COUNTER-TERRORISM LEGISLATION

AND
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Vanja Grujic
Faculty of La! Uni"#r$ity of %ra$&lia! Octo'#r ()*+
Abstract
In this article author addresses national security documents of United States and European Union,
and later measures their impact on constitutional and fundamental rights. That is why the paper
starts with definition of terrorism and terrorist actions that we can find in most important security
strategies. Later, through analysis of US and EU documentation, the matter shall come to the power
of counter-terrorism legislation in EU and US and lead to presentation of two different approaches
in understanding counter-terrorism legislation, the ones that authour found apropriate to be part of
the paper and that were also named by the same. Situation on counter-terrorism legislation in
ra!il shall be described "ust before author concludes that none of the abo#e described
approaacher are solution for current $game on fundamental rights$ and tries to answer the
pre#iously presented debate by posing possible solution and ground point to future research.
*
Intro,uction
T#rrori$t atac-$ on Unit#, Stat#$ of A.#rica /US0 on S#1t#.'r# **! ())*! too- .or# t2an
t2r## t2ou$an, li"#$ an, c2an3#, i.a3# of t2# orl,4 52oto$ of 6'urnin3 tin$7 circl#, t2# 1lan#t
in ju$t cou1l# of 2our$ an, '#ca.# t2# $y.'ol of n# a.#rican 6ar on t#rror7 a$ G#or3# 84 %u$2
na.#, t2# futur# co.1a$ of a.#rican for#i3n affair$4 On t2# ot2#r $i,# of t2# Atlantic! Euro1#an
Union /EU0 2a$ fir.ly ,#nounc#, t2# attac-$ on US an, 1ro.i$#, all n##, $u11ort to 2#r alianc#
o"#r t2# $#a4 Furt2#r.or#! in t2# a-# of ot2#r t#rrori$t attac-$ $inc# S#1t#.'#r **! $uc2 a$ t2# %ali
'o.'in3$ of Octo'#r *(! ())(! t2# Ma,ri, 'o.'in3$ of Marc2 **! ())9 an, t2# Lon,on 'o.'in3$
of :uly ; an, (*! ())<! #$t#rn nation$ 2a"# $ou32t to con$oli,at#! an, in,##, to #=t#n, u1on! t2i$
1o$t-S#1t#.'#r ** 'o,y of count#r-t#rrori$. la4
A.on3 .any ot2#r i$$u#$! t2# $tatut#$ $ou32t to ,#fin# t#rrori$.! to cri.inali># act$ of
t#rrori$.! to 3i"# i,#r 1o#r$ to int#lli3#nc# an, la #nforc#.#nt 'o,i#$! to aut2ori># #l#ctronic
an, ot2#r $ur"#illanc# of t#rrori$t $u$1#ct$ an, to ?uarantin# an, fr##># t2# a$$#t$ of 'ann#,
t#rrori$t or3ani$ation$4 In a $2ort 1#rio, n# la$ ri$#, on 2un,r#,$ .ay'# t2ou$an, of 1a3#$ an,
.a,# a turn 1oint in t2# l#3i$lati"# $y$t#. of t2# countri#$4 %ot2 US an, EU 2a"# ra1i,ly aft#r t2#
attact$ $i3n#, t2#ir n# Strat#3i#$ of S#curity4
T2i$ n#! count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation! 2a$ .a,# i.1act on tra,itional $tructur# an, natur#
of l#3al 1rinci1l#$! #c1#cially in t2# 1art 2#n # tal- a'out i.1act on fun,a.#ntal ri32t$4 T2#$#
inclu,# fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ t2at un,#rlin# #$t#rn li'#ral ,#.ocraci#$ $uc2 a$ t2# ri32t to $il#nc#!
t2# ri32t$ to fr##,o. of #=1r#$$ion an, a$$ociation an, t2# ri32t not to '# ,#tain#, #=c#1t aft#r a
fair trial4 T2# i.1act of t2#$# count#r-t#rrori$. la$ u1on $uc2 1rinci1l#$ 2a$ '##n t2#ir .o$t
contro"#r$ial a$1#ct4 T2# la$ 2a"# u1$#t lon3 2#l, un,#r$tan,in3$ of 2o l#3al $y$t#.$ $2oul,
o1#rat#! #$1#cially in r#3ar, to t2# tr#at.#nt of cri.inal $u$1#ct$ an, t2# 1o#r$ 3i"#n to
in"#$ti3atin3 aut2oriti#$4
An$#r on t2# ?u#$tion 2at i$ .or# i.1ortant! 1u'lic $af#ty or fun,a.#ntal ri32t$! an$#r
a$ .or# o'"iou$ '#for#4 Aft#r 68ar on T#rror7 t2# an$#r$ '#ca.# not $o cl#ar an, ,ou1t$ ri$#,4
T2i$ or- ill fir$t a,,r#$$ t2# S#curity Strat#3y ,ocu.#nt$ of US an, EU! #$1#cially in t2# 1art$
t2at ar# conc#rn#, it2 fi32t a3ain$t t#rrori$. in or,#r to $-#tc2 a 3#n#ral 1ictur# of t2# n#
$tatutory r#3i.#$ an, to ,#.on$trat# t2#ir n#3ati"# #ff#ct on fun,a.#ntal ri32t$4 T2# or- ill $tay
in t2# fra.#$ of US an, EU ,ocu.#nt$! 'ut ill at t2# #n, #=a.in# Con$titution an, National
Strat#3y of D#f#nc# of F#,#rati"# R#1u'lic of %ra>il /%ra>il0 in or,#r to $2o it$ r#lation toar,$
t2i$ i$$u#4 Al'#it! t2i$ 1art ill 2a"# ju$t 1r#$#ntation c2aract#r4 Lat#r! t2# or- ill #=a.in#
count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation$ an, t2#ir i.1act on 2u.an ri32t$! t2rou32t to .ain .#t2o,$ -
(
orto,o= a11roac2 an, 'alancin3 a11roac24 Aft#r ,i$cu$$ion on t2#$# ,iff#r#nt "i#$ on t2# $u'j#ct!
t2# or- ill co.# to conclu$ion t2at t2# li.itation of t2# fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ in US an, EU i$
o'"io$# an, t2at n#i32t#r orto,o= or 'alancin3 .#t2o,$ can r#$ol"# 1ro'l#. of r#lation '#t##n
national $#curity an, fun,a.#ntal ri32t$4 T2# conclu$ion ill $u.ari># a3ain all t2# .ain 1oint$ of
t2# or- an, try to o1#n n# 3roun, 1oint 1o$$i'iliti#$ for t2# futur# r#$#arc24
D#finition$ of t#rrori$.
%ighting terrorism is li&e being a goal&eeper. 'ou can ma&e a hundred brilliant sa#es but the only shot that people
remember is the one that gets past you.
5aul 8il-on$on
T2# ,ifficulty in ,#finin3 6t#rrori$.7 i$ in a3r##in3 on a 'a$i$ for ,#t#r.inin3 2#n t2# u$#
of "iol#nc# /,ir#ct#, at 2o.! 'y 2o.! for 2at #n,$0 i$ l#3iti.at#@ t2#r#for#! t2# .o,#rn
,#finition of t#rrori$. i$ in2#r#ntly contro"#r$ial4 T2# cont#.1orary la'#l of At#rrori$tA i$ 2i32ly
1#jorati"# an, it ,#not#$ a lac- of l#3iti.acy an, .orality4
682at i$ t#rrori$.B /44440 T2at i$ a .#t2o, 2o$# root$ 3o ,##1 in t2# 2i$tory4 Terror .#an$
'i3 f#ar! an, #"#n 3o"#r.#nt$ ,urin3 Fr#nc2 R#"olution an, So"i#t Union #r# u$in3 it to control#
t2#ir 1o1ulation47
*
Suc2 a 'roa, ,#finition of t2i$ notion! 2ic2 1ut$ it only in t2# cat#3ory of not-
3oo,! i$ .ay '# t2# '#$t $tart 1oint in un,#r$tan,in3 t2# $a.#4 Ho#"#r! t2#r# ar# $till .any ar3u#$
an, ,iff#r#nt o1inion$! li-# a fa.ou$ $#nt#nc# $ay$ Aon# .anC$ t#rrori$t i$ anot2#r .anC$ fr##,o.
fi32t#rA4 T2# '#$t #=a.1l# of t2i$ $ituation can '# $##n in int#r"i# it2 N#l$on M#n,#la 2#r# 2#
$ay$D
AI a$ call#, a t#rrori$t y#$t#r,ay! 'ut 2#n I ca.# out of jail! .any 1#o1l# #.'rac#, .#! inclu,in3
.y #n#.i#$! an, t2at i$ 2at I nor.ally t#ll ot2#r 1#o1l# 2o $ay t2o$# 2o ar# $tru33lin3 for
li'#ration in t2#ir country ar# t#rrori$t$4 I t#ll t2#. t2at I a$ al$o a t#rrori$t y#$t#r,ay! 'ut! to,ay! I
a. a,.ir#, 'y t2# "#ry 1#o1l# 2o $ai, I a$ on#4A
(
D#t#r.inin3 t#rrori$. i$ ,i"i,#, in 1ro"i,in3 l#3al ,#finition$ on national an, int#rnational
l#"#l4 On national l#"#l t2# $ituation i$ "#ry ,i"#r$#! fro. countri#$ t2at ,o not 2a"# ,#finition of
t#rrori$. /2ic2 i$ t2# ca$# of %ra>il
+
0 to t2# ,#tail#, an, nu.#rou$ ,ocu.#nt$ /1#rf#ct #=a.1l#
ar# US0 t2at .a-# t2#ir l#3al 'o,y of t#rrori$. .o$t ,#"#lo1#, in t2# orl,4
9
In National Strat#3y
for Co.'atin3 T#rrori$.! alr#a,y in Intro,uction! #= 1r#$i,#nt G#or3# 84 %u$2 $ay$D AT2# #n#.y i$
* :o$#12 Ny#! (a&o ra!umeti med"unarodne odnose! ()E! 1a3# +))
( N#l$on M#n,#la! Larry (ing Li#e,May *E! ())) 2tt1DFF#,ition4cnn4co.FTRANSCRI5TSF)))<F*EFl-l4))42t.l
+ Vi# Tittl# Situation in ra!il! 1a3# *9-*;
9 T2i$ 1a1#r ont #nt#r in $1#cific national ,#finition an, in t2i$ 1art ill only 3i"# US! EU an, UN r#"i# of ,ocu.#nt$ r#lat#, to
t2i$ to1ic4
+
t#rrori$.G1r#.#,itat#,! 1olitically .oti"at#, "iol#nc# 1#r1#trat#, a3ain$t nonco.'atant tar3#t$
'y $u'national 3rou1$ or clan,#$tin# a3#nt$4 A
<
Furt2#r .or#! t2# Car on t#rrori$.C a$ 1r#$#nt#, a$
t2# 1rinci1al fi32t t2at i$ ,#fin#, t2rou32t 9D for.ulaD ,#f#at! ,#ny! ,i.ini$2 an, ,#f#n,4 Un,#r t2#
F#,#ral Cri.inal Co,#! Titl# *H of t2# Unit#, Stat#$ Co,# ,#fin#$ t#rrori$. an, li$t$ t2# cri.#$
a$$ociat#, it2 t#rrori$.4 In S#ction (++* of C2a1t#r **+ /A0! ,#fin#$ t#rrori$. a$ acti"iti#$ t2atD
in"ol"# "iol#nt act$ or act$ ,an3#rou$ to 2u.an lif# t2at ar# a "iolation of t2# cri.inal la$ of t2#
Unit#, Stat#$ or of any Stat#! or t2at oul, '# a cri.inal "iolation if co..itt#, it2in t2#
juri$,iction of t2# Unit#, Stat#$ or of any Stat#@ /%0 6444acti"iti#$ t2at in"ol"# "iol#nt444 or lif#-
t2r#at#nin3 act$444 t2at ar# a "iolation of t2# cri.inal la$ of t2# Unit#, Stat#$ or of any Stat# an,444
a11#ar to '# int#n,#, /i0 to inti.i,at# or co#rc# a ci"ilian 1o1ulation@ /ii0 to influ#nc# t2# 1olicy of
a 3o"#rn.#nt 'y inti.i,ation or co#rcion@ or /iii0 to aff#ct t2# con,uct of a 3o"#rn.#nt 'y .a$$
,#$truction! a$$a$$ination! or -i,na11in3@ an,444/C0 occur 1ri.arily it2in t2# t#rritorial juri$,iction
of t2# Unit#, Stat#$4447
E
Su'$#?u#ntly 1a1#r ill 3o ,##1#r in count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation of US4
T2# $a.# ,ifficulti#$ in outlinin3 national t#rrori$.! # fin, in 3i"in3 ,#finition of
int#rnational t#rrori$. an, 2i$tory of t2#$# ,#finiton$ #r# c2aract#ri$#, for a lon3 ti.# 'y
a"oi,in3 a 3#n#ral ,#finition an, a,,r#$$in3 $1#cific i$$u#$ in$t#a,4 It a$ t2# Con"#ntion on t2#
Su11r#$$ion of Financin3 of T#rrori$. 2ic2 a$ $i3n#, in N# Ior- on J D#c#.'#r *JJJ! 2ic2
att#.1t#, for t2# fir$t ti.# a ,#finition of int#rnational t#rrori$.4 Fir$t a'$tract ,#ffinition a$
3i"#n in Articl# (! 1ara3ra12 *4 '0 of t2# Con"#ntion4 T2# 1ro"i$ion r#f#r$ to Aany K444L ot2#r act
int#n,#, to cau$# ,#at2 or $#riou$ 'o,ily injury to a ci"ilian! or to any ot2#r 1#r$on not ta-in3 an
acti"# 1art in t2# 2o$tiliti#$ in a $ituation of ar.#, conflict! 2#n t2# 1ur1o$# of $uc2 act! 'y it$
natur# or cont#=t! i$ to inti.i,at# a 1o1ulation! or to co.1#l a 3o"#rn.#nt or an int#rnational
or3ani$ation to ,o or to a'$tain fro. ,oin3 any act47
;
Int#rnational $il#nc# c2an3#, aft#r S#1t#.'#r **! 'ut $till # can fin, ,#finition$ or try to
3i"# t2# $a.# in UN ,ocu.#nt$ t2at ,at# fro. *J;( an, R#$olution +)+9 /MMVII0
H
4 Fir$t 'i3
c2an3# aft#r t2i$ r#$olution a$ a,o1t#, 'y UN G#n#ral A$$#.'ly in *JJ9 it2 AD#claration on
M#a$ur#$ to Eli.inat# Int#rnational T#rrori$.A4 T2# R#$olution 9JFE) /a,o1t#, on D#c#.'#r J!
*JJ90! 3a"# 1ro"i$ion t2at ,#$cri'in3 t#rrori$.D
A Cri.inal act$ int#n,#, or calculat#, to 1ro"o-# a $tat# of t#rror in t2# 3#n#ral 1u'lic! a 3rou1 of
< National Strat#3y for Co.'atin3 T#rrori$.! ())+! 1a3# *
E Unit#, Stat#$ Co,#! ())E E,ition! Su11l#.#nt +! Titl# *H - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL 5ROCEDURE
; 2tt1DFFcil4nu$4#,u4$3F*JJJF*JJJ-int#rnational-con"#ntion-for-t2#-$u11r#$$ion-of-t2#-financin3-of-t#rrori$.F
H AM#a$ur#$ to 1r#"#nt int#rnational t#rrori$. 2ic2 #n,an3#r$ or ta-#$ innoc#nt 2u.an li"#$ or j#o1ar,i$#$ fun,a.#ntal
fr##,o.$! an, $tu,y of t2# un,#rlyin3 cau$#$ of t2o$# for.$ of t#rrori$. an, act$ of "iol#nc# 2ic2 li# in .i$#ry! fru$tration!
3ri#"anc# an, ,#$1air an, 2ic2 cau$# $o.# 1#o1l# to $acrific# 2u.an li"#$! inclu,in3 t2#ir on! in an att#.1t to #ff#ct ra,ical
c2an3#$A
9
1#r$on$ or 1articular 1#r$on$ for 1olitical 1ur1o$#$ ar# in any circu.$tanc# unju$tifia'l#! 2at#"#r
t2# con$i,#ration$ of a 1olitical! 12ilo$o12ical! i,#olo3ical! racial! #t2nic! r#li3iou$ or any ot2#r
natur# t2at .ay '# in"o-#, to ju$tify t2#.4 A
J
T2i$ for.ulation #=1r#$$ly #=clu,#$ A3oo, cau$#$A a$ ju$tification for t#rrori$t acti"iti#$ an,
att#.1t$ to #$ta'li$2 t2at a 1#r$on co..ittin3 c#rtain cri.inal act$ .ay /or #"#nD .u$t0 '#
con$i,#r#, #"#ryon#C$ t#rrori$t$ #"#n if 2# or $2# i$ $o.#on#C$ fr##,o. fi32t#r or $o.#on# #l$#C$
la #nforc#.#nt a3#nt4 T2i$ t#n,#ncy i$ not it2out fall-'ac-$ 2ic2 ar# .ainly ,u# to t2#
$ituation in t2# Mi,,l#-Ea$t an, la$t until to,ay4 T2# $u..ary of t2# ,i$cu$$ion$ in t2# A,-2oc
Co..itt## of t2# G#n#ral A$$#.'ly in ())) $tat#$ t2at A$#"#ral ,#l#3ation$ $tr#$$#, a n##, to
,iff#r#ntiat# '#t##n t#rrori$. an, t2# l#3iti.at# ri32t of 1#o1l#$ to r#$i$t for#i3n occu1ation4A
*)
UN S#curity Council ill a,o1t R#$olution *<EE in ())9 an, 3i"#$ a ,#finition of t#rrori$.
a$ Acri.inal act$! inclu,in3 a3ain$t ci"ilian$! co..itt#, it2 t2# int#nt to cau$# ,#at2 or $#riou$
'o,ily injury! or ta-in3 of 2o$ta3#$! it2 t2# 1ur1o$# to 1ro"o-# a $tat# of t#rror in t2# 3#n#ral
1u'lic or in a 3rou1 of 1#r$on$ or 1articular 1#r$on$! inti.i,at# a 1o1ulation or co.1#l a
3o"#rn.#nt or an int#rnational or3ani$ation to ,o or to a'$tain fro. ,oin3 any act4 A
**
In Euro1#an S#curity Strat#3y! t#rrori$. for 2ic2 AEuro1# i$ 'ot2 a tar3#t an, a 'a$# /4440 It
ari$#$ out of co.1l#= cau$#$4 T2#$# inclu,# t2# 1r#$$ur#$ of .o,#rni$ation! cultural! $ocial an,
1olitical cri$#$! an, t2# ali#nation of youn3 1#o1l# li"in3 in for#i3n $oci#ti#$4 T2i$ 12#no.#non i$
al$o a 1art of our on $oci#ty4 A
*(
A,,itionally! in Articl# * of t2# AFra.#or- D#ci$ion on Co.'atin3 T#rrori$.A /())(0 t2#
t#rrori$t off#nc#$ ar# c#rtain cri.inal off#nc#$ $#t out in a li$t co.1ri$#, lar3#ly of $#riou$ off#nc#$
a3ain$t 1#r$on$ an, 1ro1#rty 2ic2D
A /44403i"#n t2#ir natur# or cont#=t! .ay $#riou$ly ,a.a3# a country or an int#rnational or3ani$ation
2#r# co..itt#, it2 t2# ai. ofD $#riou$ly inti.i,atin3 a 1o1ulation@ or un,uly co.1#llin3 a
Go"#rn.#nt or int#rnational or3ani$ation to 1#rfor. or a'$tain fro. 1#rfor.in3 any act@ or
$#riou$ly ,#$ta'ili>in3 or ,#$troyin3 t2# fun,a.#ntal 1olitical! con$titutional! #cono.ic or $ocial
$tructur#$ of a country or an int#rnational or3ani$ation4A
*+
82#t2#r t2# ,#finition #=1licitly r#f#r#nc#$ NN1olitical! r#li3iou$ or i,#olo3icalOO .oti"ation$
/a$ ,o#$ t2# Unit#, Pin3,o. ,#finition0 or 2#t2#r it i$ fra.#, in t#r.$ of inti.i,atin3 a
J 2tt1DFF4un4or3F,ocu.#nt$F3aFr#$F9JFa9Jr)E)42t.
*) C2ri$tian 8alt#r! )efining Terrorism in *ational and International Law ! ())+! 1a3# *<
11 U4N4 S#curity Council! <)<+r, M##tin34 +esolution ,-.. /01123, SFRESF*<EE /())90! Acc#$$ UN R#a,#=4
*( Euro1#an S#curity Strat#3y 2tt1DFF4con$iliu.4#uro1a4#uFu#,oc$Fc.$U1loa,F;H+E;41,f
*+ Council Fra.#or- D#ci$ion of *+ :un# ())( on co.'atin3 t#rrori$. /())(F9;<F:HA0! Official :ournal of t2# Euro1#an
Co..uniti#$ L *E9F+
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1o1ulation or a 3o"#rn.#nt $o a$ to #ff#ct 1olicy c2an3#$ /a$ ,o#$ t2# Unit#, Stat#$ ,#finition0!
t2#$# ,#finition$ 2a"# t2# 1ot#ntial to cri.inali># a ran3# of 1olitical acti"ity! $uc2 a$ ci"il
,i$o'#,i#nc#! 1u'lic 1rot#$t an, in,u$trial action4
*9
T2# i,#$t ,#finition i$! t2# i.1act on
fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ can '# 3rat#r! 2ic2 t2i$ 1a1#r ill try to 1r#$#nt fro. t2# l#3al 1oint of t2#
"i#4
Euro1#an Count#r-t#rrori$. L#3i$lation
T2# Euro1#an S#curity Strat#3y /ESS0! a$ a,o1t#, in ())+ an, can '# c2aract#ri$#, a$ a
Nc2il, of on#C$ ti.#O! con$truct#, un,#r 6t2# 1olitical 1r#$$ur# 3#n#rat#, 'y t2# ar in Ira?47
*<
Fir$t
$#nt#nc# of t2# Strat#3y $ay$D 6Euro1# 2a$ n#"#r '##n $o 1ro$1#rou$! $o $#cur# nor $o fr##4 T2#
"iol#nc# of t2# fir$t 2alf of t2# ()t2 C#ntury 2a$ 3i"#n ay to a 1#rio, of 1#ac# an, $ta'ility
un1r#c#,#nt#, in Euro1#an 2i$tory47
*E
ESS not only ,i, t2# in"a$ion 1roc##, it2out a UN
.an,at#! it al$o cr#at#, a 63#n#ral cri$i$ of confi,#nc# in 'ot2 t2# EU an, NATO47
*;
E"#n t2ou32
'i3 t#rrori$t atac-t$ ar# l#$$ li-#ly to 2a11#n on t2# Euro1#an $oil! ESS ta-#$ fi32t a3ain$t t#rrori$.
an, t#rrori$t atac-t$ a$ a -#y .#nac# to t2# int#rnational an, Euro1#an $#curity4 T2i$ can '#
#=1lain#, 'y t2# fact t2at Euro1# onc# .or# $2o#, fri#n,$2i1 /or ,#1#n,#nc#0 to it$ ally acro$$
t2# Atlantic4 It i$ al$o i.1ortant to not# t2at t2# EU a,o1t#, t2# ESS at a ti.# 2#n it a$ con$i$t#,
of *< .#.'#r $tat#$4 No! t#n y#ar$ lat#r! t2# EU 2a$ 3ron to (H .#.'#r $tat#$4 Accor,in3ly!
al.o$t 2alf of t2# .#.'#r $tat#$ 2a"# not 2a, a c2anc# to influ#nc# t2# ESS! 1ro.1tin3 $c2olar$ to
?u#$tion 'ot2 it$ l#3iti.acy an, it$ r#l#"ancy4 T2#ir .ain ar3u.#nt$ ar# t2at t2# ESS of ())+ i$
out,at#,! ,o#$ not conn#ct t2r#at$! #n,$ an, .#an$ an, i$ too "a3u# on co..on int#r#$t$ an, t2#
EUO$ a.'ition$4
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Furt2#r.or#! t2# ESS 2a$ '##n 'ot2 1rai$#, an, critici$#, for '#in3 r#lati"#ly
$2ort! only *E 1a3#$4 Sc2olar$ critici># t2# ESS for only 1ro"i,in3 a .#t2o,! 2il# n#3l#ctin3 ot2#r
i.1ortant f#atur#$ $uc2 a$ 2at to ,o4
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It 2a$ al$o '##n $crutini>#, for '#in3 "a3u# on $#"#ral -#y
1oint$4 Ho#"#r! t2# it 2a$ al$o r#c#i"#, 1rai$# for '#in3 a'l# to int#3rat# t2# "i#$ of *< $tat#$ into
on# ,ocu.#nt4
T2# ESS i$ or3ani>#, in t2r## 1art$D analy$#$ of $#curity #n"iron.#nt! ,#finition of t2r##
$trat#3ic o'j#cti"#$ an, #"aluation of 1olicy i.1lication$ for Euro1#4 It 1ri.arily 3i"#$ a r#$1on$#
to fi"# 1#rc#i"#, t2r#at$ an, c2all#n3#$ t2at t2# EU fac#, in ())+! an, continu# to fac#D t#rrori$.!
*9 %4 Gol,#r an, G4 8illia.$ alancing *ational Security and 4uman +ights5 Assessing the Legal +esponse of 6ommon Law
*ations to the Threat of Terrorism, ())E! 1a3# 9;
*< An,#r$$on #t al4! The European Security Strategy5 +ein#igorate, +e#ise or +ein#ent7, 14 <4
*E Euro1#an S#curity Strat#3y 2tt1DFF4con$iliu.4#uro1a4#uFu#,oc$Fc.$U1loa,F;H+E;41,f
*; %ail#$! The European Security Strategy5 An E#olutionary 4istory! 14 J4
*H Mar3ri#t Dr#nt an, L#nnart Lan,.an! 8hy Europe needs a new European Security Strategy, 14*
*J %i$co1! A *ew E9ternal Action Ser#ice *eeds a *ew European Security Strategy! 14 *4
E
1rolif#ration of #a1on$ of .a$$ ,#$truction! or3ani>#, cri.#! r#3ional conflict$! an, $tat# failur#4
Ho#"#r! anyli$# of $#curity #n"iron.#nt 3i"#$ u$ 3oo, 3roun, 1oint in tal-in3 a'out i.1ortanc#
an, i.1act of t2i$ ,ocu.#nt on fun,a.#ntal ri32t$4 Mo,#rni$ation an, 3lo'ali$ation 1ut conc#1t of
cla$$ical $#curity to anot2#r l#"#l! a$ it $tan,$ in t2# ,ocu.#nt 6t2# ,#"#lo1.#nt of t#c2nolo3y an,
t2# $1r#a, of ,#.ocracy 2a"# 'rou32t fr##,o. an, 1ro$1#rity to .any 1#o1l#4 Ot2#r$ 2a"#
1#rc#i"#, 3lo'ali$ation a$ a cau$# of fru$tration an, inju$tic#4 7
()
In ot2#r or,$! ,#.ocracy an,
3lo'ali$ation 1ut 2u.an ri32t$ in t2# c#nt#r of 8#$t#rn $oci#ti#$4 Qu#$tion i$! ar# t2#y in"iola'l# or
t2#r# i$ a lo3ic an, 1ractic# in 1uttin3 li.it$ to t2# $y.'ol$ of .o,#rn con$titution$4 %#tt#r a$-#,!
can t2# con$titutional ri32t$ '# c2an3#, an, a'ro3at#, in or,#r to fulfill 2i32#r 1u'lic .att#r a$ a
national $#curityB
To an$#r t2i$ ?u#$tion! # 2a"# to loo- at t2# 1r#"iou$! 2i$torical #=#1ri#nc# of Euro1#an
l#3al 1ractic#4 T2# Holocau$t .a,# it a'un,antly cl#ar t2at ,o.#$tic 3uarant##$ coul, not #n$ur#
1rot#ction of 2u.an ,i3nity a3ain$t a'u$i"# 3o"#rn.#nt$4 In r#$1on$#! t2# Unit#, Nation$ an,
r#3ional int#r3o"#rn.#ntal or3ani$ation$ #$ta'li$2#, $tan,ar,$ an, .#c2ani$.$ ,#$i3n#, to #n$ur#
t2at $uc2 a'u$#$ oul, not '# r#1#at#,4 In *J<)! t2# Council of Euro1# a,o1t#, t2# Euro1#an
Con"#ntion on Hu.an Ri32t$ an, Fun,a.#ntal Fr##,o.$ /ECHR0! t2# fir$t an, .o$t #ff#cti"#
$y$t#. of 1rot#ctin3 in,i"i,ual ri32t$ un,#r int#rnational la4 It $#t u1 a $y$t#. of ri32t$! t2#
Euro1#an Court of Hu.an Ri32t$! a$ #ll a$ $1#cific li.itation$ of t2# $a.# ri32t$4 T2# $ucc##,in3!
.or# 1#rtin#nt conc#1t of li.itation$ on ri32t$! 1#rtain$ to t2# $1#cific li.itation clau$#$ 1ro"i,#,
for in t2# Con"#ntion4 T2#r# ar# t2r## ty1#$ of li.itation clau$#$ in t2# ECHRD
/*0 Li.itation$ attac2#, to a 1ro"i$ion of a ri32t for c#rtain 1r#$cri'#, 1ur1o$#$ /#434! national
$#curity! 1u'lic $af#ty! 2#alt2! .oral$! ri32t$ of ot2#r$! #tc40@
/(0 Li.itation$ r#f#rrin3 to c#rtain acti"iti#$ /#434! 1olitical acti"ity of ali#n$! acti"iti#$ $u'"#r$i"# of
Con"#ntion ri32t$0@
/+0 Li.itation$ r#f#rrin3 to t2# $u$1#n$ion of a 3rou1 of ri32t$ ,urin3 1u'lic #.#r3#nci#$
t2r#at#nin3 t2# lif# of a nation /#434! ar! #art2?ua-#! #tc404
(*
For our #=a.ination t2# fir$t 3rou1 of li.itation$ i$ .o$t int#r#$tin3 a$ it aff#ct$ t2# ri32t$
3uarant##, in Articl#$ H t2rou32 ** of t2# Con"#ntion4
((
T2# t#r.inolo3y u$#, to aut2ori>#
li.itation$ for c#rtain 1r#$cri'#, 1ur1o$#$ i$ .or# or l#$$ $i.ilar in #ac2 articl#! an, t2# 1#rtin#nt
ca$# la of t2# Co..i$$ion an, t2# ECHR i$ #=c#1tionally ric2 an, ,#"#lo1#,4 Articl# H! t2# ri32t
to r#$1#ct for 1ri"at# an, fa.ily lif#! 2o.#! an, corr#$1on,#nc#! $tat#$ in 1ara3ra12 (D
() Euro1#an S#curity Strat#3y 2tt1DFF4con$iliu.4#uro1a4#uFu#,oc$Fc.$U1loa,F;H+E;41,f! 14+
(* Euro1#an Con"#ntion on Hu.an Ri32t$ an, Fun,a.#ntal Fr##,o.$! 2tt1DFF4#c2r4co#4intFDocu.#nt$FCon"#ntionRENG41,f
(( Loo- at t2# 2tt1DFF4#c2r4co#4intFDocu.#nt$FCon"#ntionRENG41,f
;
T2#r# $2all '# no int#rf#r#nc# 'y a 1u'lic aut2ority it2 t2# #=#rci$# of t2i$ ri32t! #=c#1t $uc2 a$ in
accor,anc# it2 t2# la an, i$ n#c#$$ary in a ,#.ocratic $oci#ty in t2# int#r#$t$ of national
$#curity! 1u'lic $af#ty or t2# #cono.ic #ll-'#in3 of t2# country! for t2# 1r#"#ntion of ,i$or,#r or
cri.#! for t2# 1rot#ction of 2#alt2 or .oral$! or for t2# 1rot#ction of ri32t$ an, fr##,o. of ot2#r$4
(+
R#$triction$ .u$t 2a"# an a,#?uat# 'a$i$ in ,o.#$tic la an, t2# ,o.#$tic la .u$t $ati$fy
t2# Con"#ntion r#?uir#.#nt$4 T2# $a.# r2#toric$ 2a$ '##n -#1t in t2# C2art#r of Fun,a.#ntal
Ri32t$ in EU /CFREU04 In C2a1t#r VII! Articl# <*! $tan,$D
*4T2# 1ro"i$ion$ of t2i$ C2art#r ar# a,,r#$$#, to t2# in$titution$ an, 'o,i#$ of t2# Union
it2 ,u# r#3ar, for t2# 1rinci1l# of $u'$i,iarity an, to t2# M#.'#r Stat#$ only 2#n t2#y ar#
i.1l#.#ntin3 Union la4 T2#y $2all t2#r#for# r#$1#ct t2# ri32t$! o'$#r"# t2# 1rinci1l#$ an, 1ro.ot#
t2# a11lication t2#r#of in accor,anc# it2 t2#ir r#$1#cti"# 1o#r$4
(4 T2i$ C2art#r ,o#$ not #$ta'li$2 any n# 1o#r or ta$- for t2# Co..unity or t2# Union!
or .o,ify 1o#r$ an, ta$-$ ,#fin#, 'y t2# Tr#ati#$4
(9
T2# Council of Euro1# 2a$ 3i"#n it$ .#.'#r $tat#$ $i.ilar 3ui,anc# 2#n on t2# :uly **!
())( it 2a, a,o1t#, Gui,#lin#$ of t2# Co..itt## of Mini$t#r$ of t2# Council of Euro1# on Hu.an
Ri32t$ an, t2# Fi32t A3ain$t T#rrori$. /Gui,#lin#$04 T2# 1r#a.'l# to t2# Gui,#lin#$ r#co3ni>#,
t2at NNit i$ not only 1o$$i'l#! 'ut al$o a'$olut#ly n#c#$$ary! to fi32t t#rrori$. 2il# r#$1#ctin3 2u.an
ri32t$! t2# rul# of la an,! 2#r# a11lica'l#! int#rnational 2u.anitarian laOO4
(<
T2# Gui,#lin#$ al$o
$u33#$t a11roac2#$ on $1#cific fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ i$$u#$ an, in or,#r to tac-l# t2#. it #$ta'li$2#$ a
2i#rarc2y of ri32t$4 For #=a.1l#! 2il# t2# Gui,#lin#$ $tat# t2at NNT2# u$# of tortur# or of in2u.an
or ,#3ra,in3 tr#at.#nt or 1uni$2.#nt! i$ a'$olut#ly 1ro2i'it#,! in all circu.$tanc#$OO! t2#y al$o
1ro"i,# in Articl# E t2at a 1#r$onO$ ri32t to 1ri"acy .ay '# int#rf#r#, it24
(E
On t2# ot2#r 2an,!
#=actly to .ont2$ aft#r t2# attac-$ on US! t2# Unit#, Pin3,o. /UP0 Go"#rn.#nt intro,uc#, an
AOr,#rA announcin3 t2at '#cau$# of t2# t2r#at of t#rrori$. it no lon3#r int#n,#, to u12ol, t2# ri32t
to li'#rty un,#r t2# Euro1#an Con"#ntion on Hu.an Ri32t$ in c#rtain t#rrori$.-r#lat#,
circu.$tanc#$4 T2i$ only $2o#$ t2at EU ,#ci$ion$ an, ,ocu.#nt$ ar# 2i32ly li.it#, an,
,#1#n,in3 on t2# 1olitical ill of t2# $tat#-.#.'#r to incor1orat# it$ ,#ci$ion in t2#ir l#3i$lati"#
'o,y4 Ho#"#r! t2i$ 1a1#r ont #nt#r in t2# #ac2 .#.'#r-$tat# count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation $tu,y
ca$# ,u# to li.it of $1ac#! n#"#rt2#l#$$! t2at -in, of analy$i$ oul, '# co.1#llin34
(+ 2tt1DFF4#c2r4co#4intFDocu.#nt$FCon"#ntionRENG41,f
(9 C2art#r of Fun,a.#ntal Ri32t$ in EU! 2tt1DFF4#uro1arl4#uro1a4#uFc2art#rF1,fFt#=tR#n41,f
(< Gui,#lin#$ of t2# Co..itt## of Mini$t#r$ of t2# Council of Euro1# on Hu.an Ri32t$ an, t2# Fi32t A3ain$t T#rrori$.!
2tt1DFF*4u.n4#,uF2u.anrt$Fin$tr##FHRS()an,S()t2#S()fi32tS()a3ain$tS()t#rrori$.41,f
(E %4 Gol,#r an, G4 8illia.$ alancing *ational Security and 4uman +ights5 Assessing the Legal +esponse of 6ommon Law
*ations to the Threat of Terrorism, ())E! 1a3# 9J
H
Count#r-T#rrori$. La in US
Stran3#ly #nou32! t2# Unit#, Stat#$ Con$titution 2a$ '##n t2# '#$t #=1ort articl# in a country
2o$# 'u$in#$$ i$ 'u$in#$$4
(;
It 2a$ influ#nc#, .any ot2#r con$titution$! not only it2 r#$1#ct to it$
%ill of Ri32t$! 'ut al$o it2 r#$1#ct to fun,a.#ntal $tructurin3$ of aut2ority! $uc2 a$ f#,#rali$.!
$#1aration of 1o#r$ an, ju,icial r#"i#4 For #=a.1l#! t2# Fir$t A.#n,.#nt 3uarant##$
a1o,ictically t2at ACon3r#$$ $2all .a-# no la r#$1#ctin3 an #$ta'li$2.#nt of r#li3ion! or
1ro2i'itin3 t2# fr## #=#rci$# t2#r#of@ or a'ri,3in3 t2# fr##,o. of $1##c2! or of t2# 1r#$$@ or t2# ri32t
of t2# 1#o1l# 1#ac#a'ly to a$$#.'l#! an, to 1#tition t2# Go"#rn.#nt for a r#,r#$$ of 3ri#"anc#$4A
(H

T2# Con$titution lou, an, cl#ar 3a"# or,#r$ t2at t2o$# 2u.an ri32t$ n##, to '# r#$1#ct#, an, t2at
Con3r#$$ a$ l#3i$lati"# 1o#r cannot c2an3# it4 T2u$! it a$ l#ft to t2# Su1r#.# Court to for.ulat#
t2# li.it$4 In ,rain3 t2#$# li.it$! t2# Su1r#.# Court ,i, not try to co,ify li.itation$ in a 3#n#ral
an, a'$tract $#n$#4 In$t#a,! it follo#, a .or# 1ra3.atic a11roac2! 3ui,#, a$ .uc2 'y t2# countryC$
co..on la tra,ition a$ it$ ,##1 ,i$tru$t of 3o"#rn.#nt! t2# Court ,#"#lo1#, a ca$#-'y-ca$#
juri$1ru,#nc# t2at $tri-#$ a 'alanc# '#t##n in,i"i,ual ri32t$ an, int#r#$t$ of t2# co..unity4
(J

Si.ilarly! t2# #?ual 1rot#ction clau$# a$ ,iff#r#ntiat#, out into ?uit# ,i$1arat# A$tan,ar,$
of r#"i#4A T2# 2i32#$t $tan,ar,! A$trict $crutiny!A r#?uir#$ t2# ,#.on$tration of a Aco.1#llin3
3o"#rn.#ntal int#r#$tA for ,iff#r#ntial tr#at.#nt! an, t2# Anarro tailorin3A of t2# .#an$ to
ac2i#"in3 t2# #n, of t2i$ 3o"#rn.#ntal o'j#cti"#4 T2i$ $tan,ar, a$ r#$#r"#, for ,i$cri.ination on
t2# 'a$i$ of rac# or #t2nic ori3in! or if c#rtain Afun,a.#ntal ri32t$!A $uc2 a$ t2# ri32t to "ot# or t2#
ri32t to tra"#l! #r# in"ol"#,4
:1
Accor,in3ly to #=a.1l#$ 3i"#n a'o"#! it can '# $##n t2at t2#r# i$ no
3#n#ral ,octrin# of li.itation$ u1on ri32t$ un,#r US con$titutional juri$1ru,#nc#4 Court$ i.1o$#
an, affir. li.it$ in r#$1on$# to t2# 1articular circu.$tanc#$ an, ,uly in,i1#n,#nt ca$#$! it2 t2#
ju,3# a$ t2# ulti.at# #i32#r an, cutt#r of con$titutional ri32t$4 T2#ir i,#a$ a'out ri32t$ an, li.it$
t2#r#for 2a"# .or# 3#n#ral an, a'$tract natur#4
Alr#a,y it2 tra,ition of 'alancin3 con$titutional ri32t$ 'y juri$1ru,#nc#! US 'o,y of
fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ a$ finally $tri-#, an, ulti.at#ly c2an3#, aft#r S#1t#.'#r **4 On Octo'#r (<!
())*! ju$t litll# .or# t2an on# .ont2 aft#r t2# attac-! T2# USA 5atriot ActD 5r#$#r"in3 Lif# an,
Li'#rty /Unitin3 an, Str#n3t2#nin3 A.#rica 'y 5ro"i,in3 A11ro1riat# Tool$ R#?uir#, to Int#rc#1t
(; Ro>a 5ati! +ights and their limits5 The 6onstitution for Europe in International and 6omparati#e Legal ;erspecti#e ! ())<!
1a3# (+*
(H Con$titution of Unit#, Stat#$! %ill of Ri32t$! 2tt1DFF4ratical4or3Fco-3lo'ali>#F%illOfRi32t$42t.lT*
(J Ro>a 5ati! +ights and their limits5 The 6onstitution for Europe in International and 6omparati#e Legal ;erspecti#e ! ())<!
1a3# (++
+) Ro>a 5ati! +ights and their limits5 The 6onstitution for Europe in International and 6omparati#e Legal ;erspecti#e ! ())<!
1a3# (++
J
an, O'$truct T#rrori$.0
+*
a$ $i3n#, an, a,o1t#, 'y D#1art.#nt of :u$tic#4 Unit#, Nation$ in t2#ir
*+EH R#$olution cl#arly $tat#, t2at AT2# S#curity Council! R#affir.in3 t2# 1rinci1l#$ an, 1ur1o$#$ of
t2# C2art#r of t2# Unit#, Nation$! D#t#r.in#, to co.'at 'y all .#an$ t2r#at$ to int#rnational 1#ac#
an, $#curity cau$#, 'y t#rrori$t act$ /44440A
+(
4 T2i$ UN 1olicy a$ $tr#n3t2#n#, in R#$olution *+;+
'y AR#affir.in3 t2# n##, to co.'at 'y all .#an$! in accor,anc# it2 t2# C2art#r of t2# Unit#,
Nation$! t2r#at$ to int#rnational 1#ac# an, $#curity cau$#, 'y t#rrori$t act$A
++

T2# USA 5atriot Act /Act0 a$ t2# i..#,iat# l#3i$lati"# r#$1on$# to t2# attac-$ of
S#1t#.'#r **! ())*4 It i$ 1ri.arily ,ir#ct#, toar,$ t2# ,#t#ction an, in"#$ti3ation of t#rrori$t
acti"iti#$4 It a.#n,$ "ariou$ it#.$ of #=i$tin3 l#3i$lation to 1ro"i,# for t2i$4 In Titl# VIII
AStr#n3t2#nin3 t2# cri.inal la$ a3ain$t t#rrori$.A of t2# Act! nu.#rou$ ,#finition$ ar# 3i"#n for
,o.#$tic! int#rnational t#rrori$t! n# t#rrori$t off#nc#$ ar# intro,uc#, an, all t2# 1#nalti#$ for t2o$#
2o co..it t#rrori$t cri.#$ ar# incr#a$#,4
+9
Act al$o u1,at#, t2# la to r#fl#ct n# t#c2nolo3i#$
an, n# t2r#at$! $uc2 a$ alloin3 la #nforc#.#nt official$ to o'tain a $#arc2 arrant any2#r# a
t#rrori$t-r#lat#, acti"ity 2a$ occurr#,! an, 1ro"i,in3 "icti.$ of co.1ut#r 2ac-in3 it2 t2# a'ility to
r#?u#$t la #nforc#.#nt a$$i$tanc# in .onitorin3 t2# 6tr#$1a$$#r$7 on t2#ir co.1ut#r$4
Succ##,in3! an a11ar#nt int#rnal l#a- fro. t2# C#ntral Int#lli3#nc# A3#ncy /CIA0!
+<
t2#
.#,ia in t2# US l#arnt an, 1u'li$2#, infor.ation a'out 6#n2anc#, int#rro3ation t#c2ni?u#$7! $ouc2
a$ at#r'oar,in3! u$#, 'y t2# CIA in it$ int#rro3ation of t#rrori$t $u$1#ct$ an, 1o$$i'ly ot2#r
1#r$on$ 2#l, '#cau$# of t2#ir lin-$ it2 $uc2 $u$1#ct$4 %y #=#cuti"# or,#r of :uly ());! t2# CIA
Dir#ctor r#?uir#, t2at int#rro3ation 1ractic#$ ar# 6$af# for u$#7! 'a$#, u1on 1rof#$$ional a,"ic#! an,
t2at t2#r# ill '# #ff#cti"# .onitorin3 of t2# CIA int#rro3ation 1ro3ra..#$4 Al$o! Mini$try of
D#f#nc# in ())< intro,uc#, CD#tain## Tr#at.#nt Act of ())< C 2#r# in S#ction *))( $tan,$D
/a0 In G#n#ral- No 1#r$on in t2# cu$to,y or un,#r t2# #ff#cti"# control of t2# D#1art.#nt of
D#f#n$# or un,#r ,#t#ntion in a D#1art.#nt of D#f#n$# facility $2all '# $u'j#ct to any tr#at.#nt or
t#c2ni?u# of int#rro3ation not aut2ori>#, 'y an, li$t#, in t2# Unit#, Stat#$ Ar.y Fi#l, Manual on
Int#lli3#nc# Int#rro3ation4
/44440
/c0 Con$truction- Not2in3 in t2i$ $#ction $2all '# con$tru#, to aff#ct t2# ri32t$ un,#r t2# Unit#,
Stat#$ Con$titution of any 1#r$on in t2# cu$to,y or un,#r t2# 12y$ical juri$,iction of t2# Unit#,
Stat#$4
+E
+* 2tt1DFF4ju$tic#43o"Farc2i"#FllF2atRi$Rt2#R1atriotRact41,f
+( S#curity Council R#$olution *+EH! ())*! 2tt1DFFiilj4or3Fcour$#$F,ocu.#nt$FAf32ani$tanSCR#$olution$41,f
++ S#curity Council R#$olution *+;+! ())*! 2tt1DFF4un4or3F#nF$cFctcF$1#cial.##tin3$F()*(F,oc$FUnit#,S()Nation$
S()S#curityS()CouncilS()R#$olutionS()*+;+S()S(H())*S(J41,f
+9 S## 2tt1DFF431o43o"Ff,$y$F1-3F5LA8-*);1u'l<EF1,fF5LA8-*);1u'l<E41,f! 1a3# *)9
+< S## 2tt1DFF4c'$n#$4co.FH+)*-<)+<9+R*E(-E*9EE*)-<)+<9+42t.l
+E D#tain## Tr#at.#nt Act of ())<! 1a3# *-(
*)
T2i$ a$ t2# fir$t 'i3 i$$u# t2at US Go"#r.#nt 2a, to #=1lain to 1u'lic4 S#con, i$ t2#
?u#$tion of 1r#"#nti"# ,#nt#ntion4 T2# Fift2 A.#n,.#nt to t2# Unit#, Stat#$ Con$titution cl#arly
$tat#$D
ANo 1#r$on $2all '# 2#l, to an$#r for a ca1ital! or ot2#ri$# infa.ou$ cri.#! unl#$$ on a
1r#$#nt.#nt or in,ict.#nt of a Gran, :ury! #=c#1t in ca$#$ ari$in3 in t2# lan, or na"al forc#$! or in
t2# Militia! 2#n in actual $#r"ic# in ti.# of 8ar or 1u'lic ,an3#r@ /4440A
+;
Furt2#r.or#! t2# ri32t to a $1##,y trial i$ 3uarant##, to cri.inal ,#f#n,ant$ 'y t2# Si=t2
A.an,.#nt to t2# US Con$titution4
+H
A A$1##,y trial7 'a$ically .#an$ t2at t2# ,#f#n,ant .u$t '#
tri#, for t2# all#3#, cri.#$ it2in a r#a$ona'l# ti.# aft#r '#in3 arr#$t#,4 Alt2ou32 arr#$t##$
cannot '# 2#l, it2out for.al c2ar3#$ for an unr#a$ona'l# a.ount of ti.#! t2# Con$titution ,o#$
not $1#ll out 2at t2i$ ti.# i$4 In$t#a,! t2#$# ar# ty1ically $#t fort2 'y $tat# la! an, t2# ti.#
1#rio, ,iff#r$ fro. $tat# to $tat#4 E"#n t2ou32 cl#ar con$titutional ri32t$! 1r#"#nti"# ,#nt#ntion
a$ not only t2# 1ractic# in co.'atin3 t#rrori$. an, count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation! it a$ #"#n
rai$#, to t2# 1oint to '# in,#finit#4 T2# National D#f#n$# Aut2ori>ation Act /NDAA0! an ot2#ri$#
.un,an# annual 'ill t2at lay$ out t2# u$# of fun,$ for t2# D#1art.#nt of D#f#n$#! 2a$ co.# un,#r
attac- ,urin3 t2# O'a.a a,.ini$tration for t2# intro,uction of a 1ro"i$ion in ()*( t2at allo$ t2#
.ilitary to ,#tain US citi>#n$ in,#finit#ly it2out c2ar3# or trial for .#r# $u$1icion$ of ti#$ to
t#rrori$.! un,#r t2# ()*( NDAAO$ S#ction *)(* /Affir.ation of aut2ority of t2# ar.#, forc#$ of
t2# Unit#, Stat#$ to ,#tain co"#r#, 1#r$on$ 1ur$uant to t2# aut2ori>ation for u$# of .ilitary
forc#0
+J
4 U4S4 5r#$i,#nt O'a.a ,i, not a3r## to 3i"# t2# .ilitary t2# 1o#r to arr#$t an, 2ol,
A.#rican$ it2out t2# rit of 2a'#a$ cor1u$ a$ 2# 1ro.i$#, it2 t2at y#arO$ $i3nin3 $tat#.#nt
t2at 2i$ a,.ini$tration oul, not a'u$# t2at 1ri"il#3#4 On D#c#.'#r 9! ()*(! t2# S#nat#
unani.ou$ly 1a$$#, t2# 'ill an, a,,#, in S#ction *)++ t2# F#in$t#in-L## NDAA A.#n,.#nt
2ic2 $tat#$D AAn aut2ori>ation to u$# .ilitary forc#! a ,#claration of ar! or any $i.ilar aut2ority
$2all not aut2ori># t2# ,#t#ntion it2out c2ar3# or trial of a citi>#n or laful 1#r.an#nt r#$i,#nt of
t2# Unit#, Stat#$ a11r#2#n,#, in t2# Unit#, Stat#$! unl#$$ an Act of Con3r#$$ #=1r#$$ly aut2ori>#$
$uc2 ,#t#ntion4A
9)
E"#n t2ou3 O'a.aC$ 1olitical ,i$cour$# i$ aroun, 2u.an ri32t$ an, a.on3 all
t2# t2in3$ clo$in3 Guanta.o %ay na"al $tataion! 2# $i3n#, ()*+ NDAA! t2at in S#ction *)+E
1ro2i'it$ t2# S#cr#tary of D#f#n$# fro. u$in3 fun,$ a"aila'l# to t2# D#1art.#nt of D#f#n$# for
fi$cal y#ar ()*+ to tran$f#r or r#l#a$# ,#tain##$ at U4S4 Na"al Station! Guantana.o %ay! Cu'a! to
+; 2tt1DFF4u$con$titution4n#tF=con$tRA.<42t.l
+H 2tt1DFF4u$con$titution4n#tF=con$tRA.E42t.l
+J National D#f#n$# Aut2ori>ation Act For Fi$cal I#ar ()*(!
2tt1DFF4tr#a$ury43o"Fr#$ourc#-c#nt#rF$anction$F5ro3ra.$FDocu.#nt$Fn,aaR1u'la41,f
9) 2tt1DFF4lafar#'lo34co.F1-cont#ntFu1loa,$F()*(F**FD#t#ntionA.#n,.#nt41,f
**
or it2in t2# Unit#, Stat#$! it$ t#rritori#$! or 1o$$#$$ion$4
9*
It i$ "#ry i.1ortant to .#ntion t2at
1r#$i,#nt of US 2a$ a ri32t to "#to NDAA ,ocu.#nt4
Count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation ,iff#r#nt a11roac2#$
T2i$ 1art of t2# or- ill #=a.in# to .ain a11roac2#$ in count#r-l#3i$lation
un,#r$tan,in34 Fir$t on# $2all '# call#, con$#r"ati"# or orto,o=4 T2# orto,o= ay in it$ analy$i$ 2a$
a .#t2o, of 1rot#ctin3 #it2#r national $#curity! or ci"il li'#rti#$! a$ if t2# 1rot#ction of on#
un,#r.in#$ t2# 1rot#ction of t2# ot2#r4 A$ a littl# ,iff#r#nt a11roac2! $2all call it con$#r"ati"#! it can
'# 1r#$#nt#, Ru,,oc-C$ un,#r$tan,in3 of count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation4 H# $tart$ fro. "#ry cl#ar
t2#$i$ - 2u.an $#curity i$ a n#c#$$ary 1r#con,ition to t2# #=#rci$# of all ot2#r 2u.an ri32t$4 T2u$!
2#n#"#r national 3o"#rn.#nt$ #nact count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation in t2# 1ur$uit of 2u.an $#curity!
#"#n if t2at l#3i$lation ,#ro3at#$ fro. acc#1t#, ri32t$ an, fr##,o.$ in t2# 1roc#$$! it i$ ulti.at#ly
'#n#ficial l#3i$lation '#cau$# 'y 1ro.otin3 2u.an $#curity it i$ NN1r#$#r"in3 a $oci#ty in 2ic2
ri32t$ an, fr##,o.$ can '# #=#rci$#,OO4
9(
T2# 1u'lic an, in,i"i,ual $#curity i$ i.1ortant 1art of 2u.an ri32t$ an, fun,a.#ntal
fr##,o.$4 T2u$! 1rot#ctin3 t2i$ ri32t cannot .#an "iol#tin3 it at t2# $a.# ti.#4 In ot2#r or,$!
count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation $2oul,nCt '# $##n a$ 'lac- an, 2it# i.a3# 2#r# 2u.an ri32t$ an,
national $#curity ar# o11on#nt to #ac2 ot2#r4 Ho#"#r! t2# "i# t2at co.#$ fro. Ru,,oc- i$ "#ry
?u#$tiona'l#4 H# i$ 1uttin3 ri32t for in,i"i,ual an, 1u'lic! 2u.an $#curity a$ a n#c#$$ary
1r#con,ition to t2# #=#rci$# of all ot2#r 2u.an ri32t$4 T2# ?u#$tion$ # can .a-# on t2i$
a$$u.1tion oul, '# fir$tly 2y i$ ju$tif#, to r#,uc# on# or cou1l# 2u.an ri32t$ in or,#r to fulfill
ot2#r 2u.an ri32t! an, if # ,o 1ro"i,# l#3it an$#r! 2at in$titution i$ 3oin3 to fortify u1 to 2at
#=t#ntion t2# r#,uction of on# or $o.# 2u.an ri32t$ i$ #nou32B T2o$# ?u#$tion$ $tay it2out r#1ly
in t2# ritin3$ of l#3al $c2olar$ t2at ar# $u11ortin3 t2i$ a11roac2 on count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation4
Li-# it i$ .#n$ion#, in t2# Intro,uction! #i32in3 t2# 2u.an ri32t$ an, fun,a.#ntal fr##,o.$ i$
not only a3ain$t t2#ory an, raison d<=tre of t2# in$titution of t2# fun,a.#ntal ri32t$! 'ut
t2#or#tically i.1o$$i'l# an, .orally ron34 No in$titution or a 1#r$on cannot $ay on# 2u.an ri32t
i$ .or# "alua'l# or i.1ortant t2an t2# ot2#r4 T2at oul, .#an t2at t2# ,ocu.#nt$ li-# Con$titution
or D#claration of Hu.an Ri32t$ oul, '# int#r1r#tat#, ,iff#r#ntly in #ac2 ca$# an, l#a, to
,#1#n,in3 on t2# $u'j#cti"ity of t2# court or t2# ju,3# in in,i"i,ual .att#r$ an, .a-# ju,ical
a$$#$$.#nt a$ t2# 1ri.#r $ourc# of t2# la4 Goin3 in t2at ,ir#ction t2# 1roc#$$ coul, co.# to t2#
9* National D#f#n$# Aut2ori>ation Act For Fi$cal I#ar ()*+! 1a3# (++
9( Ru,,oc- cit#, in %4 Gol,#r an, G4 8illia.$ alancing *ational Security and 4uman +ights5 Assessing the Legal +esponse of
6ommon Law *ations to the Threat of Terrorism, ())E! 1a3# <*
*(
1oint of co.1l#t# .oral r#?u#$tionin3 2ic2 oul, .#an lo$$in3 t2# i.1artiality of t2# court4 For
#=a.1l#! # can ,#ci,# t2at i.1in3# of t2# ri32t to t2# 1ri"acy in or,#r to 3ain i.1ortant
infor.ation a'out t#rrori$t attac-$ an, $to1 1o$$i'l# futur# cata$tro12y an, 1rot#ct 1#o1l#! i$
ju$tifi#,4 8# can ,#ci,#! a$ $c2olar$ or citi>#n$! 'ut al$o a$ a ju,3# or a court! 2ic2 .#an$ # all
a3r## on it4 No! l#t$ i.a3in# ,iff#r#nt $ituation4 It i$ a$-#, t2at ri32t to 2u.an $#curity 1r#"ail$
o"#r 2u.an ri32t a3ain$t tortur# or in,#finit# ,#t#ntion it2out trial4 8oul, you a3r## t2at $o.#
1#r$on can '# int#ro3at#, an, -#1t in jail for in,#finit# ti.# it2out '#in3 c2ar3#,! 2ic2 .#an$
t2at aft#r $o.# y#ar$ or .ont2$ 2# or $2# coul, '# ju$t r#l#a$#, a$ innoc#ntB If # cannot '# $ur#
2at fun,a.#ntal ri32t i$ A'#tt#rA an, .or# i.1ortant! t2an # or any ot2#r in$titution cannot 2ol,
$cal#$ an, #i32 any of our ri32t$ t2at # 2ol, a$ t2# citi>#n$ an, a$ t2# 2u.an '#in3$4
S#con, a11roac2 on t2# count#r-t#rrori$. .att#r! i$ t2# 'alancin3 a11roac2 an, it co.#$ a$
a .i,,l# ay '#t##n orto,o= an, con$#r"ati"#4 Aut2or$ t2at ar# ritin3 a'out it ar# co..only
foun, a$ .or# r#ali$tic an, o'j#cti"# t2an t2# ot2#r$4 T2#y $a t2# $a.# fla$ # 1r#"iou$ly
,i$cu$$#, an, $2ar# t2#$i$ t2at i.1act on t2# fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ i$ alr#a,y 2a11#nin3 an, t2at i$
1art of t2# .o,#rn 1olitic$ an, int#rnational $#curity $trat#3i#$! t2u$ t2# 1roc#$$ 2a"# alr#a,y 3on#
to far to '# corr#ct#, an, t2# '#$t t2in3 it can '# ,on# i$ to acc#1t fact$ an, in$titutionali$#
'alancin3 of t2# 2u.an ri32t$ an, fun,a.#ntal fr##,o.$ a$ a 1art of ,#.ocratic 1roc#$$#$4 In or,#r
to '#tt#r 1r#$#nt t2i$ a11roac2! t2i$ 1a1#r u$# t2# 'alancin3 .#t2o, of %4 Gol,#r an, G4 8illia.$
t2at t2#y ,#$cri'# in t2#ir 1a11#r alancing *ational Security and 4uman +ights5 Assessing the
Legal +esponse of 6ommon Law *ations to the Threat of Terrorism
2:
In t2#ir 1a11#r t2#y #=a.in#
t2# count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation $y$t#.$ in Au$tralia! N# U#lan,! Sout2 Africa an, Unit#,
Pin3,o. an, t2#y co.# to ,#ci$ion t2at t2# fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ of t2# citi>#n$ in t2o$# countri#$ ar#
i.1i3n#, ,u# to l#3al $y$t#. .a,# .o$tly aft#r S#1t#.'#r ** /in $o.# countri#$ li-# N# U#lan,
an, Unit#, Pin3,o. a$ #"#n #arli#r04 Accor,in3 to t2#ir r#$#arc2! t2# rul# of la a$ #.'o,i#, in
nation$ $uc2 a$ Cana,a! Sout2 Africa an, t2# Unit#, Stat#$ r#?uir#$ t2at all la$ '# $u'j#ct to
a$$#$$.#nt for t2#ir co.1lianc# it2 con$titutional nor.$4 In $uc2 a foru.! 'alancin3 can 1lay a
-#y rol# an, t2#y ar3u# t2at t2# 1ro1#r .#t2o, for a$$#$$in3 t2# n# count#r-t#rrori$. la$! fro. a
2u.an ri32t$ 1#r$1#cti"#! i$ to a,o1t a NN'alancin3 a11roac2OO accor,in3 to 2ic2 t2# i.1ortanc# of
t2# r#l#"ant 2u.an ri32t i$ #i32#, a3ain$t t2# i.1ortanc# of t2# $oci#tal or co..unity int#r#$t in
,#ci,in3 2#t2#r to ta-# l#3i$lati"# action /or! fro. t2# 1o$ition of a ju,3#! in ,#ci,in3 2#t2#r a
c#rtain la i$ "ali,04
99
%#for# #=1lainin3 'alancin3 a11roac2 of t2#$# aut2or$! l#t$ 3o littl# 'ac- into t2# t2#ory of
9+ 5u'li$2#, in :ournal of Co.1arati"# 5olicy Analy$i$! Vol4 H! No4 *! 9+VE(! /())E0
99 %4 Gol,#r an, G4 8illia.$ alancing *ational Security and 4uman +ights5 Assessing the Legal +esponse of 6ommon Law
*ations to the Threat of Terrorism, ())E! 1a3# 99
*+
con$titutional ri32t$4 In t2# 3lo'al l#3al orl,! it i$ '#co.in3 incr#a$in3ly r#co3ni>#, t2at #"#ry
.o,#rn l#3al $y$t#. i$ .a,# u1 of to 'a$ic -in,$ of nor.$D rul#$ an, 1rinci1l#$4
9<
T2#$# ar#
a11li#, 'y .#an$ of to ,iff#r#nt 1roc#,ur#$D $u'$u.1tion an, 'alancin34 82il# rul#$ a11ly 'y
.#an$ of $u'$u.1tion! 'alancin3 i$ t2# .#an$ of a11lyin3 1rinci1l#$4 %alancin3 t2#r#for# '#ca.#
an #$$#ntial .#t2o,olo3ical crit#ria for a,ju,ication! #$1#cially in ca$# of con$titutional ri32t$4 T2#
,#'at# on 'alancin3 a$ a .oral an, l#3al a11roac2 ar# nu.#rou$! 'ut to .ain ?u#$tion$ t2at ar#
alay$ r#?u#$tion#, an, r##=a.in#, ar# fir$t juri,ico-12ilo$o12ical ?u#$tion t2at r#f#r$ on t2#
natur# of 'alacin3! 2#t#r it i$ a rational 1roc#,ur# for a11lyin3 nor.$ or a .#r# r2#torical ,#"ic#4
S#con, ?u#$tion i$ r#l#"ant fro. t2# 1oint of "i# of con$titutional ri32t$ an, la$ i$ t2# ?u#$tion
of t2# l#3iti.acy of t2# ju,3# a$ t2# 'alanc#r4 Mor#o"#r! t2# criti?u# of Ha'#r.a$ oul, '# .o$t
int#r#$tin3 to our or- an, it i$ t2at t2# 'alancin3 a11roac2 ,#1ri"#$ con$titutional ri32t$ of t2#ir
nor.ati"# 1o#r4 %y .#an$ of 'alancin3! 2# clai.$! ri32t$ ar# ,on3ra,#, to t2# l#"#l of 3oal$!
1olici#$! an, "alu#$4 T2#y t2#r#'y lo$# t2# A$trict priorityA t2at i$ c2aract#ri$tic of Anor.ati"# 1oint$
of "i#A4
9E9;
In t2i$ 1oint of criti?u# # can a3ain turn to t2# 1ro'l#. .#ntion#, '#for#! 1ro'l#. of
co.1arin3 an, #i32tin3 fun,a.#ntal ri32t$4 To u$# or,$ of Al#=y! Acon$titutional ri32t$ nor.$
ar# con$i,#r#, a$ rul#, t2at ar# a11lica'l#! in #$$#nc#! it2out 'alancin34A
9H
T2i$ or- ont #nt#r in
t2# ,#tail#, natur# an, f#atur#$ of 'alancin3! n#"#rt2#l#$$ it ill u$# on# $tron3 ar3u.#nt r#3ar,#,
to t2i$ a11roac2! t2# ar3u.#nt of rationality4 A3ain! t2# or- i$ not 3oin3 to #=1lain rationality
,i$tinctly! #"#n t2ou32 t2at i$ "#ry int#r#$tin3 a11roac2 in o'$#r"in3 t2i$ i$$u#4
Accor,in3 to Gol,#n an, 8illia.$! #i32tin3 '#t##n national $#curity an, con$titutional
ri32t$ i$ not only 2a11#nin3 in .any countri#$! it al$o a'u$#$ ri32t$ in fr#at ,#al4 Hi$torical an,
cont#.1orary #=a.1l#$ of t2# a'u$# of t2# ri32t$ of .inority 3rou1$ in ti.#$ of 1#rc#i"#, t2r#at$ to
national $#curity ar# rif#! an, in,##,! a$ t2# infa.ou$ Unit#, Stat#$ ca$# of (orematsu #. United
States ,#.on$trat#$! #"#n t2# 1r#$#nc# of a ,o.#$tic %ill of Ri32t$ i$ no 3uarant## of t2# 1rot#ction
of .inority ri32t$4
9J
In 'alancin3 a11roac2 $#curity conc#rn$ "#r$u$ 2u.an ri32t$ 1rot#ction$! .u$t
$tat# #=actly 2o$# ri32t$ ill '# aff#ct#, 'y t2# 1ro1o$#, .#a$ur#4 T2i$ .a-#$ no ,iff#r#nc# t2an
alr#a,y #=i$tin3 2i#rarc2y of ri32t$ in Euro1#an Gui,#lin#$4 %#$i,#$ 'alancin3 un,#r $uc2 a
2i#rarc2y! i.1act on ri32t$ i$ $till occurin34
9< S## Ro'#rt Al#=y! A theory of 6onstitutional +ights! tran$lation :ulian Ri"#r$ /O=for,! ())(0
9E Ro'#rt Al#=y! 6onstitutional +ights, alancing and +ationality! ())+! 1a3# *+9
9; Ha'#r.a$ cit#, in Ro'#rt Al#=y! 6onstitutional +ights, alancing and +ationality! ())+! 1a3# *+9
9H Ro'#rt Al#=y! The 6onstruction of 6onstitutional +ights, ()*)! 1a3# (
9J %4 Gol,#r an, G4 8illia.$ alancing *ational Security and 4uman +ights5 Assessing the Legal +esponse of 6ommon Law
*ations to the Threat of Terrorism, ())E! 1a3# <H
*9
Situation in %ra>il
In t2# National Strat#3y of D#f#nc# of %ra>il! or, t#rrori$. i$ .#ntion#, only on#$ in t2#
1art Int#rnational 5artici1ationD
All Stat#O$ in$tanc#$ $2oul, contri'ut# to t2# ri$# of t2# National S#curity l#"#l! 1articularly
#.12a$i>in3D /4440
- t2# 1r#"#ntion of t#rrori$t act$ an, of .a$$i"# attac-$ a3ain$t t2# Hu.an Ri32t$! a$ #ll a$ t2#
3ui,in3 of count#r-t#rrori$. o1#ration$! un,#r t2# r#$1on$a'ility of t2# Mini$tri#$ of D#f#n$# an, of
:u$tic#! an, t2# In$titutional S#curity Ca'in#t of t2# 5r#$i,#ncy /GSIF5R04
<)
T2i$ 1#rf#ctly ilu$trat#$ t2# $ituation on count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation in %ra>il! '#tt#r $ai,!
no #=i$tanc# of t2# $a.#4 T2#r# i$ no cla$$ification of 2at con$titut#$ t#rrori$.4 In ot2#r or,$!
t#rrori$. i$ not in t2# la4
<*
In US Country R#1ort on T#rrori$. for y#ar ()*(! 1art L#3i$lation!
La Enforc#.#nt! an, %or,#r S#curity! $ay$ t2at in t2# $a.# y#ar %ra>ilian C2a.'#r of D#1uti#$
con$i,#r#, to count#rt#rrori$. 'ill$ 1#n,in3 in co..itt##@ on# oul, ,#ny "i$a$ to 1#r$on$
con"ict#, or accu$#, of a t#rrori$t act in anot2#r country! an, t2# ot2#r oul, 1ro"i,# t2# a'ility to
1r#"#nt! in"#$ti3at#! an, 1ro$#cut# t#rrori$t or3ani$ation$4
<(
It i$ al$o int#r#$tin3 t2at t#rrori$. in
%ra>ilian Con$titution i$ .#ntion#, onc#! in Titl# II - Fun,a.#ntal Ri32t$ an, Guarant##$! Articl#
<
<+
! nor. MLIIID
AT2# 1ractic# of tortur#! t2# illicit traffic of narcotic$ an, r#lat#, ,ru3$! a$ #ll a$ t#rrori$.! an,
cri.#$ ,#fin#, a$ 2#inou$ cri.#$ $2all '# con$i,#r#, 'y la a$ non-'aila'l# an, not $u'j#ct to
3rac# or a.n#$ty! an, t2#ir 1rinci1al$! a3#nt$! an, t2o$# 2o o.it t2#.$#l"#$ 2il# '#in3 a'l# to
a"oi, $uc2 cri.#$ $2all '# 2#l, lia'l#@A
<9
In t2# C2a1t#r III - 5u'lic S#curity! Articl# *99 $ay$D 5u'lic $#curity! t2# ,uty of t2# Stat#
an, t2# ri32t an, r#$1on$a'ility of all! i$ #=#rci$#, to 1r#$#r"# 1u'lic or,#r an, t2# $af#ty of 1#r$on$
an, 1ro1#rty /44404
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T2i$ $2o$ 2u.an $#curity a$ t2# fun,a.#ntal ri32t an, ,uty of t2# Stat#4 %ut
$till! it i$ not #nou32 to o1#n ,i$cu$$ion a'out r#lation '#t##n count#r-t#rrori$. la$ an,
fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ in t2i$ country4 In %ra>ilian Con$titution! t#rrori$. i$ 1r#$#nt#, to3#t2#r it2
traffic of narcotic$ an, tortur#! 2ic2 i$ "#ry i.1ortant to un,#r$tan, t2# 1ro'l#. %ra>il 2a$ it2
,#finin3 t2i$ notion4 Accor,in3 to Gui.arW#$! %ra>il 2a$ not $uff#r#, actual t#rrori$t attac-$ in t2#
<) National Strat#3y of D#f#nc#! ;eace and Security for ra!il, *$t E,ition! ())H! 1a3# E<
<* La Nu.'#r ;4*;)! in Articl# () contain$ or,$ Ct#rrori$t actC in t2# 'o,y of t2# t#=t! 'ut ju$t a$ t2# 1art of #=a.1l#$ of ot2#r
ty1#$ of cri.#$! li-# -i,na11in3! ro'#ry! "an,ali># #tc4 443o"4'rFcci"ilR)+Fl#i$Fl;*;)42t.
<( Unit#, Stat#$ D#1art.#nt of Stat#! 6ountry +eports on Terrorism 01,0! 2tt1DFF4$tat#43o"FjFctFrl$FcrtF()*(F()JJH942t.
<+ AAll 1#r$on$ ar# #?ual '#for# t2# la! it2out any ,i$tinction 2at$o#"#r! %ra>ilian$ an, for#i3n#r$ r#$i,in3 in t2# country '#in3
#n$ur#, of in"iola'ility of t2# ri32t to lif#! to li'#rty! to #?uality! to $#curity an, to 1ro1#rty! on t2# folloin3 t#r.$DA
<9 Con$titution of F#,#rati"# R#1u'lic of %ra>il! 2tt1DFF#n3li$24t$#4ju$4'rFar?ui"o$Ff#,#ral-con$titution! 1a3# *H
<< Con$titution of F#,#rati"# R#1u'lic of %ra>il! 2tt1DFF#n3li$24t$#4ju$4'rFar?ui"o$Ff#,#ral-con$titution! 1a3# *)E
*<
lat#$t 1#rio,4
<E
A'$#nc# of attac-$ li-# t2o$# in US an, EU .ay #=1lain 2y t2i$ .att#r $#a.$ $o
,i$tanc# an, l#$$ i.1ortant t2an ,o.#$tic $#curity4 Still! #"#n t2ou32 n#utral 1o$ition of %ra>il in
r#c#nt int#rnational conflict$! t2# ri$- of t#rrori$t attac- i$ $till in t2# air4 T2# ri$- i$ 3#ttin3 'i33#r
#$1#cially no it2 t2# 'i3 #"#nt$ %ra>il i$ y#t to or3ani>#! '#cau$# t#rrori$t ,onCt ai. t2#ir tar3#t$
only in t2#ir ,o.#$tic countri#$! an, $1ort 1lay#r$ an, journali$t oul,nCt '# attac-#, for t2# fir$t
ti.#4 Gui.arW#$ furt2#r r#.in,$ u$ t2at t2#r# i$ anot2#r for. of cri.inal or3ani$ation! rat2#r call#,
C%ra>ilianC! 2ic2 $2o$ .uc2 l#$$ or3ani>#, an, $##.$ to r#ly on t2# ,ir#ct 1artici1ation of a3#nt$!
'a$#, on co..an,$ of or3ani>#, cri.inal$! #434 lar3# riot$ in 1ri$on! co..an,in3 narcotic$
traffic-in3 fro. 1ri$on$! #tc4 R#$1#cti"#ly t2# $a.# aut2or! t2#$# cri.inal 3rou1$! alt2ou32 t2#y ar#
not $tructur#, a$ notoriou$ cri.inal or3ani$ation$! r#f#rr#, to 'y $1#cific na.#$! 'ut not it2out
$o.# or3ani$ation an, $1r#a,in3 t#rror 'y "ariou$ $#ctor$ of $oci#ty an, t2# 3o"#rn.#nt! if u$in3!
on occa$ion! 1ractic# ?uit# $i.ilar to t#rrori$t attac-$4 T2i$ i$ t2# ca$#! a.on3 ot2#r$! t2#
1#rfor.anc#$ of t2# 6omando >ermelho in Rio ,# :an#iro an, t2# ;rimeiro 6omando da 6apital in
Sao 5aulo4
<;

Ot2#r con$#rnin3 fac- i$ t2# 1u'lic $#curity l#3i$lation t2at ,at#$ fro. ti.# of .ilitary
r#3i.#4 La nu.'#r 94H;H! fro. +r, D#c#.'#r *JE<! tal-$ a'out 1u'lic $#curity4 It i$ int#r#$tin3
t2at in Titl# M AD#t#ntionA of t2# La! $ay$ t2at A,#nt#ntion! t2at cannot #=c##, J) ,ay$ /4440A
<H
4
N#"#rt2#l#$$! in Titl# MII of t2# $a.# La! Articl# <H! $tan,$D
AT2# %oar, of 5olic#! ta-in3 into account t2# i.1act a11ar#l! or it$ circu.$tanc#$! .ay! 'y notic#
of it$ 5r#$i,#nt! #njoy t2# ,i$ci1linary tr#$1a$$#$ 1uni$2a'l# 'y 1#nalti#$ r#1roac2! $u$1#n$ion until
t2irty ,ay$ an, ,i$ci1linary ,#t#ntion it2in t#nty ,ay$4A
<J

T2at .#n$ on# can '# ,#tain#, u1 to + .ont2$ ju$t if it i$ arra$t#, an, accu$#, on t2#
c2ar3#$ "iolatin3 1u'lic $#curity4 T2i$ i$ "#ry ,i$tur'in3 fact! t2at 2i32ly i.1in3#$ ot2#r
fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ an, "#ry 2ar, to '# ju$tif#, 'y any r#a$on4 T2i$ C.ilitaryC "oca'ulary i$ $till
1#r$#r"#, in .any la$ in %ra>il4 82#n count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation i$ .a,#! it2out c2an3in3 in
1u'lic $#curity la$ t2at ar# 1ractic#, to,ay! it ill #=i$t 2i32 1o$$i'ility to .i$int#r1r#t t#rrori$t act
it2 ,#.on$tration on t2# $tr##t4
In ar3u.#nt of ,#t#ntion an, fun,a.#ntal ri32t$ $ituation in %ra>il! it i$ int#r#$tin3 to loo-
at t2# 8orl, R#a1ort for y#ar ()*( 'y Hu.an Ri32t$ 8atc24 In 1art CD#t#ntionC! r#a1ort $ay$D
<E Gui.arW#$ cit#, in $Tratamento penal do terrorismo no rasil$ 'y Franci$ca :or,Xnia Fr#ita$ ,a Sil"a!
2tt1DFF4fa;4#,u4'rFr#cur$o$Fi.a3#n$FFil#F,ir#itoFic(F"iR#ncontroFTRATAMENTOR5ENALRDORTERRORISMORNOR%RA
SIL41,f
<; Ibid.
<H 2tt1DFF41lanalto43o"4'rFcci"ilR)+Fl#i$FL9H;H42t. ! tran$lation 'y Aut2or
<J Ibid. ori3inal t#=t of t2# La - Art4 <H4 O$ Con$#l2o$ ,# 5ol&cia! l#"an,o #. conta a r#1#rcu$$Wo ,o fato! ou $ua$ circun$tXncia$!
1o,#rWo! 1or con"ocaYWo ,# $#u 5r#$i,#nt#! a1r#ciar a$ tran$3r#$$Z#$ ,i$ci1linar#$ 1a$$&"#i$ ,# 1uniYWo co. a$ 1#na$ ,#
r#1r##n$Wo! $u$1#n$Wo at[ trinta ,ia$ # ,#t#nYWo ,i$ci1linar at[ "int# ,ia$4
*E
Accor,in3 to t2# Mini$try of :u$tic#O$ 5#nit#ntiary Infor.ation Int#3rat#, Sy$t#. /INFO5EN0!
%ra>ilO$ incarc#ration rat# tri1l#, o"#r t2# la$t *< y#ar$ an, t2# 1ri$on 1o1ulation no #=c##,$ 2alf
a .illion 1#o1l#4 D#lay$ it2in t2# ju$tic# $y$t#. contri'ut# to t2# o"#rcro,in3D al.o$t 2alf of all
in.at#$ ar# in 1r#-trial ,#t#ntion4 On :uly 9! ()**! Con3r#$$ 1a$$#, a la 1ro2i'itin3 1r#-trial
,#t#ntion for cri.#$ 1uni$2a'l# 'y l#$$ t2an four y#ar$ in jail4
E)
T2i$ $tati$tic a$ al$o 1oint#, out in
r#a1ort 'y Int#rnational %ar A$$ociationC$ Hu.an Ri32t$ In$titut# /I%AHRI0 1u'li$2#, in ()*)4
6On# in Fi"#D t2# cri$i$ in %ra>ilO$ 1ri$on$ an, cri.inal ju$tic# $y$t#.7 r#a1ort #=1o$#$ t2# failur#$
of t2# countryO$ cri.inal ju$tic# $y$t#. to 1ro"i,# fair an, ti.#ly trial$! acc#$$ to lay#r$! an,
1rot#ction fro. 1ri$on 3an3$4 T2# %ra>ilian National :u$tic# Council! a $u1#r"i$ory 'o,y of t2#
ju,iciary! 2a$ foun, t2at of t2# H9!))) ca$#$ it 2a$ r#"i##, $o far! on# in fi"# 1r#-trial 1ri$on#r$ ar#
curr#ntly '#in3 ron3fully ,#tain#,4
E*
T2i$ $u33#$t$ t2at t2# 1ro'l#. i$ #=tr#.#ly $#riou$
nationi,# an, t2at 1ro'l#.$ %ra>il 2a"# to $ol"# ar# fir$t of national natur#4
A$ t2# or- $2o 1r#"iou$ly! t2# .ain ,ificulti#$ conn#ct#, it2 1u'lic $#curity %ra>il i$
#=1#ri#ncin3 i$ or3ani>#, 3rou1$ t2at ar# o1#ratin3 li-#i$# t#rrori$t 3rou1$ 'y $o.# ,#ffinition$4
Can '# t2#r# any ,if#r#nc# '#t##n or3ani$#, cri.inal 3rou1$ t2at $1r#a, t#rror in or,#r to
influ#nc# 1olitical or,#r an, t#rrori$t attac-B %y US 5atriot Act! it canCt4 Ho#"#r! it2 u1co.in3
#"#nt$! 8orl, Cu1 in Foot'all n#=t y#ar an, Oli.1ic Ga.#$ in ()*E! t2# 1r#$$ur# on %ra>ilian
Go"#rn.#nt ill ri$#4 It a$ $2on 1r#"iou$ly 2o EU an, UN ,ra t2#ir S#curity Strat#3i#$
n#arly ri32t aft#r S#1t#.'#r ** an, al.o$t 'y 1rinci1# Aco1y-1a$#,A in r#lation to t2# US on#4 For
Raul :un3.ann! a for.#r "ic# 1r#$i,#nt of t2# Co..itt## for S#curity an, Action$ A3ain$t
Or3ani>#, Cri.#! %ra>il $2oul, ,i$cu$$ t2# i$$u#! 'ut 2# not#$ t2# co.1l#=ity of ,#finin3 t#rrori$.!
2ic2 can '# conn#ct#, to t2# action$ of $ocial .o"#.#nt$ 68# coul, n#"#r .i$ta-# 1rot#$t$! #"#n
'y t2# ron3 .#an$! it2 t#rrori$.4A4
E(
8ill %ra>il $uccu.' t2# 1r#a$ur# an, #nact t#rrori$. cri$i$
.#na3.#nt in it$ l#3i$lation or follo it$ on 1olitical an, con$titutional t2in-in3! # $2all $ur#ly
$## in t2# n#ar futur#4 For no! it$ rol# in count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation i$ .ini.al an, n#utral
1o$ition countinou$ to '# 2#l,4
Conclu$ion
%y t2# ay of conclu$ion .ain i,#a$ of t2i$ or- $2all '# 1r#$#nt#,4 E=a.ination of
,ocu.#ntation in t2i$ or- a$ focu$#, only to 2#l1 un,#r$tanin3 la$ an, ,ocu.#nt$ conc#rn#,
E) 2tt1DFF42r4or3Forl,-r#1ort-()*(Forl,-r#1ort-()*(-'ra>il
E*6On# in Fi"#D t2# cri$i$ in %ra>ilO$ 1ri$on$ an, cri.inal ju$tic# $y$t#.7! ()*)! 1a3# <
E( 2tt1DFF4orl,crunc24co.Forl,-affair$Fa-3iant-2ol#-in-'ra>il-)+J-$-anti-t#rrori$.-1olicy-for-orl,-cu1-oly.1ic$F$occ#r-
$1ort-$ao-1aulo-1olic#-oly.1ic-3a.#$-national-$#curityFc*$**+E<FT4U.#1?;5DFA
*;
a'out national $#curity! #$1#cially t2# on#$ to co.'at t#rrori$.4 T2# t#rrori$t acti"iti#$ ar# 1ro'a'ly
t2# tou32#$t! if t2# on# 2a$ to .a-# co.1aration '#t##n ,iff#r#nt cri.# acti"iti#$4 Too .any
innoc#nt li"#$ #r# lo$t in or,#r to .a-# 1olitical! i,#olo3ical or r#li3iou$ 1oint4 Hu.an $#curity i$
in,##, t2# 'a$ic of our ri32t$! '#cau$# if # ar# not 1rot#ct#,! lo3ically # cannot 1ractic# t2# r#$t
of our ri32t$4 Still! ,o#$ t2at .#an t2at our Go"#rn.#nt$ an, int#rnational co..unity 2a"# ri32t to
co.1ly an, li.it all ot2#r ri32t$ in or,#r to 1rot#ct on#B
Gi"in3 r#a$on$ for t2i$ i$ "#ry 2ar, '#cau$# t2#r# ar# .any ar3u.#nt$ a,,r#$$#, in ,iff#r#nt
ca$#$4 T2at i$ 2y juri$1ru,#nc# ,o#$nCt 2a"# on# ,octrin#! on# .#t2o, to o'#y an, $#r"#4 T2u$!
#ac2 ca$# t2at confront$ ri32t to 2u.an $#curity to anot2#r fun,an.#ntal ri32t! i$ in t2# fr## 2an,$
of t2# ju,3#4 %alancin3 co.#$ a$ rational! natural a11roac24 Rationality i$ in t2# c#nt#r of 'alancin3
t2#ory an, r#?uir#$ rational la ,i$cour$# to .a-# 'alancin3 acc#1ta'l#! for t2# r#a$on t2at if t2#
'alancin3 #r# 'y it$ natur# irrational! it oul, 2a"# to '# r#j#ct#,! an, it2 it! 1rinci1l#$ ?ua
nor.$ t2at r#?uir# $o.#t2in3 irrational4
E+
On t2# ot2#r 2an,! Ha'#r.a$ ill '# "#ry $ur# in 2i$
criti?u# $ayin3 t2at t2#r# ar# no rational $tan,ar,$ for 'alancin3 C'#ca$u# t2#r# ar# no rational
$tan,ar,$ for t2i$! #i32tin3 ta-#$ 1lac# #i32t#r ar'itrarily or unr#fl#cri"#ly! accor,in3 to cu$to.ary
$tan,ar,$ an, 2i#rarc2i#$4
E9
T2#r#for#! 'alancin3 can '# or ,o#$nCt 2a"# to '# rational! 'ut it i$
r#ality of t2# n# orl, or,#r! #$1#cially in n# $#curity or,#r4
A$ it 2a$ '##n $2on! 'ot2 a11roac2#$ ,onCt r#1r#$#nt final $olution4 A$ citi>#n$! # c#,# a
.#a$ur# of our ri32t$ an, li'#rti#$ to t2# Stat# in or,#r to $#cur# t2# co..on 3oo,4 T2u$! in t2i$
utilitarian un,#r$tan,in3 of count#r-t#rrori$. l#3i$lation! t2# int#r#$t$ of national $#curity an, t2#
1rot#ction of 2u.an ri32t$ ar# 1lac#, at o11o$it# #n,$ of t2# conc#1tual $1#ctru. /44404
E<
In,##,! t2#
#i32t of 2u.an ri32t $2oul, '# .#a$ur#, at it$ #n,! in t2# $tat# la4 O'$#r"#, a$ t2at!
con$titutional ri32t$ ar# clo$#ly conn#ct#, to 2u.an ri32t$! 2ic2 i$ t2# r#a$on t2at in t2i$ or-
'ot2 2u.an an, con$titutional ri32t$ #r# u$#, on t2# $a.# l#"#l4 Many ,#.ocratic nation$ 2a"#
follo#, t2# US .o,#l in #n$2rinin3 c#rtain ri32t$ in t2#ir con$titution$4 Countri#$ 2o$# ritt#n
con$titution$ inclu,# a 'ill of ri32t$ inclu,# G#r.any! In,ian an, :a1an! 'ut .o$t of ,#.ocratic
con$titution$ incor1orat# 2u.an ri32t$ in t2#ir t#=t in 2i32 l#"#l4 Uni"#r$al D#claration of Hu.an
Ri32t$ 2a$ '##n 1roclai.#, 'y UN on D#c#.'#r *)! *J9H! 2ic2 a$ E< y#ar$ a3o4 8# cannot
i3nor# t2# fact t2at t2# orl, i$ c2an3#, $inc# .or# t2an 2alf c#ntury a3o4 If # a$$#nt t2# $ituation
a$ t2at! t2# 1o$$i'ility to an$#r on it$ c2all#n3in3 1ro'l#.$! oul, '# to c2an3# t2# c2aract#r an,
,ocu.#nt$ of 2u.an ri32t$4 T2i$ i$ at l#a$t "#ry int#r#$tin3 i,#a to #=a.in# in t2# futur#! an, a$ on#
E+ Ro'#rt Al#=y! The 6onstruction of 6onstitutional +ights, ()*)! 1a3# ;
E9 Ha'#r.a$ in Ro'#rt Al#=y! The 6onstruction of 6onstitutional +ights, ()*)! 1a3# H
E< %4 Gol,#r an, G4 8illia.$ alancing *ational Security and 4uman +ights5 Assessing the Legal +esponse of 6ommon Law
*ations to the Threat of Terrorism, ())E! 1a3# <)
*H
aca,#.ic #=a.1l# of t2# or- on t2i$ .att#r! I $2all .#ntion Uni"#r$al D#claration of E.#r3in3
Hu.an Ri32t$ /UDEHR0 t2at a$ con,uct#, on Hu.an Ri32t$ In$titut# of Catalonia in ())94 T2i$
D#claration in"ol"#$ a n# conc#1tion of citi>#n 1artici1ation an, conc#i"#$ t2# #.#r3in3 ri32t$ a$
citi>#n ri32t$4
EE
T2at oul, al$o .#an incor1oration of 2u.an ri32t$ in a 3r#at .any con$titution$4
T2# "alu# of fr##,o. in t2# ,#.ocratic li'#ral $oci#ti#$ ,#1#n,$ on t2# ca1acity to .antain t2#
'alanc# '#t##n t2# in,i"i,ual fr##,o. in on# ay an, t2# r#$t of t2# ri32t$! t2# 3uarant## of
2ic2 co.#$ to li.it t2#$# fr##,o.$ in on# ay or anot2#r4
E;
T2i$ C"alu#C accor,in3 to E.#r3in3
Ri32t$ ar3u.#nt! $2oul, '# inclu,#, in t2# t#=t o, D#claration an, in t2# Con$titution$! 2ic2
.a-#$ 'alancin3 .or# li.it#, an, ,#fin#,4 5#r2a1$ t2i$ ,iff#r#nt a11roac2 to count#r-t#rrori$.
l#3i$lati"# in r#lation to fun,a.#ntal ri32t$! coul, in$1ir# %ra>ilian aut2or$ in or,#r to c2an3# it$
n#utral o'$#r"in3 of t2i$ l#3al i$$u#4
EE Draft of C2art#r of E.#r3in3 Hu.an Ri32t$!
2tt1DFF43uy$tan,in34co.Ffil#$F,ocu.#nt$FC2art#rRofR#.#r3in3R2u.anRri32t$41,f! 1a3# 9
E; Ibid., 1a3# J
*J
R#f#r#nc#$
-%ail#$! T2# Euro1#an S#curity Strat#3yD An E"olutionary Hi$tory! ())<!
2tt1DFF'oo-$4$i1ri4or3Ffil#$F55FSI5RI55*)41,f
-%i$co1! A N# E=t#rnal Action S#r"ic# N##,$ a N# Euro1#an S#curity Strat#3y! ()**!
2tt1DFF4#3.ontin$titut#4'#F1a1#r$F**F$#c-3o"FS5%(JS()N#S()ESS41,f
-%4 Gol,#r an, G4 8illia.$ %alancin3 National S#curity an, Hu.an Ri32t$D A$$#$$in3 t2# L#3al
R#$1on$# of Co..on La Nation$ to t2# T2r#at of T#rrori$.! ())E! :ournal of Co.1arati"# 5olicy
Analy$i$! Vol4 H! No4 *! 9+VE(4
-C2art#r of Fun,a.#ntal Ri32t$ in EU! ()))! 2tt1DFF4#uro1arl4#uro1a4#uFc2art#rF1,fFt#=tR#n41,f
-Con$titution of F#,#rati"# R#1u'lic of %ra>il! 2tt1DFF#n3li$24t$#4ju$4'rFar?ui"o$Ff#,#ral-con$titution
-Council Fra.#or- D#ci$ion of *+ :un# ())( on co.'atin3 t#rrori$. /())(F9;<F:HA0! Official
:ournal of t2# Euro1#an Co..uniti#$ L *E9F+
-D#tain## Tr#at.#nt Act of ())<! Unit#, Stat#$ Con3r#$$
-Draft of C2art#r of E.#r3in3 Hu.an Ri32t$
2tt1DFF43uy$tan,in34co.Ffil#$F,ocu.#nt$FC2art#rRofR#.#r3in3R2u.anRri32t$41,f
-Gui,#lin#$ of t2# Co..itt## of Mini$t#r$ of t2# Council of Euro1# on Hu.an Ri32t$ an, t2#
Fi32t A3ain$t T#rrori$.! ())(! 2tt1DFF*4u.n4#,uF2u.anrt$Fin$tr##FHRS()an,S()t2#S()fi32t
S()a3ain$tS()t#rrori$.41,f
-Euro1#an S#curity Strat#3y! ())+! 2tt1DFF4con$iliu.4#uro1a4#uFu#,oc$Fc.$U1loa,F;H+E;41,f
-Euro1#an Con"#ntion on Hu.an Ri32t$ an, Fun,a.#ntal Fr##,o.$! *J<)!
2tt1DFF4#c2r4co#4intFDocu.#nt$FCon"#ntionRENG41,f
-:o$#12 Ny#! Pa-o ra>u.#ti .#\unaro,n# o,no$#! ())E! %#o3ra,4
-L## %ruc# Pr#$$! an, Mari# G4 8an#-! Int#rnational T#rrori$. in t2# Cont#.1orary 8orl,! #,it#,
'y Mariu$ Li"in3$ton! Gr##noo, 5r#$$4
-Marc A4 C#l.#r! T#rrori$.! U4S4 Strat#3y an, R#a3an 1olici#$! *JH;! Gr##noo, 5r#$$4
-Mar3ri#t Dr#nt an, L#nnart Lan,.an! 82y Euro1# n##,$ a n# Euro1#an S#curity Strat#3y! ()*(!
T2# Clin3#n,a#l In$titut#4
-National D#f#n$# Aut2ori>ation Act For Fi$cal I#ar ()*(! 2tt1DFF431o43o"Ff,$y$F1-3F%ILLS-
**(2r*<9)#nrF1,fF%ILLS-**(2r*<9)#nr41,f
-National D#f#n$# Aut2ori>ation Act For Fi$cal I#ar ()*+! 2tt1DFF431o43o"Ff,$y$F1-3FCR5T-
**(2r1t9;JF1,fFCR5T-**(2r1t9;J41,f
-National Strat#3y for Co.'atin3 T#rrori$.! ())+! 2tt1$DFF4cia43o"Fn#$-infor.ationFcia-t2#-
ar-on-t#rrori$.FCount#rRT#rrori$.RStrat#3y41,f
()
-National Strat#3y of D#f#nc#! 5#ac# an, S#curity for %ra>il! *$t E,ition! ())H!
2tt1DFF4,#f#$a43o"4'rF1roj#to$#'F#$trat#3iaFar?ui"o$F#$trat#3iaR,#f#$aRnacionalRin3l#$41,f
-Ro>a 5ati! Ri32t$ an, T2#ir Li.it$D T2# Con$titution for Euro1# in Int#rnational an, Co.1arati"#
L#3al 5#r$1#cti"#! ())<! (+ %#r-#l#y :4 IntCl La4
-Ro'#rt Al#=y! T2# Con$truction of Con$titutional Ri32t$ in La ] Et2ic$ of Hu.an Ri32t$4
Volu.# 9! I$$u# *! ()*)! ISSN /Onlin#0 *J+H-(<9<! DOID*)4(()(F*J+H-(<9<4*)9(
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