Retaining Wall (Counterfort)

DATA
i) Total height of Height of wall = 9.30 m

ii) Safe bearing capacity of soil, q = 260.00 kN/m2
iii) Angle of repose, = 34.00
iv) = 20.00 kN/m3
v Spacing of counterfort,L L = 2.445 m
Thickness of counterfort = 0.40 m
C/C of counterfort = 2.85
vi) Weight of R.C.C , = 25.00 kN/m3
vii) Grade of concrete, = 20.00 N/mm2
viii) Grade of steel, = 415.00 N/mm2
ix) Coefficient of active earth pressure, = 0.330 0.28
x) Coefficient of passive earth pressure, = 3.00 3.54
xi) Coefficient of friction = 0.50
xii = 2.76
Vertical seismic coefficient , = 0.04 0.00
Horizontal seismic coefficient , = 0.08 0.00
angle which earth face of wall makes with vertical , = 0.00
Angle of friction between tha wall and earthfill, = 25.00
Slope of earthfill, = 10.00
Effective cover to reinforcement = 80.00 mm
Now, = 4.399 0.00
= 4.764 0.00
Ca ,with positive sign of with value of
4.399 0.36307
Ca ,with positive sign of with value of
4.764 0.36914
Ca ,with negative sign of with value of
4.399 0.335138
DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL No. 11 HEIGHT =11.10 M
Wt. Of soil ,
s
c
f
y
f
a
K
p
K
u
R
v
i
1
tan
1
h
v
1
tan
1
h
v
=
+
1
tan
1
h
v
2
2
1 2
2
(1 )cos ( ) 1
*
cos .cos .cos( )
sin( )sin( )
1
cos( )cos( )
v
a
c
i
i

(
(
(

=
(
+ +
(
+
+ ( `
+ +
( )
v
=
v
=
v
=
Ca ,with negative sign of with value of
4.764 0.34075
therefore take value maximum value of Ca = 0.369
Ca ,with zero value of and zero value of 0.2872
Dimensions and analysis of Retaining Wall:
Provide Depth of foundation = 1.50 m
Overall height of wall,H = 9.30 m
Thickness of base slab
This shall be nearly
i) = 31.09 cm = 0.31 m
ii) = 45.48 cm = 0.45 m
Provide thickness of base slab = 0.80 m
hence actual height of upright slab,h = 8.50 m
Pressure intensity at the bottom of upright = 48.06
slab,
Maximum bending moment for the upright
slab for the bottom, one meter strip, = 32.42 kNm
Equating Moment of resistance to the bending
moment :
d=(M/Ru.b) = 108.38 mm
Effective cover, = 80.00 mm
hence overall depth required,d = 188.38 mm
Provide overall depth of upright slab = 0.40 m
The thickness of the upright slab at top = 0.40 m
Base width,B
This will be kept from 0.6 H to 0.7 H
0.6H = 5.58 m
0.7 H = 6.51 m
Provide base width = 7.15 m
m Depth of foundation= 1.04 =
2
1 sin
1 sin
s
q

(
(
+

4.17.l Hcm
2. . l Hcm
a s
q K H =
2
.
12
q L
M =
u
u
M
d
R b
=
v
=
,
v h

Toe projections,
This will be kept at about one fourth of the width of the base
Hence Toe Projection=B/4 = 1.79
Let us provide a toe projection = 1.70 m
0.00
0.40 0.50 0.79
W1
7.80
8.50 10.09
Wsoil
1.60 4.50
1.50 0.40
W2 0.80
D
C A
6.50
160.09
168.07 166.11 165.61
Stability calculations:
Calculation of overturning moments
:
Sr.No. Description Lever Arm (m)
1 W1 1.750
2 W2 3.25
3 W soil 5.00
Triangular
4 Wsoil 4.25
5 Pav 6.50
6 Paev 6.50
MR
Resisting Moment MR= = 4331.27 kNm
9.30
85.00
130.00
765.00 3251.25
330.24
0.00
35.71
4331.27 1066.51

Magnitude of the load(KN) , W
triangular load
50.81
W
Moment about
toe(KNm),M
148.75
422.50
178.53
0.00
2
1
2
H a s
P K H =
duie to EQ
=0.5x0.369 x20x10.09 = 376.07 kN/m Eq. 1
Static active earth pressure , =
it will act at 1/3 H
=0.5x0.287 x20x10.09 = 292.58 kN/m Eq.2
Dynamic increment,=earth pressure calculated
as per Eq. 1 minus earth pressure calculated as per Eq. 2
It will act at 1/2 H = 83.49 kN/m
Horizontal component of active pressure Pah= = 288.14 kNm
Horizontal component of dynamic increment pressure Paeh=
= 0.00 kNm
Vertical component of active pressure Pav= = 50.81 kNm
Vertical component of dynamic increment pressure Paev=
= 0.00 kNm
``
Overturning Moment, due to static pressure
=(1/3)x288.14 x9.3 = 893.23 kNm
Overturning Moment due to Dynamic increment
=(1/2)x0 x9.3 = 0.00 kNm
Total Overturning Moment = 893.23 kNm
F.S against overturning= =0.9x4331.27 /893.23 = 4.36 SAFE
Factor of safety against sliding=
``
=0.9x0.5x1066.51 /(288.14+0) = 1.67 SAFE
Pressure Distribution
Net Moment, = 3438.04
Distance of the point of application of the resultant from 'A'
=(4331.27-893.23)/1066.51 = 3.22 m
Eccentricity= =6.5/2-3.22 = 0.03 m
But, b/6 =6.5/6 = 1.08 m
e <b/6
Extreme pressure intensity on the base
P
max = 168.07 kN/m
2
Pmax < S.b.c = SAFE
P
min = 160.1 kN/m
2
NoTension will occur
Active earth pressure,
2
1
1
2
aeq a s
P C H =
1
.
3
o ah
M P H =
R
o
0.9M
M
H
0.9 W
P
R o
M M M =
M
z
W
=
2
b
e z =
max
min
6
1
P W e
P b b
(
=
(

2
0
1
2
a a s
P C H =
ae
p
1
.
2
o aeh
M P H =
*cos
a
P i
*cos
ae
P i
*sin
a
P i
*sin
ae
P i
Design of upright slab
Design of toe slab
Bending moment calculations for a 1 meter wide cantilevering strip of toe slab
Load due
to
Distance from C
(m)
Force 1 0.53
Force 2 1.07
1.60 1.60 1.60
- =
166.11
20.00
F1 F2
118.46 116.89 KN 65.15 64.68
KN KN
146.11
146.11 146.99
148.07 148.07
0.720
Flexure force diagram
shera force at distance d from C = KN
Ultimate Bending Moment = 283.04 kNm
= 320.24 mm
d provided = 720.00 mm 760.00
dreq.<d provided = O.K.
= 1125.88 mm
2
Percentage of steel
Minimun Percentage required = 0.12 %
Minimum Steel required = 912.00 mm
2
Dia of bar = 25.00 mm
Area of one bar = 490.87 mm
2
Spacing of bars required = 435.99 mm
Provide Spacing of bars = 200.00 mm
Hence Area of steel provided = 2454.37 mm
2
%age of steel provided = 0.34 %
for 0.25 = 0.36
for 0.50 = 0.48
for 0.34 = 0.40 N/mm
2
Check for Shear:
Ultimate Shear Force = 194.74 kN
Nominal Shear stress, = 0.27 N/mm
2
From table of IS:456, = 0.40 N/mm
2
Is
= 290.61
Bending moment for toe slab 188.69
Magnitude of the load(KN) , W
148.07
PROVIDE NOMINAL SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Moment about
toe(KNm),M
116.89
118.46 126.36
168.07
62.34
146.11
0.88
129.83
2
0.5 4.6
1 1
ck u
st
y ck
f M
A bd
f f bd
(
=
(

u
u
M
d
R b
=
u
v
V
bd
=
c
c v
<
c c
V bd =
c
kN
No. of legs of vertical stirrups = 5
Dia of stirrups = 12.00 mm
Area of stirrups, Asv = 565.49 mm2
Spacing of stirrups required = -1533.38 mm
Provide spacing 180.00 mm
Design of Heel slab
Considering 1 meter wide strip of Heel slab near Heel end A
Weight of soil on strip = 193.93 kN/m
2
Dead load of strip = 20.00 kN/m
2
Upward pressure = 162.85 kN/m
2
Net downward load = 51.08 kN/m
2
Spacing of counterfort = 2.85 m
Hence maximum bending moment
= 136.84 mm
d provided = 720.00 mm
dreq.<d provided = O.K.
= 200.08 mm2
Percentage of steel = 0.03 %
Hence Minimum Steel required = 864.10 mm2
Dia of bar = 16.00
Area of one bar = 201.06 mm2
Hence Area of steel provided = 1005.31 mm2
for 0.15 = 0.28 N/mm2
for 0.25 = 0.36 N/mm2
for 0.17 = 0.30 N/mm2
Check for Shear
Ultimate Shear Force = 109.00 kN
Nomonal shear stress, = 0.15 N/mm2
From table of IS:456, = 0.28 N/mm2
Is
= 201.60 kN
Consider a section distant x1 from the face of the counterfort where shear
force is 201.60 kN This position is equal to = -0.84 m
Provide shear reinforcement in the form of vertical Stirrups
No. of legs of vertical stirrups = 2
Spacing of stirrups required, = -635.01 mm
Minimum spacing of stirrups required = 204.17
0.00 MM
Provide spacing of Stirrups = 200.00 mm
SHEAR
DESIGN NOT
APPLICABLE
PROVIDE
34.46
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS NOT NECESSARY
kNm
Shear reinforcement calculation:-
=
c v
<
2
.
12
wL
M =
2
0.5 4.6
1 1
ck u
st
y ck
f M
A bd
f f bd
(
=
(

u
u
M
d
R b
=
u
v
V
bd
=
c
c v
<
c c
V bd =
0.87. .
0.4
y sv
v
f A
S
b
=
0.87. . .
( )
y sv
v
u c
f A d
S
V V
=
0.87. . .
( )
y sv
v
u c
f A d
S
V V
=
Distribution steel:
0.12% oftotal cross sectional area = 960.00 mm2
Dia of bar = 12.00
Spacing of bars required on one face = 235.62 mm
provide spacing of bars on both faces = 200.00 mm
Design of Stem (vertical slab)
The stem acts as a contineous slab. Consider 1 m strip at B.
Intensity of earth pressure, = 61.80 kN/m2
Negative B.M in the slab near counterfort , = 41.68 kNm
= 149.64 mm
d provided = 360.00 mm
dreq.<d provided O.K.
= 495.45 mm2
Percentage of steel = 0.12 %
Hence Minimum Steel required = 480.00 mm2
Hence Area of steel provided = 1005.31 mm2
Area required = 528.00 mm2
Design of Main counterforts
Thickness of counterfort = 0.40 m
C/Cspacing of counterfort = 2.845 m
= 2.845 m
and downward reaction from the heel slab
= 20.69 h
Net downward pressure on heel at C = 43.72 kN/m2
and at B = 38.19 kN/m2
Hence Reaction transferred to each counterfort at C = 124.38 kN/m
& at B = 108.65 kN/m
The variations of horizontal and vertical forces on the counterfort are shown in fig.
Hence counterfort will receive earth pressure from a width of
At any section at depth ' h' below the top A The earth pressure
acting on each counterfort will be
Distribution steel per metre run
2
0.5 4.6
1 1
ck u
st
y ck
f M
A bd
f f bd
(
=
(

cos
H a s
P C H i =
2
.
12
H
P l
u
u
M
d
R b
=
X
1.26
0.40 0.50
A
h
` 20.69
9.76 7.80 9.29
C
F
3.00
1.60 0.40
1.50
D E B C
0.80 kN/m
D
4.50
kN/m
124.38 kN/m
Pressure intensity at height , h = = 9.29 m
= 192.24 kN/m
Shear force at F = 893.27 kN
Ultimate shear force, Qu = 1339.91 kN
B.M , M = 2769.14 kNm
Ultimate bending Moment = 4153.71 kN/m
mm
Effective cover = 60.00 mm
Total depth = 1286.77 mm
Angle of face AC , tan = 0.635
Hence = 32.41
Sin = 0.54
Cos = 0.84
Depth EC= XEsin = 5.23 m
h kN/m
The counter fort will act as a T-beam . However , aven as a
rectangular beam ,depth required
208.78
108.65
The critical section for the counterfort will be at F, since below this , enormous depth will be available to resist
bending.
1226.77 =
Depth FG(Provided) = 5231.44 mm
Effective depth = 5171.44 mm
Dreq.<D provided O.K.
= 2245.98 mm2
Use Dia of bar = 25.00 mm
Area of one Bar = 490.87 mm2
No. of bars required = 4.58
No. of bars to be provoided = 6.00
Area of steel provided = 2945.24 mm2
Effective Shear force,
Hence Effective Shear force = 892.93 kN
Ultimate Shear force = 1339.40
= 0.43 N/mm2
= 0.14 %
for 0.25 = 0.36 N/mm2
for 0.50 = 0.48 N/mm2
for 0.14 = 0.28 N/mm2
From table of IS:456, = 0.28 N/mm2
Is
Curtailment of bars
The height h where the half of the reinforcement can be
curtailedwill be equal to H = 3.18 m Below A
Dseign of horizontal ties
= 20.69 h
At height' h' = 11.00 m
Force of seperation = 227.54 kN/m
Ultimate force = 341.30
Area of steel required=Force/0.87*fy = 945.31 mm2 per metre height
No. of legs of strirrups = 2.00
Spacing of stirrups required, = 239.28 mm
Dseign of Vertical ties
= 124.38 kN/m
and at b will be = 108.65 kN/m
hence steel Area at C = 516.75 mm2
Spacing of stirrups required, Sv = 437.73 mm
The vertical stem slab has a tendency to separate out from the counterfort and hence should be tied to
it by horizontal ties.
At any section at depth ' h' below the top A force causing
seperation
Similar to the stem slab , heel slab has also tendency to
separate out from the counterfort , due to net downward force ,
unless tied properly by vertical ties . The downward force at C
will be
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS NECESSARY
c v
<
2
0.5 4.6
1 1
ck u
st
y ck
f M
A bd
f f bd
(
=
(

tan
e
M
Q Q
d
=
100
st
A
bd
v
sv
A
c
steel Area at B = 451.38 mm2

Spacing of stirrups required, Sv = 501.11 mm
Fixing effects in stem , toe and heel slab
Hence Ast = 1200.00 mm2
Use dia of bar = 16.00 mm
Area of bar = 201.06 mm2
Spacing of bars = 167.55 mm
Provide spacing of bar = 2.00
ii) In toe slab @ 0.15% of cross section, to be provided at lower face ,
Provide spacing of bar = 180.00 mm
iii) In heel slab @ 0.15% of cross section, to be provided at upper face ,
Provide spacing of bar = 180.00 mm
At the junction of stem, toe and heel slabs fixing moments are induced, which are at right angles
to their normal direction of bending . These moments are not determinate , but normal
reinforcement given below may be provided
i) In stem @ 0.3% of cross section, to be provided at inner face , in vertical direction, for a
length of development length
each of the above reinforcement should be anchored properly in the adjoining slab, as
shown in fig.
Design of shear key
The wall is unsafe in sliding, hence shear key will have to be provided , as shown in fig.
let the depth of key =a
1.70 4.50
D 6.60
p
p
D1
C1
168.07 166.11
co-efficient of pessive earth pressure due to EQ. = 3.00
hence Total passive earth pressure Pp=p
p
*a 30.00 a2 kN/m2
Sliding force at level D1C1, 1.82 (H+a)2
Weight of soil between bottom of base and D1C1 132.00 a
1066.51 132
Hence for equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S=1.4 against sliding,
we have
By Trial and error putting a 1.00 m
Factor of safety against sliding 2.95
Hence keep depth of key 1.00 m
C
2
1
( )
2
H a s
P K H a = +
W =
+ a
0.9
1.4
p
H
W P
P
+
=

Retaining Wall (Counterfort)

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DATA

i) Total height of Height of wall = 9.30 m

steel Area at B = 451.38 mm2

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