California Department of Education English Language Development Standards For Grades 11-12

CaliforniaDepartmentofEducation
EnglishLanguageDevelopmentStandardsforGrades1112
CaliforniaEnglishLanguageDevelopmentStandardsforGrades1112October5,2012 1
Section1:Goal,CriticalPrinciples,andOverview
Goal:Englishlearnersread,analyze,interpret,andcreateavarietyofliteraryandinformationaltexttypes.Theydevelopanunderstandingofhowlanguageisa
complex,dynamic,andsocialresourceformakingmeaning,aswellashowcontentisorganizedindifferenttexttypesandacrossdisciplinesusingtextstructure,
languagefeatures,andvocabularydependingonpurposeandaudience.TheyareawarethatdifferentlanguagesandvariationsofEnglishexist,andtheyrecognizetheir
homelanguagesandculturesasresourcestovalueintheirownrightandalsotodrawuponinordertobuildproficiencyinEnglish.Englishlearnerscontributeactively
toclassandgroupdiscussions,askingquestions,respondingappropriately,andprovidingusefulfeedback.Theydemonstrateknowledgeofcontentthroughoral
presentations,writing,collaborativeconversations,andmultimedia.Theydevelopproficiencyinshiftinglanguageusebasedontask,purpose,audience,andtexttype.
CriticalPrinciplesforDevelopingLanguageandCognitioninAcademicContexts:WhileadvancingalongthecontinuumofEnglishlanguagedevelopmentlevels,English
learnersatalllevelsengageinintellectuallychallengingliteracy,disciplinary,anddisciplinaryliteracytasks.Theyuselanguageinmeaningfulandrelevantways
appropriatetogradelevel,contentarea,topic,purpose,audience,andtexttypeinEnglishlanguagearts,mathematics,science,socialstudies,andthearts.Specifically,
theyuselanguagetogainandexchangeinformationandideasinthreecommunicativemodes(collaborative,interpretive,andproductive),theyandapplyknowledge
oflanguagetoacademictasksviathreecrossmodelanguageprocesses(structuringcohesivetexts,expandingandenrichingideas,andconnectingandcondensing
ideas)usingvariouslinguisticresources.
PartI:InteractinginMeaningfulWays(page1of2) CorrespondingCommonCoreState
StandardsforEnglishLanguageArts*
A. Collaborative
1.Exchanginginformationandideaswithothersthroughoralcollaborativediscussionsonarangeofsocialandacademictopics SL.1112.1,6;L.1112.3,6
2.InteractingwithothersinwrittenEnglishinvariouscommunicativeforms(print,communicativetechnology,andmultimedia)
W.1112.6;WHST.1112.6;SL.1112.2;
L.1112.3,6
3.Offeringandjustifyingopinions,negotiatingwithandpersuadingothersincommunicativeexchanges W.1112.1;WHST.1112.1;
SL.1112.1,4,6;L.1112.3,6
4.Adaptinglanguagechoicestovariouscontexts(basedontask,purpose,audience,andtexttype)
W.1112.45;WHST.1112.45;SL.11
12.6;L.1112.1,3,6
B. Interpretive
5.ListeningactivelytospokenEnglishinarangeofsocialandacademiccontexts SL.1112.1,3,6;L.1112.1,3,6
6.Readingcloselyliteraryandinformationaltextsandviewingmultimediatodeterminehowmeaningisconveyedexplicitlyandimplicitly
throughlanguage
RL.1112.17,910;RI.1112.110;
RH.1112.110;RST.1112.110;SL.11
12.2;L.1112.1,3,6
7.Evaluatinghowwellwritersandspeakersuselanguagetosupportideasandargumentswithdetailsorevidencedependingonmodality,text
type,purpose,audience,topic,andcontentarea
RL.1112.45;RI.1112.4,6,8;
RH.1112.46,8;RST.1112.46,8;SL.11
12.3;L.1112.3,56
8.Analyzinghowwritersandspeakersusevocabularyandotherlanguageresourcesforspecificpurposes(toexplain,persuade,entertain,etc.)
dependingonmodality,texttype,purpose,audience,topic,andcontentarea
RL.1112.45;RI.1112.45;RH.1112.4
5;RST.1112.45;SL.1112.3;
L.1112.3,56
CaliforniaEnglishLanguageDevelopmentStandardsforGrades1112October5,2012 2
PartI:InteractinginMeaningfulWays(page2of2)
StandardsCorrespondingCommonCore
StateforEnglishLanguageArts*
C. Productive

9.Expressinginformationandideasinformaloralpresentationsonacademictopic SL.1112.46;L.1112.1,3
10.Writingliteraryandinformationaltextstopresent,describe,andexplainideasandinformation,usingappropriatetechnology
W.1112.110;WHST.1112.12,410;
L.1112.16
11.Justifyingownargumentsandevaluatingothersargumentsinwriting
W.1112.1,89;WHST.1112.1,89;
L.1112.13,6
12.Selectingandapplyingvariedandprecisevocabularyandlanguagestructurestoeffectivelyconveyideas
W.1112.45;WHST.1112.45;
SL.1112.4,6;L.1112.1,3,56
PartII:LearningAboutHowEnglishWorks
CorrespondingCommonCoreState
StandardsforEnglishLanguageArts*
A. StructuringCohesiveTexts
1.Understandingtextstructure RL.1112.5;RI.1112.5;RH.1112.5;
RST.1112.5;W.1112.15,10;
WHST.1112.12,45,10;SL.1112.4
2.Understandingcohesion
RI.1112.5;RH.1112.5;RST.1112.5;
W.1112.15,10;
WHST.1112.12,45,10;L.1112.1,36
B. ExpandingandEnrichingIdeas
3.Usingverbsandverbphrases
W.1112.5;WHST.1112.5;SL.1112.6;
L.1112.1,36
4.Usingnounsandnounphrases W.1112.5;WHST.1112.5;SL.1112.6;
L.1112.1,36
5.Modifyingtoadddetails W.1112.45;WHST.1112.45;
SL.1112.6;L.1112.1,36
C. ConnectingandCondensingIdeas
6.Connectingideas W.1112.15;WHST.1112.12,45;
SL.1112.4,6;L.1112.1,36
7.Condensingideas W.1112.15;WHST.1112.12,45;
SL.1112.4,6;L.1112.1,36
PartIII:UsingFoundationalLiteracySkills RF.K1.14;RF.25.34(asappropriate)
*TheCaliforniaEnglishLanguageDevelopmentStandardscorrespondtoCaliforniasCommonCoreStateStandardsforEnglishLanguageArts(ELA)and,forgrades612,Literacyin
History/SocialStudies,Science,andTechnicalSubjects.EnglishlearnersshouldhavefullaccesstoandopportunitiestolearnELA,mathematics,science,history/socialstudies,andother
contentatthesametimetheyareprogressingtowardfullproficiencyinEnglish.
Note:Examplesprovidedinspecificstandardsareofferedonlyasillustrativepossibilitiesandshouldnotbemisinterpretedastheonlyobjectivesofinstructionorastheonlytypesof
languageEnglishlearnersmightorshouldbeabletounderstandorproduce.
CaliforniaEnglishLanguageDevelopmentStandardforGrades1112October3,2012 3
Section2:ElaborationonCriticalPrinciplesforDevelopingLanguage&CognitioninAcademicContexts
PartI:InteractinginMeaningfulWays
TextsandDiscourseinContext
EnglishLanguageDevelopmentLevelContinuum
PartI,strands14CorrespondingCommon
CoreStateStandardsforEnglishLanguage
Arts:
1. SL.1112.1,6;L.1112.3,6
2. W.1112.6;WHST.1112.6;SL.1112.2;
L.1112.3,6
3. W.1112.1;WHST.1112.1;
SL.1112.1,4,6;L.1112.3,6
4. W.1112.45;WHST.45;SL.1112.6;
L.1112.1,3,6
Purposesforusinglanguageinclude:
Describing,entertaining,informing,
interpreting,analyzing,recounting,
explaining,persuading,negotiating,
justifying,evaluating,etc.
Texttypesinclude:
Informationaltexttypesinclude:
descriptionsoraccounts(e.g.,scientific,
historical,economic,technical),recounts
(e.g.,biography,memoir),information
reports,explanations(e.g.,causal,factorial),
expositions(e.g.,speeches,opinionpieces,
argument,debate),responses(e.g.,literary
analysis),etc.
Literarytexttypesinclude:
stories(e.g.,historicalfiction,myths,
graphicnovels),poetry,drama,etc.
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
Smallgroup(onetogroup)
Wholegroup(onetomany)
A
.
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
(
p
a
g
e
o
f
2
)
Emerging
1.Exchanginginformation/ideas
Engageinconversationalexchanges
andexpressideasonfamiliarcurrent
eventsandacademictopicsbyasking
andansweringyesnoquestionsand
whquestionsandrespondingusing
phrasesandshortsentences.
2.InteractingviawrittenEnglish
Collaboratewithpeerstoengagein
short,gradeappropriatewritten
exchangesandwritingprojects,using
technologyasappropriate.
Expanding
Contributetoclass,group,andpartner
discussions,sustainingconversations
onavarietyofageandgrade
appropriateacademictopicsby
followingturntakingrules,askingand
answeringrelevant,ontopicquestions,
affirmingothers,providingadditional,
relevantinformation,andparaphrasing
keyideas.
Collaboratewithpeerstoengagein
increasinglycomplexgrade
appropriatewrittenexchangesand
writingprojects,usingtechnologyas
appropriate.
Bridging
Contributetoclass,group,andpartner
discussions,sustainingconversationson
avarietyofageandgradeappropriate
academictopicsbyfollowingturntaking
rules,askingandansweringrelevant,
ontopicquestions,affirmingothers,
andprovidingcoherentandwell
articulatedcommentsandadditional
information.
Collaboratewithpeerstoengageina
varietyofextendedwrittenexchanges
andcomplexgradeappropriatewriting
projects,usingtechnologyas
appropriate.
Arts:
1. SL.1112.1,6;L.1112.3,6
2. W.1112.6;WHST.1112.6;SL.1112.2;
L.1112.3,6
3. W.1112.1;WHST.1112.1;
SL.1112.1,4,6;L.1112.3,6
4. W.1112.45;WHST.45;SL.1112.6;
L.1112.1,3,6
Texttypesinclude:
reports,explanations(e.g.,causal,factorial),
analysis),etc.
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
A
.
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
(
p
a
g
e
o
f
2
)
Emerging
3.Supportingopinionsandpersuading
others
Negotiatewithorpersuadeothersin
conversations(e.g.,askforclarification
orrepetition)usinglearnedphrases
(e.g.,Couldyourepeatthatplease?I
believe...)andopenresponsesto
expressanddefendopinions.
4.Adaptinglanguagechoices
Adjustlanguagechoicesaccordingto
thecontext(e.g.,classroom,
community)andaudience(e.g.,peers,
teachers).
Expanding
others
Negotiatewithandpersuadeothers
(e.g.,bypresentingcounter
arguments)indiscussionsand
conversationsusinglearnedphrases
(e.g.,Youmakeavalidpointbutmy
viewis...)andopenresponsesto
expressanddefendnuancedopinions.
thecontext(e.g.,classroom,
community),purpose(e.g.,to
persuade,toprovideargumentsor
counterarguments),task,and
audience(e.g.,peers,teachers,guest
lecturer).
Bridging
others
Negotiatewithorpersuadeothersin
discussionsandconversationsin
appropriateregisters(e.g.,to
acknowledgenewinformationand
politelyofferacounterpoint)usinga
varietyoflearnedphrases(e.g.,You
postulatethatX.However,Ivereached
adifferentconclusiononthisissue.)and
openresponsestoexpressanddefend
nuancedopinions.
thetask(e.g.,grouppresentationof
researchproject),context(e.g.,
classroom,community),purpose(e.g.,
topersuade,toprovideargumentsor
counterarguments),andaudience(e.g.,
peers,teachers,collegerecruiter).
Arts:
5. SL.1112.1,3,6;L.1112.1,3,6
6. RL.1112.17,910;RI.1112.110;
RH.1112.110;RST.1112.110;
SL.1112.2;L.1112.1,3,6
7. RL.1112.45;RI.1112.4,6,8;
RH.1112.46,8;RST.1112.46,8;
SL.1112.3;L.1112.3,56
8. RL.1112.45;RI.1112.45;
RH.1112.45;RST.1112.45;
SL.1112.3;L.1112.3,56
Texttypesinclude:
reports,explanations(e.g.,causal,
factorial),expositions(e.g.,speeches,
opinionpieces,argument,debate),
responses(e.g.,literaryanalysis),etc.
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
B
.
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
i
v
e
(
p
a
g
e
o
f
2
)
Emerging
5.Listeningactively
Demonstratecomprehensionoforal
presentationsanddiscussionson
familiarsocialandacademictopicsby
askingandansweringquestionswith
promptingandsubstantialsupport.
6.Reading/viewingclosely
a)Explainideas,phenomena,processes,
andtextrelationships(e.g.,
compare/contrast,cause/effect,
evidencebasedargument)basedon
closereadingofavarietyofgrade
appropriatetexts,presentedinvarious
printandmultimediaformats,using
phrases,shortsentences,andaselect
setofgeneralacademicanddomain
specificwords.
b)Explaininferencesandconclusions
drawnfromclosereadingofgrade
appropriatetextsandviewingof
multimedia,usingfamiliarverbs(e.g.,
seemsthat).
c)Useknowledgeofmorphology(e.g.,
commonprefixesandsuffixes),context,
referencematerials,andvisualcuesto
determinethemeaningofunknownand
multiplemeaningwordsonfamiliar
topics.
Expanding
5.Listeningactively
presentationsanddiscussionsona
varietyofsocialandacademictopicsby
askingandansweringquestionsthat
showthoughtfulconsiderationofthe
ideasorargumentswithmoderate
support.
a)Explainideas,phenomena,
processes,andrelationshipswithinand
acrosstexts(e.g.,compare/contrast,
cause/effect,themes,evidencebased
argument)basedonclosereadingofa
varietyofgradeappropriatetexts,
presentedinvariousprintand
multimediaformats,usingincreasingly
detailedsentences,andarangeof
generalacademicanddomainspecific
words.
drawnfromclosereadingofgrade
appropriatetextsandviewingof
multimediausingavarietyofverbsand
adverbials(e.g.,indicatesthat,
suggests,asaresult).
affixes,GreekandLatinroots),context,
determinethemeaningofunknown
andmultiplemeaningwordson
familiarandnewtopics.
Bridging
5.Listeningactively
presentationsanddiscussionsona
varietyofsocialandacademictopicsby
askingandansweringdetailedand
complexquestionsthatshow
thoughtfulconsiderationoftheideasor
argumentswithlightsupport.
a)Explainideas,phenomena,
processes,andrelationshipswithinand
acrosstexts(e.g.,compare/contrast,
cause/effect,themes,evidencebased
argument)basedonclosereadingofa
varietyofgradeleveltexts,presented
invariousprintandmultimedia
formats,usingavarietyofdetailed
sentencesandprecisegeneralacademic
anddomainspecificwords.
drawnfromclosereadingofgradelevel
textsandviewingofmultimediausinga
varietyofverbsandadverbials(e.g.,
createstheimpressionthat,
consequently).
derivationalsuffixes),context,
determinethemeaning,including
figurativeandconnotativemeanings,of
unknownandmultiplemeaningwords
onavarietyofnewtopics.
Arts:
5. SL.1112.1,3,6;L.1112.1,3,6
6. RL.1112.17,910;RI.1112.110;
RH.1112.110;RST.1112.110;
SL.1112.2;L.1112.1,3,6
7. RL.1112.45;RI.1112.4,6,8;
RH.1112.46,8;RST.1112.46,8;
SL.1112.3;L.1112.3,56
8. RL.1112.45;RI.1112.45;
RH.1112.45;RST.1112.45;
SL.1112.3;L.1112.3,56
Texttypesinclude:
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
B
.
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
i
v
e
(
p
a
g
e
o
f
2
)
Emerging
7.Evaluatinglanguagechoices
Explainhowsuccessfullywritersand
speakersstructuretextsanduse
language(e.g.,specificwordorphrasing
choices)topersuadethereader(e.g.,by
providingevidencetosupportclaimsor
connectingpointsinanargument)or
createotherspecificeffects.
8.Analyzinglanguagechoices
Explainhowawritersorspeakers
choiceofphrasingorspecificwords
(e.g.,describingacharacteroractionas
aggressiveversusbold)produces
nuancesordifferenteffectsonthe
audience.
Expanding
language(e.g.,specificwordor
phrasingchoices)topersuadethe
reader(e.g.,byprovidingwellworded
evidencetosupportclaimsor
connectingpointsinanargumentin
specificways)orcreateotherspecific
effects,withmoderatesupport.
choiceofphrasingorspecificwords
(e.g.,usingfigurativelanguageorwords
withmultiplemeaningstodescribean
eventorcharacter)producesnuances
anddifferenteffectsontheaudience.
Bridging
language(e.g.,specificwordor
phrasingchoices)topersuadethe
reader(e.g.,byprovidingwellworded
evidencetosupportclaimsor
connectingpointsinanargumentin
specificways)orcreateotherspecific
effects,withlightsupport.
choiceofavarietyofdifferenttypesof
phrasingorwords(e.g.,hyperbole,
varyingconnotations,thecumulative
impactofwordchoices)produces
nuancesanddifferenteffectsonthe
audience.
Arts:
9. SL.1112.46;L.1112.1,3
10. W.1112.110;WHST.1112.12,410;
L.1112.16
11. W.1112.1,89;WHST.1112.1,89;L.11
12.13,6
12. W.1112.45;WHST.1112.45;SL.11
12.4,6;L.1112.1,3,56
interpreting,analyzing,recounting,explaining,
persuading,negotiating,justifying,evaluating,
etc.
Texttypesinclude:
historical,economic,technical),recounts(e.g.,
biography,memoir),informationreports,
explanations(e.g.,causal,factorial),
analysis),etc.
stories(e.g.,historicalfiction,myths,graphic
novels),poetry,drama,etc.
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
C
.
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
(
p
a
g
e
o
f
2
)
Emerging
9.Presenting
Plananddeliverbrieforal
presentationsandreportson
gradeappropriatetopicsthat
presentevidenceandfactsto
supportideas.
10.Writing
a)Writeshortliteraryand
informationaltexts(e.g.,an
argumentaboutfreespeech)
collaboratively(e.g.,withpeers)
andindependently.
b)Writebriefsummariesoftexts
andexperiencesusingcomplete
sentencesandkeywords(e.g.,
fromnotesorgraphicorganizers).
Expanding
9.Presenting
Plananddeliveravarietyoforal
presentationsandreportsongrade
appropriatetopicsthatpresent
evidenceandfactstosupportideas
usinggrowingunderstandingof
register.
10.Writing
a)Writelongerliteraryand
informationaltexts(e.g.,anargument
aboutfreespeech)collaboratively
(e.g.,withpeers)andindependently
usingappropriatetextorganization
andgrowingunderstandingofregister.
b)Writeincreasinglyconcise
summariesoftextsandexperiences
usingcompletesentencesandkey
words(e.g.,fromnotesorgraphic
organizers).
Bridging
9.Presenting
Plananddeliveravarietyoforal
presentationsandreportsongrade
appropriatetopicsthatexpresscomplex
andabstractideas,wellsupportedby
evidenceandreasoning,andaredelivered
usinganappropriatelevelofformalityand
understandingofregister.
10.Writing
a)Writelongerandmoredetailedliterary
andinformationaltexts(e.g.,anargument
aboutfreespeech)collaboratively(e.g.,
withpeers)andindependentlyusing
appropriatetextorganizationandregister.
b)Writeclearandcoherentsummariesof
textsandexperiencesusingcompleteand
concisesentencesandkeywords(e.g.,
fromnotesorgraphicorganizers).
Arts:
9. SL.1112.46;L.1112.1,3
10. W.1112.110;WHST.1112.12,410;
L.1112.16
11. W.1112.1,89;WHST.1112.1,89;
L.1112.13,6
12. W.1112.45;WHST.1112.45;
SL.1112.4,6;L.1112.1,3,56
interpreting,analyzing,recounting,explaining,
persuading,negotiating,justifying,evaluating,
etc.
Texttypesinclude:
historical,economic,technical),recounts(e.g.,
biography,memoir),informationreports,
explanations(e.g.,causal,factorial),
analysis),etc.
stories(e.g.,historicalfiction,myths,graphic
novels),poetry,drama,etc.
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
C
.
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
(
p
a
g
e
o
f
2
)
Emerging
11.Justifying/arguing
a)Justifyopinionsbyarticulating
sometextualevidenceor
backgroundknowledgewithvisual
support.
b)Expressattitudeandopinionsor
temperstatementswithfamiliar
modalexpressions(e.g.,can,may).
12.Selectinglanguageresources
a)Usefamiliargeneralacademic
(e.g.,temperature,document)and
domainspecific(e.g.,cell,the
Depression)wordstocreateclear
spokenandwrittentexts.
b)Useknowledgeofmorphologyto
appropriatelyselectbasicaffixes
(e.g.,Thenewsmediarelieson
officialsources.).
Expanding
a)Justifyopinionsandpositionsor
persuadeothersbymaking
connectionsbetweenideasand
articulatingrelevanttextualevidence
orbackgroundknowledge.
temperstatementswithavarietyof
familiarmodalexpressions(e.g.,
possibly/likely,could/would).
a)Useanincreasingvarietyofgrade
appropriategeneralacademic(e.g.,
fallacy,dissuade)anddomainspecific
(e.g.,chromosome,federalism)
academicwordsaccuratelyand
appropriatelywhenproducing
increasinglycomplexwrittenand
spokentexts.
appropriatelyselectaffixesina
growingnumberofwaysto
manipulatelanguage(e.g.,Thecardiac
muscleworkscontinuously.).
Bridging
a)Justifyopinionsorpersuadeothersby
makingconnectionsanddistinctions
betweenideasandtextsandarticulating
sufficient,detailedandrelevanttextual
evidenceorbackgroundknowledge,using
appropriateregister.
temperstatementswithnuancedmodal
expressions(e.g.,possibly/potentially/
certainly/absolutely,should/might).
a)Useavarietyofgradeappropriate
general(e.g.,alleviate,salutary)and
domainspecific(e.g.,soliloquy,
microorganism)academicwordsand
phrases,includingpersuasivelanguage,
accuratelyandappropriatelywhen
producingcomplexwrittenandspoken
texts.
appropriatelyselectaffixesinavarietyof
waystomanipulatelanguage(e.g.,
changinginauguratetoinauguration).
PartII,strands12Corresponding
CommonCoreStateStandardsforEnglish
LanguageArts:
1. RL.1112.5;RI.1112.5;RH.1112.5;
RST.1112.5;W.1112.15,10;
WHST.1112.12,45,10;SL.1112.4
2. RI.1112.5;RH.1112.5;RST.1112.5;
W.1112.15,10;
WHST.1112.12,45,10;L.1112.1,36
Texttypesinclude:
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
A
.
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
C
o
h
e
s
i
v
e
T
e
x
t
s
Emerging
1.Understandingtextstructure
Applyanalysisoftheorganizational
structureofdifferenttexttypes(e.g.,
howargumentsareorganizedby
establishingclearrelationships
amongclaims,counterclaims,
reasons,andevidence)to
comprehendingtextsandtowriting
briefarguments,informative/
explanatorytexts,andnarratives.
a)Applyknowledgeoffamiliar
languageresourcesforreferringto
maketextsmorecohesive(e.g.,using
pronounsorsynonymstoreferback
tocharactersorconceptsintroduced
earlier)tocomprehendingand
writingbrieftexts.
b)Applyknowledgeoffamiliar
languageresourcesforlinkingideas,
events,orreasonsthroughoutatext
(e.g.,usingconnecting/transition
wordsandphrases,suchasfirst,
second,finally)tocomprehending
andwritingbrieftexts.
Expanding
establishingclearrelationshipsamong
claims,counterclaims,reasons,and
evidence)tocomprehendingtextsand
towritingincreasinglyclearand
cohesivearguments,informative/
explanatorytexts,andnarratives.
a)Applyknowledgeofagrowing
numberoflanguageresourcesfor
referringtomaketextsmorecohesive
(e.g.,usingnominalizationstoreferback
toanactionoractivitydescribedearlier)
tocomprehendingtextsandtowriting
increasinglycohesivetextsforspecific
purposesandaudiences.
b)Applyknowledgeoffamiliarlanguage
resourcesforlinkingideas,events,or
reasonsthroughoutatext(e.g.,using
connecting/transitionwordsand
phrases,suchasmeanwhile,however,
ontheotherhand)tocomprehending
textsandtowritingincreasingly
cohesivetextsforspecificpurposesand
audiences.
Bridging
establishingclearrelationshipsamong
claims,counterclaims,reasons,and
evidence)tocomprehendingtextsand
towritingclearandcohesive
arguments,informative/explanatory
texts,andnarratives.
a)Applyknowledgeofavarietyof
resourcesforreferringtomaketexts
morecohesive(e.g.,using
nominalization,paraphrases,or
summariestoreferenceorrecapanidea
orexplanationprovidedearlier)to
comprehendinggradeleveltextsandto
writingclearandcohesivetextsfor
specificpurposesandaudiences.
b)Applyknowledgeoffamiliarlanguage
resourcesforlinkingideas,events,or
reasonsthroughoutatext(e.g.,using
connecting/transitionwordsand
phrases,suchasonthecontrary,in
addition,moreover)tocomprehending
gradeleveltextsandwritingcohesive
textsforspecificpurposesand
audiences.
LanguageArts:
3. W.1112.5;WHST.1112.5;SL.1112.6;
L.1112.1,36
4. W.1112.5;WHST.1112.5;SL.1112.6;
L.1112.1,36
5. W.1112.45;WHST.1112.45;
SL.1112.6;L.1112.1,36
Texttypesinclude:
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
B
.
E
x
p
a
n
d
i
n
g
&
E
n
r
i
c
h
i
n
g
I
d
e
a
s
Emerging
Useavarietyofverbsindifferent
tenses(e.g.,past,present,future)and
aspects(e.g.,simple,progressive)
appropriateforthetexttypeand
disciplinetocreateshorttextson
familiaracademictopics.
4.Usingnounsandnounphrases
Expandnounphrasestocreate
increasinglydetailedsentences(e.g.,
addingadjectivesforprecision)about
personalandfamiliaracademictopics.
5.Modifyingtoadddetails
Expandsentenceswithsimple
adverbials(e.g.,adverbs,adverb
phrases,prepositionalphrases)to
providedetails(e.g.,time,manner,
place,cause)aboutfamiliaractivities
orprocesses.
Expanding
Useavarietyofverbsindifferenttenses
(e.g.,past,present,future)andaspects
(e.g.,simple,progressive,perfect)
appropriateforthetexttypeand
disciplinetocreateavarietyoftexts
thatexplain,describe,andsummarize
concreteandabstractthoughtsand
ideas.
Expandnounphrasesinagrowing
numberofways(e.g.,addingadjectives
tonouns,simpleclauseembedding)to
createdetailedsentencesthat
accuratelydescribe,explain,and
summarizeinformationandideasona
varietyofpersonalandacademictopics.
Expandsentenceswithagrowing
varietyofadverbials(e.g.,adverbs,
adverbphrases,prepositionalphrases)
toprovidedetails(e.g.,time,manner,
place,cause)aboutfamiliarornew
activitiesorprocesses.
Bridging
Useavarietyofverbsindifferenttenses
(e.g.,past,present,future),aspects
(e.g.,simple,progressive,perfect),and
mood(e.g.,subjunctive)appropriatefor
thetexttypeanddisciplinetocreatea
varietyoftextsthatdescribeconcrete
andabstractideas,explainprocedures
andsequences,summarizetextsand
ideas,andpresentandcritiquepointsof
view.
Expandnounphrasesinavarietyof
ways(e.g.,complexclauseembedding)
tocreatedetailedsentencesthat
accuratelydescribeconcreteand
abstractideas,explainproceduresand
sequences,summarizetextsandideas,
andpresentandcritiquepointsofview
onavarietyofacademictopics.
Expandsentenceswithavarietyof
adverbials(e.g.,adverbs,adverb
phrasesandclauses,prepositional
phrases)toprovidedetails(e.g.,time,
manner,place,cause)aboutavarietyof
familiarandnewactivitiesand
processes.
LanguageArts:
6. W.1112.15;WHST.1112.12,45;
SL.1112.4,6;L.1112.1,36
7. W.1112.15;WHST.1112.12,45;
SL.1112.4,6;L.1112.1,36
Texttypesinclude:
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
C
.
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
&
C
o
n
d
e
n
s
i
n
g
I
d
e
a
s
Emerging
6.Connectingideas
Combineclausesinafewbasicways
(e.g.,creatingcompoundsentences
usingand,but,so;creatingcomplex
sentencesusingbecause)tomake
connectionsbetweenandjoinideas
(e.g.,Iwanttoreadthisbookbecause
ittellsthehistoryofPi.).
7.Condensingideas
Condenseideasinafewbasicways
(e.g.,bycompoundingverbor
prepositionalphrases)tocreate
preciseanddetailedsimple,
compound,andcomplexsentences
(e.g.,Thestudentsaskedsurvey
questionsandrecordedthe
responses.).
Expanding
6.Connectingideas
Combineclausesinagrowingnumberof
waystocreatecompoundandcomplex
sentencesthatmakeconnections
betweenandlinkconcreteandabstract
ideas,forexample,toexpressareason
(e.g.,HestayedathomeonSundayin
ordertostudyforMondaysexam.)orto
makeaconcession(e.g.,Shestudiedall
nighteventhoughshewasntfeeling
well.).
7.Condensingideas
Condenseideasinagrowingnumberof
ways(e.g.,throughembeddedclauses
orbycompoundingverbor
prepositionalphrases)tocreatemore
preciseanddetailedsimple,compound,
andcomplexsentences(e.g.,Species
thatcouldnotadapttothechanging
climateeventuallydisappeared.).
Bridging
6.Connectingideas
Combineclausesinavarietyofwaysto
createcompoundandcomplex
sentencesthatmakeconnections
betweenandlinkconcreteandabstract
ideas,forexample,tomakea
concession(e.g.,Whilebothcharacters
striveforsuccess,theyeachtake
differentapproachesthroughwhichto
reachtheirgoals.),ortoestablishcause
(e.g.,Womensliveswerechanged
foreverafterWorldWarIIasaresultof
joiningtheworkforce.).
7.Condensingideas
Condenseideasinavarietyofways
(e.g.,throughavarietyofembedded
clauses,orbycompoundingverbor
prepositionalphrases,nominalization)
tocreateprecisesimple,compound,
andcomplexsentencesthatcondense
concreteandabstractideas(e.g.,The
epidemic,whichultimatelyaffected
hundredsofthousandsofpeople,did
notsubsideforanotheryear.).
Section2:ElaborationonCriticalPrinciplesforAcademicLanguageDevelopmentandCognition
PartIII:UsingFoundationalLiteracySkills
FoundationalLiteracySkills:
LiteracyinanAlphabetic
WritingSystem
Printconcepts
Phonologicalawareness
Phonics&wordrecognition
Fluency
SeeAppendixAforinformationonteachingreadingfoundationalskillstoEnglishlearnersofvariousprofilesbasedonage,nativelanguage,
nativelanguagewritingsystem,schoolingexperience,andliteracyexperienceandproficiency.Someconsiderationsare:
Nativelanguageandliteracy(e.g.,phonemeawarenessorprintconceptskillsinnativelanguage)shouldbeassessedforpotential
transferencetoEnglishlanguageandliteracy.
SimilaritiesbetweennativelanguageandEnglishshouldbehighlighted(e.g.,phonemesorlettersthatarethesameinbothlanguages).
DifferencesbetweennativelanguageandEnglishshouldbehighlighted(e.g.,somephonemesinEnglishmaynotexistinthestudents
nativelanguage;nativelanguagesyntaxmaybedifferentfromEnglishsyntax).

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