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Tropes are figures which change the typical meaning of a word or words Metaplasmic Figures figures which move the letters or syllables of words from their typical places Figures of Omission figures which omit something--eg. A word, words, phrases, or clauses from a sentence Figures of Repetition (clauses and ideas figures which repeat one or more words Figures of Thought a miscellaneous group of figures which deal with emotional appeals and techni#
Tropes are figures which change the typical meaning of a word or words Metaplasmic Figures figures which move the letters or syllables of words from their typical places Figures of Omission figures which omit something--eg. A word, words, phrases, or clauses from a sentence Figures of Repetition (clauses and ideas figures which repeat one or more words Figures of Thought a miscellaneous group of figures which deal with emotional appeals and techni#
Tropes are figures which change the typical meaning of a word or words Metaplasmic Figures figures which move the letters or syllables of words from their typical places Figures of Omission figures which omit something--eg. A word, words, phrases, or clauses from a sentence Figures of Repetition (clauses and ideas figures which repeat one or more words Figures of Thought a miscellaneous group of figures which deal with emotional appeals and techni#
Tropes figures which change the typical meaning of a word or words Metaplasmic Figures figures which move the letters or syllables of a word from their typical places Figures of Omission figures which omit something--eg. a word, words, phrases, or clauses--from a sentence Figures of Repetition (words figures which repeat one or more words Figures of Repetition (clauses and ideas figures which repeat a phrase, a clause or an idea Figures of !nusual "ord Order figures which alter the ordinary order of words or sentences Figures of Thought a miscellaneous group of figures which deal with emotional appeals and techni#ues of argument Figures of $ound figures which create images by means of repeating certain groups of sounds Tropes Definition Example metaphor the substitution of a word for a word whose meaning is close to the original word Poor broen glass, % often did behold& %n thy sweet semblance my old age new born...---The Rape of Lucrece,'()*-)+ personification representing an imaginary or absent person as spea,ing or acting- attributing life, speech or inanimate #ualities to dumb or inanimate ob.ects "ith how sad steps, O Moon, thou climb/st the s,ies,& 0ow silently, and with how wan a face1---Astrophil and Stella, 2' metonymy a noun is substituted for a noun in such a way that we substitute the cause of the thing of which we are spea,ing for the thing itself- this might be done in several ways3 substituting the inventor for his invention, the container for the thing contained or vice versa, an author for his wor,, the sign for the thing signified, the cause for the effect or vice versa % must comfort the wea,er vessel, as !oublet an! "ose ought to show itself courageous to petti#oat.---As You Like It, 4.5.6 synecdoche 7 figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole the whole for a part the specific for the general the general for the specific material for the thing from which it is made hand for sailor the law for police officer cutthroat for assassin thief for pickpocket steel for sword irony e8pressing a meaning directly contrary to that suggested by the words 0e was no notorious malefa#tor, but he had been twice on the pillory, and once burnt in the hand for trifling o$ersig"ts.---Direccions for Speech and Style parado8 a seemingly self contradictory statement, which yet is shown to be true For what the waves could never wash away& This proper youth has wasted in a day. o8ymoron a condensed parado8 at the level of a phrase O modest wantons1 wanton modesty1---The Rape of Lucrece, 59' anthimeria the substitution of one part of speech for another- for instance, an adverb for a noun or a noun for an adverb :ord 7ngelo !ues it well.--- Measure for Measure, 2.4.'99 litotes deliberate understatement or denial of the contrary 0e is no fool.---The Arte of English Poesie, '*5 hyperbole e8aggerated or e8travagant statement used to ma,e a strong impression, but not intended to be ta,en literally 0is legs bestrid the ocean, his rear/d arm& ;rested the world, his voice was propertied& 7s all the tuned spheres...---Antony and Cleopatra, ).4.*4 antonomasia The substitution of a personal name for a common noun to designate a member of a group or class calling a traitor a !enedict Arnold %etaplasmi# Figures Definition Example prosthesis addition of letters to the beginning of a word % all alone be&eep my outcast state.---$ha,espeare Sonnets, 4+ aphaersis omission of letters from the beginning of a word !se every man after his desert, and who should 's#ape whipping<---"a#let, 4.4.)6' epenthesis addition of letters to the middle of a word :ie blist/ring fore the $isitating sun.---T$o %o&le 'ins#en, '.'.'56 syncope omission of letters from the middle of a word Thou thy worldly tas, hast done,& 0ome art gone, and ta'en thy wages. Cy#&erline, 5.4.4)* paragoge addition of letters to the end of a word % can call spirits from the $asty deep.---"enry I() Part I, 2.'.)4 apocope omission of letters from the end of a word % am $ir Oracle,& 7nd when % ope my lips let no dog bar,1---The Merchant of (enice, '.'.+2 antisthecon substitution of a letter or sound for another within a word Or, ere they meet, in me, O nature, #esse1---All*s +ell That Ends +ell, ).2.() metathesis transposition of a letter out of its normal order in a word "ith liver burning hot. Fre$ent.---The Merry +i,es of +indsor, 4.'.'44 tmesis The separation of the parts of a compound word, now generally done for humorous effect. a&so-&loody-lutely fan-f...ing-tastic spoonerism 7 transposition of sounds of two or more words, especially a ludicrous one Let #e se$ you to your sheet for Let #e sho$ you to your seat/ Figures of Omission Definition Example ellipsis omission of a word 7nd he to =ngland shall along with you.--- "a#let, 2.2.' >eugma 7 construction in which a single word, especially a verb or an ad.ective, is applied to two or more nouns when its sense is "e took #y ad,ice and #y $allet "e lost his coat and his te#per appropriate to only one of them or to both in different ways aposiopesis stopping a sentence in midcourse so that the statement is unfinished 0e said you were, % dare not tell you plaine3& For words once out, never returne againe.--- The Arte of English Poesie) 012 Figures of Repetition (&or!s) Definition Example epi>eu8is emphatic repetition of a word with no other words between Reputation* reputation* reputation1 O1 % have lost my reputation.---3thello, 4.2.465 polyptoton repetition of the same word or root in different grammatical functions or forms ?isturb his hours of rest with restless trances,& 7fflict him in his be! with be!ri! groans-& :et there be#"an#e him pitiful mis#"an#es,& To ma,e him moan but pity not his moans.---The Rape of Lucrece, +(5-+(( antanaclasis repetition of a word, but in two different meanings "hoever hath her wish, thou has thy Will,& 7nd Will to boot, and Will in overplus---$ha,espeare Sonnets, '2) anaphora repetition of a word at the beginning of a clause, line, or sentence %a! world1 %a! ,ings1 %a! composition1---'ing 4ohn, 4.'.)6' epiphora repetition of a word at the end of a clause, line, or sentence %/ll have my bon!1& $pea, not against my bon!1& % have sworn an oath that % will have my bon!.---The Merchant of (enice, 2.2.5 epanalepsis repetition of the beginning at the end +loo! hath bought bloo!, and blo&s have answer/d blo&s3& Strengt" match/d with strengt", and po&er confronted po&er.---'ing 4ohn, 4.'.24+-29 anadiplosis repetition of the end of a line or clause at the ne8t beginning For % have loved long, % crave re&ar!& Re&ar! me not un,indly3 thin, on in!ness,& ,in!ness becommeth those of high regar!& Regar! with clemency a poor man/s blindness---5idessa, '6 pleonasm the needless repetition of words- a tautology on the level of a phrase $ober he seemde, and very sagely sad,& 7nd to the ground his eyes were lowly bent,& $imple in shew, and voyde of mali#e ba!...---The 5aerie 6ueene, @oo, ', '.4+ figura etymologica The repetition of a word/s root, involving different word categories (often, verbs A nouns Spea the spee#", % pray you ("a#let geminatio ?oubling of a word. Tiger* tiger, burning bright (@la,e tautotes Fre#uent repetition of a word O &on!erful, &on!erful, and most &on!erful& &on!erful1 7nd yet again &on!erful,& and after that, out of all hooping1 (As You Like It Figures of Repetition (#lauses an! i!eas) Definition Example au8esis arrangement of clauses or sentences in ascending order of importance I may* I must* I #an* I &ill* I !o& :eave following that which it is gain to miss.---Astrophil and Stella, 5( isocolon repetition of phrases or clauses of e#ual length % spea, $panish to Bod, %talian to women, French to and corresponding grammatical structure men, and Berman to my horse.---;harles C tautology needless repetition of the same idea in different words- pleonasm on the level of a sentence or sentences %f you have a friend, ,eep your friend, for an old friend is to be preferred before a new friend, this % say to you as your friend.---The 7arden of Elo8uence, 5+ chiasmus reversal of grammatical structures or ideas in sucessive phrases or clauses, which do not necessarily involve a repetition of words @ut O, what damned minutes tells he o/er& "ho !otes* yet !oubts- suspe#ts* yet strongly lo$es.--- 3thello, 2.2.'6+ antithesis repetition of clauses or idea by negation 7 bliss in proof- and prov/d, a very woe-& @efore, a .oy propos/d- behind a dream.---$ha,espeare Sonnets, '4+ periphrasis the replacement of a single word by several which together have the same meaning- a substitution of more words for less "hile memory holds a seat& %n this distracted globe...---"a#let, '.5.+6 Figures of Unusual .or! Or!er Definition Example 7nastrophe&inversion arrangement by reversal of ordinary word order, usually confined to the transposition of two words only Figures pedantical---Lo,e*s La&our*s Lost, ).4.59( hyperbaton departure from ordinary word order Det %/ll not shed her blood,& Eor scar that whiter s,in of hers than snow...---3thello, ).4.2 hysteron proteron reversal of temporal order My dame that bred me up and bare me in her wombe.---The Arte of English Poesie, '54 parenthesis a word, phrase, or sentence inserted as an aside in a sentence complete by itself @ut now my ?eere (for so lo$e maes me to #all you still)& That love % say, that luc,lesse love, that wor,s me all this ill.---The Arte of English Poesie, '5' asyn!eton !nusual omission of con.unctions O, what a noble mind is here o/erthrown& The courtier/s, soldier/s, scholar/s, eye, tongue, sword 9"a#let polysyn!eton !se of (unnecessarily many con.unctions "hen you are old and grey and full of sleep. (Deats Figures of T"oug"t Definition Example adynaton the impossibility of e8pressing oneself ade#uately to the topic "ords cannot convey how much your letters have delighted me.--- Ele#entoru# rhetorices li&ri, 55f aporia true or feigned doubt or deliberation about an issue "hether he too, them from his fellows more impudently, gave them to an harlot more lasciviously, removed them from the Roman people more wic,edly or altered them more presumptuously, % cannot well declare.--- The 7arden of Elo8uence, '9+ apostrophe a diversion of discourse from the topic at hand to addressing some person or thing, either present or absent "ithin a month...& $he married--O most wic,ed speed3 to post& "ith such de8terity to incestuous sheets...---"a#let, '.4.')2 Figures of Soun! Definition Example alliteration The repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables on scrolls of sil,er sno$y sentences (0art ;rane assonance Resemblance of sound, especially of the vowel sounds in words that dolphin-torn) that gong-tor#ented sea ("illiam @utler Deats onomatopoeia The formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the ob.ects or actions they refer to. &u:: or #ur#ur