Performance Analysis On Modulation Techniques in WCDMA On Basis of BER Performance

I nternational J ournal of Engineering Trends and Technology (I J ETT) Volume 4 I ssue 8- August 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3665

Performance Analysis on Modulation Techniques
in WCDMA on basis of BER performance

Ms.Kavita Swarnakar
#1
, Mrs. Rashmi Pant
*2
,
#
Research Scholar, M.E Electronics & communication department.Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain,M.P. INDIA,
Associate Prof. Electronics & communication department Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain,M.P. INDIA

Abstract Typically the objective of a digital
communication system is to transport digital data
between two or more nodes.Recently, a global third
generation cellular system based on W-CDMA is being
developed with a wider bandwidth than existing second
generation system. The Diversity Receiver instead of
completely eliminating multipath uses techniques to
effectively utilize multipath to produce the desired
signal. This paper proposes Performance Analysis on
Modulation Techniques in W-CDMA on basis of BER
performance. We are going to compare between
different modulation techniques such as
BPSK,QPSK,M-ary-QAM.By implementing the
different modulation techniques, we analyze that the
variation of BER for different SNR. Proposing aim of
the study are- 1) Design and Implementation of
Diversity Receiver 2)To achieve higher data rate and
also which one has higher BER.

Keywords Diversity receiver, Multipath Rayleigh fading,
W-CDMA, BER, SNR, PSK, Mary-QAM.

I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Communication has made a huge leap
since its first commercial service. In the wireless
communication, transmitted signals arrive at the
receiver via a direct, unobstructed path or via
multiple paths from the reflection, diffraction and
scattering of surrounding objects such as buildings
and trees. This multipath propagation causes the
signal at the receiver to distort and fade
significantly leading to inter-symbol interference
(ISI). A Conventional CDMA Receiver ignores the
multipath component and concentrates on the direct
line of sights components. As Customer Demand
for wireless communication continues to grow. We
got third generation (3G) cellular mobile
communication systems are being capable to
provide flexible voice and multi data service. In
America the second generation system (2G) DS-
CDMA standard IS-95 is being used as a basis for
third generation system (3G) with wider bandwidth.
Wideband Code Division multiple Access (W-
CDMA) is being used by Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS) as platform of
the 3rd generation cellular communication system.
The purpose of this paper to design and
implementation of Diversity Receiver in wireless
communication and to achieve a higher data rate.
This paper concentrates on PSK modulation
techniques in which a finite number of phases are
used to represent digital data. Digital modulation
schemes have greater capacity to convey large
amounts of information than analog modulation
schemes. Thus, we need suitable modulation
technique and error correction mechanism to be
used in W-CDMA system. In cellular system,
different users have different channel qualities in
terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to
differences in distance to the base station, fading
and interference. W-CDMA systems can employ
the high order modulation (8PSK or M-QAM) to
increase the transmission data rate with the link
quality control. The comparative bit error rate
performance of different PSK based modulation
techniques under multi path fading is studied to get
best results by removing obstacles and reflectors in
wireless propagation channel. In order to mitigate
the multipath fading a diversity receiver is used in
the W-CDMA systems. The Diversity receiver uses
the maximum ratio combining and multiuser
interference suppression to get a considerable


increase in performance and analysis of W-CDMA
system. Multipath fading is one of the major
practical concerns in wireless communications. The
Diversity Receiver has been used to reduce the
multipath fading in W-CDMA system. In order to
mitigate the multipath fading a diversity receiver is
used in the W-CDMA systems in which
considerable gain is achieves by the combination of
multipath signal with the different delays. Finally
we will see that in our proposing work Diversity
Receiver is better performer The performance of
WCDMA system shows that QAM modulation
technique has a higher data rate performance
compared to that of BPSK and QPSK.

II. MODULATION SCHEMES

a) Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

BPSK is the simplest form of phase shift keying
(PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by
180 and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not
particularly matter exactly where the constellation
points are positioned, and in this figure they are
shown on the real axis, at 0 and 180.This
modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since
it takes the highest level of noise or distortion to
make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision.
It is, however, only able to modulate at 1 bit/symbol
(as seen in the fig3.1) and so is unsuitable for high
data-rate applications. The general form for BPSK
follows the equation:

Sn(t)=2Eb/TbCos(2fct+(1-n)),n=0,1--
(1)

b) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

QPSK is one example of M-ary PSK modulation
technique (M = 4) where it transmits 2 bits per
symbol. The phase carrier takes on one of four
equally spaced values, such as 0, /2, and 3/2,
where each value of phase corresponds to a unique
pair of message bits. The implementation of QPSK
is more general than that of BPSK and also
indicates the implementation of higher-order PSK.
Writing the symbols in the constellation diagram in
terms of the sine and cosine waves used to transmit
them.
S
qpsk
(t) ={E Cos[(i-1)/2]
1
(t) - E Sin[(i-1)
2
(t)} (2)

c) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is both
an analog and a digital modulation scheme. It
conveys two analog message signals, or two digital
bit streams, by changing (modulating) the
amplitudes of two carrier waves, using the
amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation
scheme or amplitude modulation (AM) analog
modulation scheme. The two carrier waves, usually
sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by 90
and are thus called quadrature carriers or quadrature
components The modulated waves are summed, and
the resulting waveform is a combination of both
phase-shift keying (PSK) and amplitude-shift
keying (ASK), or (in the analog case) of phase
modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation.The
general form of an M-ary signal can be defined as:

S
n
(t)= 2E
min
/T
s
a
i
Cos(2f
c
t)+ 2E
min
/T
s
b
i
sin(2f
c
t)

0tT and i=1,2,3M (3)

where Emin is the energy of the signal with the
lowest amplitude and ai and bi are a pair of
independent integers chosen according to the
location of the particular signal point. Theoretically,
higher order of M-ary QAM enables data to be
transmitted in a much smaller spectrum. However,
the symbols are easily subjected to errors due to
noise and interference because the symbols are
located very closed together in the constellation
diagram.

III.SYSTEM MODEL

In the previous time single user detection methods
have been developed which model interference in a
similar way after that proposed a W-CDMA
receiver. In W-CDMA system many user transmit
information simultaneously. In W-CDMA system
each user has a unique code because of it is known
as code division multiple access techniques. User
sends many information in the form of images, data


message, audio, video etc. The communication
system shown as:

Fig -system model

In DS-Spread Spectrum, each user is assigned a
unique Walsh code and transmitted data is
multiplied by its corresponding spreading code.
Modulated data through the spread code occupies
more bandwidth than transmitted data.One of the
most important limitations in the field of digital
communications is channel capacity. Cause of this,
many methods has been designed to goal the usage
of a channel in the most efficient way. For cellular
mobile communications the most relevant method
is multiple accesses techniques. This method allows
us to transmit and receive information from
different sources through the same channel. So,
many users can communicate using the same
channel. Some of the multiple access methods are
Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA),
Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), and
Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA). There are
two types of CDMA. The first is Frequency-Hopping
(FH-CDMA), and the second is direct sequence (DS-
CDMA). Each users data sequence is first modulated
using QPSK modulation which is then used to spread the
QPSK-modulated signal using direct sequence CDMA
(DS-CDMA).The channel is assumed to corrupt the
signal by the addition of white Gaussian noise as
therefore the transmitted signal, white Gaussian noise
and received signal are expressed by the following
equation with s(t),n(t) and r(t) representing those signals
respectively[8]:

nm
f = N
0
[W/H
Z
] (4)

Where N0 is a constant and called the noise power
density.
Each users data sequence is first modulated using
QPSK modulation. The transmitted signal of user k can
be expressed as,

x
k
(t) = (i)
,i
(t-IT) (5)

Where E
k
is the average symbol energy and T is
symbol duration.
In simulating multipath fading environment, only the
relative signal level and relative delay time of the
delayed waves need to be given in comparison with the
direct wave.

The spreading waveform for the k
th
user,

a
k, i
(t) = (j) p(t-jT
C
) (6)

The received signal can be obtained as,

r(t) (t- ) + (t-Tl)+n(t)
(7))

After mapping the sequence code takes the form
c(t) p(t-kT
C
),

0 NT
c
(8)

With c
k =
+1,-1 and p(t) is a rectangular pulse of
duration T
c
and unit amplitude
IV. PROPOSED W-CDMA SYSTEM MODEL
A Diversity receiver to resolve multipath component
signals that have different path delays. Each multipath
has a different distortion, diffraction, scattering,
reflection etc that is mainly caused by the Rayleigh
fading, AWGN, and the frequency offset between the
source and the destination site. Therefore, the received
signal should undergo phase alignment and frequency
offset alignment specific to the multipath as well as the
despreading process. A power channel estimator
measures the signal power of the multipath to determine
if it is strong enough to be considerable. The deskewer
compensates individual multipath delays. After these
processes the multipath path signals are combined to
recover the desired data .Let h
p
(t) be the (physical)
multipath channel impulse response. Channel models


proposed by IEEE 802.15.3a Task Group [28, 52] are
based on the famous multipath Saleh-Valenzuela model
[58], in which the multipath components arrive at the
receiver in clusters,
x i, n (9)

Transmitter model

Receiver model

The most well-known approach to deal with multipath
wireless channels is to use diversity receivers, as
implemented successfully in the traditional wideband
CDMA systems transmitted over a multipath channel
then the received signal is,

r(t) h(t-I t
F
) +n(t) (10)

Where n(t) is additive noise , h(t) is the composite
channel response h(t)= h
p
(t)*g(t).

h(t) g(t- ) (11)

x
i, n
(12)

(13)

h(t) g(t- ) (14)

(t) (15)

The Diversity receiver is a matched filter (the received
pulse is matched with a template that has the same
waveform) and therefore (with known channel
coefficients) optimum with respect to the BER
performance, and it also benefits from the fact that many
results in existing literature on Diversity receivers for
wireless communication systems e.g. WCDMA can still
apply. However, there are some serious practical issues
in this kind of receiver.

V. WALSH HADAMARD SEQUENCE

Basically for spreading data we used different types of
sequence so we have P-N sequence and Walsh
Hadmard sequence but in this paper for spreading data
and also for better orthogonally we used Walsh-
Hadamard sequence so that sequence also called
orthogonal code. For improving better efficiency we
used orthogonal function or Walsh-Hadmard Orthogonal
sequence. For generating Walsh-Hadmard sequence we
have NxN square matrix. To get the desired length of
Hadamard matrix can be generated by the following
manner-

Spreading sequence used for DS-CDMA system can be
represented by JxK matrices B
JK.
Where J is the number
of sequence and K is sequence code length. The code
sequence is known as orthogonal Sequence if, and only
if matrix B
JK
is orthogonal

B
JK
B
JK
T
= k I
M
(16)



Where k is the constant and B
JK
T
is transposition of
matrix B
JK
of order N and I
N
is the NxN unity matrix. In
the DS-CDMA system the number of chips per data
symbol is known as spreading factor (SF).
VI. MAXIMUM RATIO COMBINING (MRC)

In the field of wireless communication we have much
option to mitigate interference such as ISI, Equalizers
and diversity. Diversity is techniques that will reduce
amplitude fluctuation or fading mitigation. We have
many type of diversity such as Antenna diversity,
feedback diversity, Scanning diversity, Maximum ratio
combining, Equal gain combining, etc. MRC is the
optimist form of diversity combining cause of Maximum
ratio combining all the integration result of code
sequence by this we achieve better bit error ratio (BER)
and maximum signal to noise ratio (SNR).

In Maximum ratio combining all integrated multipath
components such as x
1
(t), x
2
(t), x
3
(t),. x
n
(t) So
whole of components are multiplied with complex
conjugate weighted
1
*
(t),
2
*
(t),
3
*
(t)
n
*
(t) of
channel characteristics. Then mathematical expression
of the MRC can be written as-

x
/
=

(17)

VII. PERFOMANCE ANALYSIS
The standard Gaussian approximation regarding fading
is used with a signal to noise ratio analysis to derive the
Bit error ratio for QPSK modulation and we have
specific weighted vector then the signal to noise ratio
at the output of the maximum ratio combiner can be
easily shown as:
SNR =
K
gg
k
/
K
k (18)
Power spectral density of total noise after that Bit Error
Ratio can be written as,
P
e
(d) =erfc(rootof( SNR(C)) (19)

VIII. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
QPSK modulation is a technique that will modulate the
transmitted signal and used for the simulations or spread
with the spreading code sequence. Channel noise is
generated and added to the multipath components.
Integration process can take place after the multipath
components is detected after that Maximum ratio
combining can be used for storing the integration results
here combining result of multipath components to send
for the decision bit device after all data is decoded and
probability of error is computed and simulation have run
with the Walsh-Hadamard sequence. Implementing the
different modulation techniques, the criterion is
comparison of the variation of BER for different SNR. It
is observed that the BER is minimum for AWGN and
maximum for Rayleigh and Rician. The performance of
WCDMA system in AWGN channel shows that QAM
modulation technique has a better performance
compared to that of BPSK and QPSK.It also shows that
QA
M
techn
ique
is
bette
r as
comp
ared
to
BPS
K
and
QPSK. Also, BPSK and QPSK suffers signal
degradation and error probed when the simulations are
done in these channels.

Table SNR Vs BER for BPSK/QPSK, 32QAM, 64 QAM

Bit Error Rate1
for BPSK/QPSK
Bit Error Rate2
for 32 QAM
Bit Error Rate3
for 64 QAM
SNR BER SNR BER SNR BER
0 0.1382 0 0.151 0 0.1714
2 0.0996 2 0.112 2 0.1474
4 0.0382 4 0.0502 4 0.093
6 0.0172 6 0.0216 6 0.0538
8 0.0034 8 0.0064 8 0.0184
10 0.0001 10 0.0003 10 0.0045


Fig SNR Vs BER for BPSK/QPSK, 32QAM, 64 QAM

Fig SNR Vs BER BPSK / QPSK, 256 QAM

SNR
BER BPSK/QPSK
BER 256 QAM
0 0.2968
0.3066
2 0.2682
0.2832
4 0.2318
0.2574
6 0.1876
0.215
8 0.159
0.1968
10 0.1292
0.1726
12 0.1144
0.168
14 0.0978
0.1522
16 0.0886
0.1402
18 0.0814
0.1388
20 0.0766
0.1318

Table SNR Vs BER BPSK / QPSK ,256 QAM

Fig SNR Vs BER 16 QAM, 32 QAM, 64 QAM


Table SNR Vs BER 16 QAM,32 QAM, 64 QAM

VI. CONCLUSION

Performance Analysis on Modulation Techniques in W-
CDMA on basis of BER performance as the spreading
code has been introduced. We found that diversity
receiver gives the better performance in respect of
system efficiency, SNR and BER performance.QPSK &
BPSK modulation technique performs poorly in W-
CDMA system.Thus, it is suggested that high data rate
modulation technique such as BPSK and QPSK needs an
error correction coding so that the interference from the
adjacent carrier phase in the constellation of BPSK and
QPSK can be eliminated if not minimized. It is seen that
higher-order modulations exhibit higher error-rates; in
exchange however they deliver a higher raw data-rate
for higher values of Eb / N0, the BER is decreasing in
all the fading channels for different modulation schemes.
The objective of this paper is to review the key
characteristics and salient features of the main digital
modulation schemes used, including consideration of the
receiver and transmitter requirements. So we have seen
that deliver higher data rate with higher modulation and
also seen that higher BER with lower modulation
techniques.

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16- QAM 32 QAM 64 QAM
SNR BER SNR BER SNR BER
0 0.3078 0 0.3078 0 0.3378
2 0.2554 2 0.02654 2 0.3018
4 0.2226 4 0.2226 4 0.2644
6 0.173 6 0.1864 6 0.2293
8 0.1422 8 0.1614 8 0.1938
10 0.1088 10 0.1358 10 0.169
12 0.0828 12 0.1112 12 0.1531
14 0.0694 14 0.096 14 0.1357
16 0.0628 16 0.095 16 0.1337
18 0.0554 18 0.084 18 0.1167
20 0.0472 20 0.0762 20 0.1121


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Performance Analysis On Modulation Techniques in WCDMA On Basis of BER Performance

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I nternational J ournal of Engineering Trends and Technology (I J ETT) Volume 4 I ssue 8- August 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3665

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