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is defined as the
numer of nodes per unit area i0e0&
A N
sq
=
0 %he
minimum distance etween two consecutive neighors is given
y
sq
link
N
N
d
)
? ) >
=
''' >)?
:ere we assume a simple routing strategy such that a
packet is relayed hop'y'hop& through a se=uence of nearest
neighoring nodes& until it reaches the destination0 Again we
assume that a source node discovers a route prior to data
transmission 7)80 0 %herefore& we will assume that a route
etween source and destination e5ists as in 7A80 :ere we
consider a simple reservation'ased 2A# protocol as
introduced in 7@8 and called as RES4O0 $n this protocol& a
source node first reserves intermediate nodes on a route for
relaying its packets to the destination0 A transmission can egin
after a route is discovered and reserved0 %he main idea of the
protocol is that a source node or a relay node generates an
e5ponential random ack'off time efore it transmits or relays
each packet0 %he random ack'off time helps to reduce
interference among nodes in the same route and also among
nodes in different routes0 %hroughout this paper& we assume
that the random ack'off time is e5ponential with mean
t
) 0
Where
t
is the packet transmission rate0
We know that maFor perturation in wireless
transmission is path'loss& large scale fading and small scale
fading0 Further small'scale fading e5hiits rapid changes in
signal amplitude and phase as a result of small changes >as
small as a half'wavelength? in the spatial separation etween a
receiver and transmitter0 %he rate of change of these
propagation conditions accounts for the fading rapidity0 Small'
scale fading is also called Rayleigh fading ecause if the
multiple reflective paths are large in numer and there is no
line'of'sight signal component& the envelope of the received
signal is statistically descried y a Rayleigh pdf given elow
( ) [ ]
+ + +
+ e5p r r r p = for , r
, = otherwise ''' >+?
where r is the envelope amplitude of the received signal& and
+
+
is the pre'detection mean power of the multipath signal0
When there is a dominant non'fading signal component
present& the small scale fading envelope is descried y a
Rician pdf0
%he effects of pathloss and thermal noise is
considered in 7;8 to derive the optimal transmission power0
:owever it is important to e5tend the analysis in presence of
Rayleigh fading0
As discussed earlier& the optimal common transmit
power is the minimum power sufficient to preserve network
connectivity0 Since the wireless links are susceptile to errors&
the <oS in terms of route 9ER deteriorates as the numer of
hops in a route increases0 #onse=uently& the performance may
e unacceptale& although there is a se=uence of links to the
destination0
A network is said to e connected if any source node
can communicate with a 9ER lower than a prescried value
of 9ERth to a destination node placed at the end of a multihop
route0 :ere we consider an ideal worst'case scenario where an
information it is relayed on each link of a route toward a
destination without retransmissions0 :owever& the use of
retransmission techni=ues can make the situation etter0
We can assume without any loss of generality that a source
node is at the center of the network >see Fig0 )?0 $f a
destination node is selected at random& the minimum numer
of hops to reach the destination can range from ) to +ima5&
where ima5 is the ma5imum tier order0 #ounting the numer of
hops on a route from the source to each destination node and
finding the average value can otain the average numer of
hops0 Assuming that each destination is e=ually likely& the
average numer of hops on a route can e written as 7;8
+ N n
hop
''' >*?
%he average numer of hops&
hop
n is used to otain
the route 9ER from the link 9ER0 %he network connectivity is
defined in terms of 9ER =uality at the end of a multihop route0
$n this section& we analy6e the link 9ER and the route 9ER in
the presence of Rayleigh fading using a detection'theoretic
approach0 %he received signal at the receiver is the sum of
three components >i? the intended signal from a transmitter&
>ii? the interfering signals from other active nodes& and >iii? the
thermal noise0 Since the interfering signals come from other
nodes& we assume that the total interfering signal can e
treated as an additive noise process independent of the thermal
noise process0 %he received signal& Srcv during each it period
can e e5pressed as
thermal
N
j
j Ray rcv
n S S S + + =
=
+
)
''' >;?
where SRay is the desired signal in the presence of Rayleigh
fading& SF is the interference from the other nodes and nthermal is
the thermal noise signal0
#onsidering source node and sinkGrelay node are
separated y a distance of dlink as shown in Fig )0 %he power
received at the receiving end is given y 7('-8
( )
link c
r t t
rcv
d f
c G G P
P
+ +
+
;
= ''' >@?
where Pt is the transmit power& 4t is the transmitting
antenna gain& 4r is the receiving antenna gain& fc is the carrier
fre=uency& is the path'loss e5ponent and c is the velocity of
light0 :ere we considered omni'directional 4tH4rH) antennas
at the transmitter and receiver0 %he carrier fre=uency is in the
International Conference on Control,Communication & Computing (ICCC 2010),Feb.18-20,2010
College of Engineering,Trivandrum 261
unlicensed +0; 4:6 and0 PRay is the received signal power in
presence of Rayleigh fading and is given as
rcv Ray
P P =
''' >A?
Where
R
P
= = for a ) transmission
''' >(?
Where
bit
is the it energy of the received signal in the
presence of Rayleigh fading and Rit is the it rate0
%he interference power from node F can e written as
j
rcv
j
P
P =
int ''' >I?
where
j
= )
''' >-?
So& SF appears with different proaility of transmission given
elow
bit
j
j
R
P
S
int
= for a ) + with proaility
+
on transmissi
P
bit
j
R
P
int
= for a ) with proaility
+
on transmissi
P
, = with proaility ( )
on transmissi
P ) ''' >),?
%he thermal noise power can e written as
" #k$ P
thermal ,
=
''' >))?
where F is the noise figure&
% & k G ), *I 0 )
+*
=
is the
9olt6mannJs constant& %, is the room temperature and 9 is the
transmission andwidth0 %he received thermal noise signal is
simply
thermal thermal
P n = ''' >)+?
Assuming that a it detected erroneously at the end of
a link is not corrected in successive links& the 9ER at the end
of a route with
hop
n
links& denoted as 9ERroute& can e written
as
( )
hop
n
link route
"R "R = ) ) ''' >)*?
Si6e of the interference vector
j
S
=
sq
for all
cases of variances for it rate ),, 1Gs0
$n Fig0 *& we compare the optimal common
transmission power as a function of it rate in the presence of
Rayleigh fading and without Rayleigh fading0 %he optimal
power vs0 data rate curves are shown for various values of
9ERth0 $t can e oserved that the optimal transmit power
increases as the data rate increases0 $n presence of Rayleigh
fading& the re=uired optimal transmission power is very high
compared to the case considering only path loss and thermal
noise0 Although transmitting packets at a higher data rate
reduces the vulnerale time >and& hence& smaller interference?&
increasing the data rate >i0e0& andwidth? also increases the
thermal noise0 %herefore& the minimum transmit power
re=uired to sustain the network connectivity increases0 $t is
oserved from Fig0 * that there is a critical data rate& elow
which the desired 9ERth cannot e satisfied for any transmit
power0 %he critical it rate occurs at the point where the
9ERfloor for that particular data rate ecomes higher than the
desired 9ERth0 #urves show critical it rate value get worse in
presence of Rayleigh fading0 For e5ample& when we consider
the transmission in Rayleigh fading environment the critical
it rate increases to A 2Gs
Fig0 *B Optimal common transmit power in a network with
(
),
=
sq
0
$nterference from the first two tiers around the receiver is considered in the
presence of Rayleigh fading and without Rayleigh fading0
whereas it is only ; 2Gs for the case without Rayleigh fading
for
*
),
=
th
"R 0 #onse=uently& no amount of transmission
power can achieve the desired 9ERth elow the critical it rate0
%he optimal transmit power is also minimi6ed at the data rate
near the critical point0 %his suggests that the data rate also
plays an important role in the design of wireless ad hoc and
sensor networks& i0e0& for a given node spatial density& if the
data rate is carefully chosen& the transmit power can e
minimi6ed& prolonging the networkJs lifetime0
$n presence of Rayleigh fading the optimal common
transmission power is very high than that of case without
Rayleigh fading0 For e5ample& the re=uired common optimal
transmission power to otain the
+
),
=
th
"R in presence
of Rayleigh fading is around *W at it rate of ), 2Gs& where
it is only around ,0)W for the case without Rayleigh fading
with same 9ER threshold value and same it rate as aove0
Referring to Fig0 *& the percentage of degradation in presence
of Rayleigh fading may e computed0 :ere the re=uired
optimal transmission power in Rayleigh fading environment
increases *, times as compared to that of the case without
Rayleigh fading for a it rate of ), 2Gs and 9ERth at
+
),
0
$C0 #ON#E3S$ONS
$n this paper& we have investigated the optimal
common transmit power for wireless sensor networks in
presence of Rayleigh fading0 Optimal common transmission
power is the minimum power re=uired to maintain the network
connectivity satisfying a given 9ER threshold value0 For a
particular it rate there is a minimum power to satisfy the
desired 9ER threshold0 $t is seen that in presence of Rayleigh
fading the route 9ER performance degrades0 2oreover&
re=uired optimal transmission power is higher in Rayleigh
fading environment compared to path loss case0
For further optimi6ation of the transmission power
we may imply diversity comining techni=ue0 $t can e further
e5plored using other 2A# protocols0 2oreover& Results can
e studied in different channel environment also0
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International Conference on Control,Communication & Computing (ICCC 2010),Feb.18-20,2010
College of Engineering,Trivandrum 263