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m
is the constant component of the normal stress.
The principal and maximum shear stresses follow immediately as :-
( 5)
max
=
m
+
a
( at
p
)
min
=
m
-
a
( at
p
- /2 )
max
=
a
( at
p
- /4 )
These relations are often expressed graphically via Mohr's
stress circle, in which
m
and
a
represent the circle's centre
location and radius respectively. The conventions require
that angles on the circle, reckoned from the X-radius, are
double the corresponding angles on the element (which are
measured from the x-reference), and in the opposite sense.
The reader should confirm that this construction satisfies
equation ( 4a).
This example demonstrates typical stress resolution using the simple trigonometry of
Mohr's circle rather than the formal resolution equations derived above. The example
also shows clearly the variation of stress components with orientation, , as predicetd
by ( 4a).
Page 3 of 5 DANotes: Stress etc: Resolution
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This script resolves the Cartesian components of a two-dimensional stress state into
the principal components.
It is important to remember that a stress-strain state is always essentially
three- dimensional, involving three principals. We have addressed only
resolution in two dimensions to obtain a single Mohr's circle involving the principals in
these two dimensions - however two other circles must exist relating these two
principals with the third.
As noted above the third (eg. automatic) principal is usually deduced from the nature of
the problem. Two common situations arise when the state is either one of :
plane stress :
If there is no stress orthogonal to the 1-2 resolution plane then
3
= 0
plane strain :
If there is no strain orthogonal to the 1-2 resolution plane then
3
= 0 and it
follows from ( 2) that
3
= (
1
+
2
)
Fig F completes the Mohr's circles for
the example above (Fig D) assuming that
the element is loaded in plane stress,
that is the three principals are ( -600, -
100, 0 ) MPa.
Fig G illustrates the three principals and
three Mohr's circles for a completely
unrelated stress state where two-
dimensional resolution happens to relate to the largest (3-2) circle and
1
is the
principal stress orthogonal to the resolution plane.
The outcome of stress resolution at an element must be a set of three principals - all
three must be known before the element's safety can finally be assessed by application
of an appropriate failure theory.
Strain resolution
Resolution of strain is generally unnecessary when assessing the safety of common
engineering components, however the following description is given for completeness.
If a material behaves in a linear elastic manner then the directions of principal strains
are identical to the directions of principal stresses, and all the preceding equations, and
Mohr's circles, may be expressed in strain terms - provided that everywhere in the
stress equations :
normal stress, , is replaced by normal strain, , and
shear stress, , is replaced by half the shear strain, ie. by /2.
Page 4 of 5 DANotes: Stress etc: Resolution
8/22/2008 http://www.mech.uwa.edu.au/DANotes/SSS/resolution/resolution.html
The strain analogues of the foregoing are therefore :-
( 3b)
m
=
1
/
2
(
x
+
y
) ;
a
=
1
/
2
[ (
x
-
y
)
2
+
xy
2
]
1/2
;
p
=
1
/
2
arctan [
xy
/
(
x
-
y
) ]
( 4b) =
m
+
a
cos 2 (
p
- ) ; /2 =
a
sin 2 (
p
- )
Experimentally, surface stresses are found from strain gauges attached to accessible
surfaces. It is useful therefore to be able to quickly interrelate stresses and strains for a
plane stress state, for which, since the principal stress and strain directions coincide, it
follows from ( 2) and ( 3) that :-
( 6) E
m
= ( 1 - )
m
; E
a
= ( 1 + )
a
which relate the centres and radii of the two circles. If these circles are drawn to scale,
and it is required that their circumferences coincide for ease of drawing, then it may be
shown that :
( 7) E $
= ( 1 + ) $
; ( 1 + ) C
= ( 1 - ) C
where
Although the use of scaled Mohr's circles is not necessarily advocated, it is strongly
recommended that the circles are at least sketched free-hand as an aid to interpretation
of the equations. It is important that skill is developed in visualising the interplay
between components and principals.
The following example demonstrates application of strain-to-stress transformation.
This example demonstrates application of strain-to-stress transformation.
Having established the stress state at a point in a component by evaluating the three
principals, we are now in a position to apply a failure theory which correlates this
state with the static strength(s) of the material and predicts the degree of safety at the
point in question.
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Copyright 1999-2005 Douglas Wright, doug@mech.uwa.edu.au
last updated May 2005
$
is the scale of the strain circle ( strain units/mm )
$
is the scale of the stress circle ( MPa/mm )
C
is the distance (mm) of the strain circle centre from the shear axis
C
is the distance (mm) of the stress circle centre from the shear axis
Page 5 of 5 DANotes: Stress etc: Resolution
8/22/2008 http://www.mech.uwa.edu.au/DANotes/SSS/resolution/resolution.html