evaluating outputs.
Y $ volume of test data.
Y ,rocedure for using test data.
Y ,ersonnel and training re#uirements.
58B
S40-.;7 Co(+.).o(3 ;o* U30* A--04)1(-0 T03).(5
,lanning for user acceptance testing calls for the analyst and the user to agree on
conditions for the test.
P*041*0 T03) D1)1 ;o* P*o5*16 T03).(5
$s each program is coded, test data are prepared and documented to ensure that all
aspects of the program are properly tested.
P*041*0 T03) D1)1 ;o* T*1(31-).o( P1)B T03).(5
This activity develops the data re#uired for testing every condition and transactions to be
introduced into the system. The path of each transaction from origin to destination is
carefully tested reliable results.
P21( U30* T*1.(.(5
Jser training is designed to prepare the user for testing and converting the system. Jser
involvement and training take place parallel with programming for three reasonsE
Y The system group has time available to spend on training while the programs are
being written.
Y .nitiating a user*training program gives the systems group a clearer image of the
userFs interest in the new system.
Y $ trained user participates more effectively in system testing.
The training plan is followed by preparation of the user training manual and other text
materials.
Co64.20 G A3306D20 P*o5*163
$ll programs have to be compiled H assembled for testing.
P*041*0 JoD P0*;o*61(-0 A.+3
58:
.n this activity the materials to be used by personnel to run the system are specified and
scheduled. This includes a display of materials.
P*041*0 O40*1).o(12 Do-,60()3
3uring the test plan stage, all operational documents are finali-ed including copies of the
operational formats re#uired by the candidate system.
S73)063 )03).(5
The computer department to ensure that the system functions as specified does this testing. This
testing is important to ensure that a working system is handed over to the user for acceptance
testing.
A--04)1(-0 )03).(5.
The user to ensure that the system functions, as the user actually wanted performs this testing.
4ith prototyping techni#ues, this stage becomes very much a formality to check the accuracy
and completeness of processing. The screen layouts and output should already have been
tested during the prototyping phase.
$n error in the program code can remain undetected indefinitely. To prevent this from
happening the code was tested at various levels. To successfully test a system, each
condition, and combinations of conditions had to be tested. 0ach program was tested
and linked to other programs. This unit of program is tested and linked to other units and
so on until the complete system has been tested.
The purpose of testing is to ensure that each program is fully tested. To do so a test plan
had to be created. The test plan consists of a number of test runs such as the valid paths
through the code, and the exception and error handling paths. =or each test run there is a
list of conditions tested, the test data used and the result expected. The test plan was
then reviewed to check that each path through the code is tested correctly. .t is the
59;
responsibility of the programmer to collect the data that will produce the re#uired test
condition.
VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION JV&VK/
The obectives of verification, validity activities are to assess and improve the #uality of
the work products generated during development and modification of the software.
&uality depends upon the various attributes like correctness, completeness, consistency,
reliability, usefulness, usability, efficiency and conformance to standards.
The terms verification and validation are used synonymously. These are defined as
underE *
)erificationE S$re we building the product rightZT
)alidationE S$re we building the right productZT
)erification activities include proving, testing, and reviews. )alidation is the process of
evaluating software at the end of the software development to ensure compliance with the
software re#uirements. Testing is a common method of validation. 6learly, for high
reliability we need to perform both activities. Together, they are often called )&)
activities.
The maor )&) activities for software development are inspection, reviews, and testing
@both static and dynamicA. The )&) plan identifies the different )&) tasks for the
different phases and specifies how these tasks contribute to the proect )&) goals. The
methods to be used for performing these )&) activities, the responsibilities and
milestones for each of these activities, inputs and outputs for each )&) task, and criteria
for evaluating the outputs are also specified.
595
The two maor )&) approaches are testing and inspections. Testing is an activity that
can be generally performed only on code. .t is an important activity and is discussed in
detail in a later chapter. .nspection is a more general activity that can be applied to any
work product, including code. Many of the )&) tasks are such that for them, an
inspection type of activity is the only possible way to perform the tasks @e.g. trace ability
and document evaluationA. 3ue to this, inspections play a significant role in verification.
59<
$. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
System .mplementation Maintenance and 2eview
$s we know, creating software is one thing and the implementation of the created
software is another. The process of implementing software is much difficult as compared
to the task of creating the proect. =irst we have to implement the software on a small
scale for removing the bugs and other errors in the proect and after removing them we
can implement the software on a large scale. >efore we think in terms of implementing
the Software on a large basis, we must consider the Hardware re#uirements.
4henever we develop software or proect a certain hardware and software is being used
by the programmer for developing the proect. The hardware and software to be used by
the programmer for developing the proect should be such that it would result in the
development of a proect, which would satisfy all the basic needs for which the proect
has been created by the programmer. The Hardware should be such that cost constraints
of the 6lient should also be taken into account without affecting the performance.
HARDWARE EVALUATION FACTORS/
4hen we evaluate computer hardware, we should first investigate specific physical and
performance characteristics for each hardware component to be ac#uired. These specific
#uestions must be answered concerning many important factors. These hardware evaluation
factors #uestions are summari-ed in the below figure.
/otice that there is much more to evaluating hardware than determining the fastest and
cheapest computing device. =or e.g. the #uestion of possible obsolescence must be addressed
by making a technology evaluation. The factor of ergonomics is also very important.
0rgonomics is the science and technology that tries to ensure that computers and other
technologies are Iuser*friendlyI, that is safe, comfortable and easy to use. #onnectivity is
591
another important evaluation factor, since so many computer systems are now interconnected
within wide area or local area telecommunications networks.
HARDWARE EVALUATION FACTORS/
5A ,erformance
<A 6ost
1A 2eliability
8A $vailability
9A 6ompatibility
CA Modularity
?A Technology
BA 0rgonomics
:A 6onnectivity
5;A0nvironmental re#uirements
55ASoftware
5<ASupport
SOFTWARE EVALUATION FACTORS/
Software can be evaluated according to many factors similar to the hardware
evaluation. Thus the factors of performance8 cost8 reliability8 compatibility8 modularity8
technology8 ergonomics8 and support should be used to evaluate proposed software
ac#uisitions. .n addition, however, the software evaluation factors are summari-ed in
below figure. =or e.g. some software packages re#uire too much memory capacity and
are notoriously slow, hard to use, or poorly documented. They are not a good selection
for most end users, even if offered at attractive prices.
5A 0fficiencyE is the software a well*written system of computer instructions that does
not use much memory capacity or 6,J timeZ
598
<A =lexibilityE can it handle its processing assignments easily without maor
modificationsZ
1A SecurityE does it provide control procedures for errors, malfunctions and improper useZ
8A 'anguageE do our computer programmers and users write it in a programming
language that is usedZ
9A 3ocumentationE is the sHw well documentedZ 3oes it include helpful user instructionsZ
CA HardwareE does existing hardware have the features re#uired to best use this softwareZ
?A +ther characteristics of hardware such as its performance, what about the cost, how
much is reliable and etc.
599
%. SECURITY MEASURES
Security ,erformed .n H+S,.T$'Management System
Jser /ame & ,assword security implemented so that no unauthorised person
can handle any operation without username and ,assword.
+nly authori-ed person can log*on the system.
+nly authori-ed person can update the records.
+nly authori-ed person can handle the reservation.
+nly authori-ed person can print the report.
.t has two kinds of usersE
5. $dministrator
<. Jser5
A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ He has complete authority @2ead, $dd, ModifyA of operating the
software. The Jser /ame and ,assword provided to the $dministrator in this proect isE
Jser .dE $dmin
,asswordE admin5<1
U30*1/ 4hen this user logs onto the system, he can only view information and other
reports. He can generate different reports.
Jser .dE Jser5
,asswordE user5<1
59C
". FURTHER SCOPE OF THE APPLICATION
5. Though maximum efforts have been put in to make this report authentic in all aspects
and to take all necessary presentation to ensure that the information gathered is true,
some uncomfortable factors may have crept in.
<. Some of the respondents were reluctant to part with certain information on the pretext
of the sensitivity of the information. $lso some facts of figures were not divulged as
the company policy came in the way for free revelation of the desired input.
1. $n element of bias might have crept in from the side of the official interviewed. This
could also have resulted in some kind of modification of the information divulged.
8. Through an attempt was make to collect information from the
best possible source in the company, it was difficult to meet the top officials due to
their busy schedules.
9. Most of the analysis and interpretations, made for this report, are based on secondary
data obtained. This data could have some inherent mistakes and errors.
C. =inally, although due care has been taken those can be typing and compilation errors
in the report itself.
The tasks specified were not well defined because nothing was mentioned regarding
validations in the proect. Though we gave maximum effort to check the software with
different validation tests, a few of them might be present in this version.
3ue to limited time available survey could not be undertaken for intended <;
consumers and thus had to be limited to 5;.
6ommunication gaps exist between employees and management, as seniors donFt
share problem with subordinates resulting in violation of psychological contract.
,oor rewarding system@slowA
,oor working conditions
59?
The limitations may be many and the magnitude of the influence of these limiting factors
may have a bearing on the report, but it in no way alters the ultimate aim of the proect
and because itFs highly JS02 =2.0/3'%, it would be the choice of all kinds of
personnel.
59B
1&. CONCLUSIONS
This proect has been a rewarding experience in more than one way. The entire proect
work has enlightened us in the following areas.
aA 4e have gained an insight into the working of the H+S,.T$'. This represents
a typical real world situation.
bA +ur understanding of database design has been strengthened this is because in
order to generate the final reports of database designing has to be properly followed.
cA Scheduling a proect and adhering to that schedule creates a strong sense of time
management.
dA Sense of teamwork has developed and confidence of handling real life proect
has increased to a great extent.
eA .nitially, there were problem with the validation but with discussions, we were
to implement validations.
59:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
O1P Herbert Scheldt, J1@1 Co6420)0 R0;0*0(-0, =ifth 0dition, Tata McDraw Hill
0dition.
O2P ,hil Hanna, JSP 2.&E The 6omplete 2eference, Tata McDraw Hill 0dition, <;;1.
O3P 0lmarsi and /avathe, F,(+160()123 o; D1)1D130 S73)06 @Third 0ditionA, $ddision
4esley.
O!P .an Somerville, So;):1*0 E(5.(00*.(5, Third 0dition, ,earson 0ducation.
O#P $li >ahrami, ODE0-)9O*.0()0+ S73)06 D0@02o460(), Third 0dition, Tata McDraw
Hill 0dition.
OP .van >ayross, S?LC PLGS?L 4*o5*166.(5 21(5,150 o; O*1-20C Second 0dition,
>,> ,ublication.
WEB REFERENCES
O1P :::.5oo520.-o6
O2P :::.B)62-o+0),)o*.12.-o6

5C;